Wheat Market Outlook for the 2012/13 Marketing Year Daniel O’Brien – Extension Agricultural Economist, K‐State Research and Extension July 24, 2012 Summary In its July 11th Crop Production and World Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) reports, the USDA updated its “new crop” 2012/13 and “old crop” 2011/12 marketing year projections for U.S. and World wheat supply‐demand. The USDA projected that both U.S. and broader global wheat supply‐ demand balances are continuing their three year “tightening trend” since MY 2009/10. This projected tightening of wheat supply‐demand balances together with U.S. and World 2012 feedgrain and oilseed production problems translate into World wheat markets which now are much more sensitive to both World wheat and feedgrain production threats now than they were just a few months ago. Average farm prices for wheat in the U.S. are forecast to remain at or near record highs in “new crop” MY 2012/13. U.S. Wheat Market Prospects: For “old crop” MY 2011/12 the USDA decreased its projection of U.S. imports (115 million bushels or “mb”, down 5 mb), feed and residual use (169 mb, down 11 mb), exports (1.048 mb, down 7 mb) and seed use from June, leading to a 15 mb increase in “old crop” MY 2011/12 ending stocks (743 mb), with % ending stocks‐to‐use loosening to 33.3%. For “new crop” MY 2012/13, the USDA projected 2012 U.S. wheat production of 2.224 billion bushels (bb), down 10 mb from June, but up from 1.999 bb in 2011 and 2.207 bb in 2010. With higher beginning stocks (743 mb) and changes from the June report in 1) domestic food use (950 mb, up 5 mb), 2) exports (1.200 bb, up 50 mb), and 3) feed and residual use (200 mb, down 20 mb), U.S. wheat ending stocks were projected to be 664 mb (down from 694 mb in June, 735 mb in May, and down from 743 mb in “old crop” MY 2011/12). Ending stocks‐to‐use in MY 2012/13 are projected to be 27.4% (down from 29.1% in June, and from 33.3% in MY 2011/12 and 35.7% in MY 2010/11). U.S. farm average wheat prices are projected in the range of $6.20‐$7.40 per bushel for “new crop” MY 2012/13, compared to the record high $7.24 for “old crop” MY 2011/12 and $5.70 in MY 2010/11. World Wheat Market Prospects for MY 2012/13: Based on projections of 1) lower production (665.3 mmt, down 4.2% vs last year), 2) lower total supplies (862.5 mmt, down 3.3%), 3) lower total use (680.1 mmt, down 2.1%), and 4) lower export trade (134.7 mmt, down 10.4%), the USDA projected World wheat ending stocks to be 182.4 mmt (26.8% S/U) for “new crop” MY 2012/13. This projection would be down from 28.4% in MY 2011/12, and is comparable to 30.1%, 30.8%, and 26.4% in the three previous years. Historic lows of 128 mmt ending stocks and 20.9% S/U occurred in MY 2007/08. Key Wheat Market Factors: Wheat markets have continued to be responsive to crop development news from key World wheat production regions (particularly the Black Sea region and eastern Europe). Anticipated short U.S. corn and soybean crops in 2012 due to drought conditions are providing cross market support for wheat market prices – with the prospect of increased wheat feeding domestically in the U.S. but perhaps even more so internationally among countries that would otherwise use feedgrains in their livestock feed rations. Taking all this together, it is likely World wheat supply‐demand balances will remain large enough in “new crop” MY 2012/13 to avoid extreme shortfalls and tightening of World wheat supplies. But wheat prices are likely to remain strong and volatile due to at a minimum to cross price impacts from volatile corn or soybean markets. Page | 1
I. U.S. Wheat Market Situation and Outlook In its July 11th WASDE report, the USDA adjusted its U.S. wheat supply‐demand estimates for the “old crop” 2011/12 marketing year to reflect less total U.S. wheat usage, larger supply‐demand balances and record high U.S. average farm wheat prices of $7.24 per bushel. The USDA also adjusted its projections for the current “new crop” 2012/13 marketing year to reflect marginally larger supplies and food usage, lower domestic wheat feeding, and higher U.S. wheat exports. Taken together, these changes lead to a projected decline in “new crop” MY 2012/13 ending stocks and to projected U.S. average farm prices for wheat in the range of $6.20‐$7.40 per bushel. The current “new crop” 2012/13 marketing year (i.e., MY 2012/13) runs from June 1, 2012 through May 31, 2013. On a domestic class‐by‐class basis, projected ending stocks and percent ending stocks‐to‐use for U.S. Hard Red Winter (HRW) wheat and Soft Red Winter (SRW) wheat in “new crop” MY 2012/13 are down markedly from “old crop” MY 2011/12, although they are marginally larger for U.S. Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat. Domestic U.S. durum wheat ending stocks and percent end stocks‐to‐use for “new crop” MY 2012/13 are up sharply from a year ago, while percent ending stocks‐to‐use for U.S. white wheat was projected to increase.
U.S. Wheat Yield & Production for 2012 The USDA projected that U.S. wheat yields in 2012 would be 45.6 bushels per acre (bu/ac) based on the July 11, 2012 USDA NASS Crop Production Report (Figure 1). This projection is up 0.2 bu from June, and compares to 43.7 bu in 2011 and 46.3 bu in 2010. Given USDA projections of 56.0 million acres (ma