What is net radiation? Incoming radiation â outgoing radiation Deficit ...
01/20/2014 What is net radiation? Incoming radiation – outgoing radiation Deficit = surplus So net radiation = 0 Higher altitudes it decreases until 38 degrees of latitude and then starts to increase again after with increasing altitude (outgoing) Increasing radiation with increasing altitude (incoming) What is the Poleward Heat Transport? Surplus energy moves towards poles (deficit regions) Poleward heat transport is a driving force of climate Poleward Heat Transport and the Oceans All this energy transfer is due to water and the hydrogen bonds in water Energy needed to break these hydrogen bonds Transfer of heat and water vapor from one latitude to another due to the constant cycle of moving between the liquid, solid, and gaseous state of water Precipitation occurs at the highest latitudes How does the Greenhouse Effect contribute to the Balance? Warming is occurring due to presence of: greenhouse gasses Water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, methane etc.
Question 9: What would be Earth’s temperature if there was no greenhouse in the atmosphere? A) Warmer than now B) Colder than now C) The same as now D) Same temperature as Venus today
Question 10: What would be Earth’s temperature if the greenhouse effect was to double? A) Warmer than now B) Colder than now C) The same as now D) Same temperature as Mars today Question 11: By how much would the greenhouse need to change on Earth for temperature to be the same as on Venus? A) Increase by 75x B) Decrease by 10x C) Increase by 245x D) Increase by 1300x
What is the Global Energy Balance? Energy absorbed by Earth – Energy absorbed at the surface = Energy recycled within the Earth system
Questions of the week: 1. would you expect both the Northern and Southern hemispheres to have same average albedo? What factor might cause the two hemispheres to reflect different percentages of isolation back to space? They do not have the same albedo. Northern hemisphere has more land, southern hemisphere has more water and therefore during the winter months there is more snow and ice in northern hemisphere which has a higher albedo. Northern hemisphere has a greater albedo than the southern hemisphere 2. Which would have the greatest effect on the earth’s greenhouse effect: Removing all the CO2 from the atmosphere or removing all of the water vapor? Explain why you chose your answer? The water vapor ( far more of it) CO@ is more effective than water vapor, in removing radiation Therefore see a more important effect. See drastic result in temperature if water vapor is removed (more abundance)
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
Question 1: At which of the following latitudes would you expect the Sun to be below he horizon at the June solstice? (A) North pole (90 N) (B) Artic circle (66.5 N) (C) South pole (90 S) (D) Mid Latitudes (40 S) Question 2: Summer in the Southern hemisphere is associated to which of the following? (A) Sub solar point at 23.5 S (B) Circle of illumination touches only Antarctic Circle (C) Artic Circle fully illuminated (D) Corresponds to the March Equinox Question 3: In which hemisphere would you expect to observe a solar intensity profile such as this one? (A) Southern (B) Northern (C) 0 degrees: at the Equator Question 4:
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
Which of the following insolation profiles applies the best to Reykjavik, Iceland? (A) 90 N (B) 60 N (C) 30 N (D) 0
Question 5: Which of the following insolation profiles applies the best to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia? (A) 90 N (B) 60 N (C) 30 N (D) 0 Question 6: Which of the following insolation profiles applies the best to Cairo, Egypt? (A) 90 N (B) 60 N (C) 30 N (D) 0 Question 7:
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
Which latitude zone is associated to conditions such as the ones seen here? (picture shows tall lush green trees) (A) Equatorial (B) Tropical (C) Subtropical (D) Midlatitude
Question 8: The temperature regime of which of the most following cities would be the most impacted by the absence of tilt? (A) Manaus (B) Hamburg (C) Aswan (D) Yakutsk What would happen to earths radiation if the earth was not tilted? Greater loss of energy at high latitudes Why do costal locations have lower temperature ranges than locations inland? Question 9: Why does Cape Scott’s temperature regime shows less variation than Kamloops’? A) Because of the thermal properties of the nearby ocean
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
B) Because of the ocean currents can cool and warm areas C) Because of favorable winds yearround D) Because it receives less solar radiation
Question 10: Which of the following cities has a continental climate? A) Edmonton, Alberta B) Victoria, British Columbia C) Halifax, Nova Scotia D) Fredericton, New Brunswick E) St. Johns, Newfoundland *Hamilton has a continental climate, but we are close to a great body of water which allows for the wide range in temperature 4. What are Factors which Influence Local Temperatures? Question 11: Which of the following factors explains why temperatures in major cities are often higher than their surrounding areas? A) Latitude B) Ocean currents C) Surface type D) Higher Elevation
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
Question 12: Which of the following factors influences the most the climate of Lhasa, Tibet? A) Latitude B) Ocean Currents C) Surface type D) Higher Elevation What is the Wind Chill Index? “Feel” of temperature under cold conditions Question 13: “What is the windchill equivalent temperature if the air temperature and wind speed are 30degrees Celsius and 35km/h? A) 55.8degrees Celsius B) 45.7degrees Celsius C) 49.0degrees Celsius D) 46.6degrees Celsius 1. An orchard farmer hears a weather forecast for overnight low temperatures to hover just above freezing point of 0degrees Celsius, but with wind chill temperatures expected to drop significantly lower. Will the wind chill increase the possibility of frost damage? Why or Why not? wind chill does not make weather go colder. There is an apparent drop in temperature, from the wind there is going to be damage from wind itself fruits can lose energy as a result of this wind. This will make the fruits wilt from humidity 2. Suppose that the Earth’s axis were tilted at 40degrees to the plane of the ecliptic, instead of 23.5degrees. How would the seasons change in Hamilton? What would be the global effect of the change? greater temperature variations; much warmer in summer and much colder in winter greater gain of energy at the poles loss of energy during the winter months loss of energy greater at the equator and more seasons happening there
Atmospheric Moisture 1. what is humidity
01/20/2014
Atmospheric Moisture amount of water vapour in the air warm air holds more moisture than cold air allowing for a large variation
Why is it important to know how much moisture there is in the air? good predictor of the climate processes generate imbalance in energy
What are the States of water? What is the specific humidity (SH) Actual quantity of water vapour in air SH = mass of water vapour (g)/mass of total air (kg)
What is Saturation Specific Humidity? Maximum amount of H2Ov (i.e. SH) that an air parcel can contain at any given time Based on its temperature
2. How is Saturation Achieved? Density of gas cannot be increased above a certain level Change of phase once limit is reached
01/20/2014
Atmospheric Moisture
01/20/2014
What happens when two bodies of air with different temperature and moisture characteristics mix together? A front will be created
Question 1: What would be the specific humidity of a resulting parcel of air, if a warm parcel (30degrees Celsius, SH = 20 g/kg) mixed with a cold one (0degrees Celsius, SH = 3g/kg), in equal proportions? A) 8.5 g/kg B) 11.5g/kg T = 15degrees Celsius SH = 11.5 g/kg C) 15 g/kg D) 5g/kg Question 2: Would condensation take place? A) No B) Yes C) Difficult to tell…maybe? 3. What is the Dew Point? Temperature at which air, when cooled becomes saturated No change in pressure What happens when warm air mixes with cold air?
Atmospheric Moisture
01/20/2014
Condensation in different forms Eg. Cpodensation in bathroom when taking a hot shower Eg. Mist coming up in warm forest, releases water vapour into atmosphere and mixes with cold created mist/fog
Question 3: If two air parcels have the same specific humidity, but different temperatures, will their dew point be the same? A) Not to sure…maybe? B) No C) Yes intersecting at same point on SH curve therefore having the same dew point (same moisture content = same SH) 4. What is Relative Humidity (RH) H2Ov in air compared to max H2Ov at that temp RH = 100 x (SH / Saturation SH) Question 4: If specific humidity stays the same, and temperature rises, what will happen to relative humidity? A) It stays the same B) It rises C) It falls D) Not too sure… Weekly Questions: 1. how can frozen clothes “dry” outside in subfreezing weather? What is taking place? 2. A crowded classroom is filled with students. In what way the presence of the students affect the dew point and relative humidity in the room?
Question 9: What would be Earth’s temperature if there was no greenhouse in the atmosphere? A) Warmer than now B) Colder than now C) The same as now D) Same temperature as Venus today
Question 10: What would be Earth’s temperature if the greenhouse effect was to double? A) Warmer than now B) Colder than now C) The same as now D) Same temperature as Mars today Question 11: By how much would the greenhouse need to change on Earth for temperature to be the same as on Venus? A) Increase by 75x B) Decrease by 10x C) Increase by 245x D) Increase by 1300x
What is the Global Energy Balance? Energy absorbed by Earth – Energy absorbed at the surface = Energy recycled within the Earth system
Questions of the week: 1. would you expect both the Northern and Southern hemispheres to have same average albedo? What factor might cause the two hemispheres to reflect different percentages of isolation back to space? They do not have the same albedo. Northern hemisphere has more land, southern hemisphere has more water and therefore during the winter months there is more snow and ice in northern hemisphere which has a higher albedo. Northern hemisphere has a greater albedo than the southern hemisphere 2. Which would have the greatest effect on the earth’s greenhouse effect: Removing all the CO2 from the atmosphere or removing all of the water vapor? Explain why you chose your answer? The water vapor ( far more of it) CO@ is more effective than water vapor, in removing radiation Therefore see a more important effect. See drastic result in temperature if water vapor is removed (more abundance)
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
Question 1: At which of the following latitudes would you expect the Sun to be below he horizon at the June solstice? (A) North pole (90 N) (B) Artic circle (66.5 N) (C) South pole (90 S) (D) Mid Latitudes (40 S) Question 2: Summer in the Southern hemisphere is associated to which of the following? (A) Sub solar point at 23.5 S (B) Circle of illumination touches only Antarctic Circle (C) Artic Circle fully illuminated (D) Corresponds to the March Equinox Question 3: In which hemisphere would you expect to observe a solar intensity profile such as this one? (A) Southern (B) Northern (C) 0 degrees: at the Equator Question 4:
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
Which of the following insolation profiles applies the best to Reykjavik, Iceland? (A) 90 N (B) 60 N (C) 30 N (D) 0
Question 5: Which of the following insolation profiles applies the best to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia? (A) 90 N (B) 60 N (C) 30 N (D) 0 Question 6: Which of the following insolation profiles applies the best to Cairo, Egypt? (A) 90 N (B) 60 N (C) 30 N (D) 0 Question 7:
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
Which latitude zone is associated to conditions such as the ones seen here? (picture shows tall lush green trees) (A) Equatorial (B) Tropical (C) Subtropical (D) Midlatitude
Question 8: The temperature regime of which of the most following cities would be the most impacted by the absence of tilt? (A) Manaus (B) Hamburg (C) Aswan (D) Yakutsk What would happen to earths radiation if the earth was not tilted? Greater loss of energy at high latitudes Why do costal locations have lower temperature ranges than locations inland? Question 9: Why does Cape Scott’s temperature regime shows less variation than Kamloops’? A) Because of the thermal properties of the nearby ocean
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
B) Because of the ocean currents can cool and warm areas C) Because of favorable winds yearround D) Because it receives less solar radiation
Question 10: Which of the following cities has a continental climate? A) Edmonton, Alberta B) Victoria, British Columbia C) Halifax, Nova Scotia D) Fredericton, New Brunswick E) St. Johns, Newfoundland *Hamilton has a continental climate, but we are close to a great body of water which allows for the wide range in temperature 4. What are Factors which Influence Local Temperatures? Question 11: Which of the following factors explains why temperatures in major cities are often higher than their surrounding areas? A) Latitude B) Ocean currents C) Surface type D) Higher Elevation
Variations in Surface Temperature
01/20/2014
Question 12: Which of the following factors influences the most the climate of Lhasa, Tibet? A) Latitude B) Ocean Currents C) Surface type D) Higher Elevation What is the Wind Chill Index? “Feel” of temperature under cold conditions Question 13: “What is the windchill equivalent temperature if the air temperature and wind speed are 30degrees Celsius and 35km/h? A) 55.8degrees Celsius B) 45.7degrees Celsius C) 49.0degrees Celsius D) 46.6degrees Celsius 1. An orchard farmer hears a weather forecast for overnight low temperatures to hover just above freezing point of 0degrees Celsius, but with wind chill temperatures expected to drop significantly lower. Will the wind chill increase the possibility of frost damage? Why or Why not? wind chill does not make weather go colder. There is an apparent drop in temperature, from the wind there is going to be damage from wind itself fruits can lose energy as a result of this wind. This will make the fruits wilt from humidity 2. Suppose that the Earth’s axis were tilted at 40degrees to the plane of the ecliptic, instead of 23.5degrees. How would the seasons change in Hamilton? What would be the global effect of the change? greater temperature variations; much warmer in summer and much colder in winter greater gain of energy at the poles loss of energy during the winter months loss of energy greater at the equator and more seasons happening there
Atmospheric Moisture 1. what is humidity
01/20/2014
Atmospheric Moisture amount of water vapour in the air warm air holds more moisture than cold air allowing for a large variation
Why is it important to know how much moisture there is in the air? good predictor of the climate processes generate imbalance in energy
What are the States of water? What is the specific humidity (SH) Actual quantity of water vapour in air SH = mass of water vapour (g)/mass of total air (kg)
What is Saturation Specific Humidity? Maximum amount of H2Ov (i.e. SH) that an air parcel can contain at any given time Based on its temperature
2. How is Saturation Achieved? Density of gas cannot be increased above a certain level Change of phase once limit is reached
01/20/2014
Atmospheric Moisture
01/20/2014
What happens when two bodies of air with different temperature and moisture characteristics mix together? A front will be created
Question 1: What would be the specific humidity of a resulting parcel of air, if a warm parcel (30degrees Celsius, SH = 20 g/kg) mixed with a cold one (0degrees Celsius, SH = 3g/kg), in equal proportions? A) 8.5 g/kg B) 11.5g/kg T = 15degrees Celsius SH = 11.5 g/kg C) 15 g/kg D) 5g/kg Question 2: Would condensation take place? A) No B) Yes C) Difficult to tell…maybe? 3. What is the Dew Point? Temperature at which air, when cooled becomes saturated No change in pressure What happens when warm air mixes with cold air?
Atmospheric Moisture
01/20/2014
Condensation in different forms Eg. Cpodensation in bathroom when taking a hot shower Eg. Mist coming up in warm forest, releases water vapour into atmosphere and mixes with cold created mist/fog
Question 3: If two air parcels have the same specific humidity, but different temperatures, will their dew point be the same? A) Not to sure…maybe? B) No C) Yes intersecting at same point on SH curve therefore having the same dew point (same moisture content = same SH) 4. What is Relative Humidity (RH) H2Ov in air compared to max H2Ov at that temp RH = 100 x (SH / Saturation SH) Question 4: If specific humidity stays the same, and temperature rises, what will happen to relative humidity? A) It stays the same B) It rises C) It falls D) Not too sure… Weekly Questions: 1. how can frozen clothes “dry” outside in subfreezing weather? What is taking place? 2. A crowded classroom is filled with students. In what way the presence of the students affect the dew point and relative humidity in the room?
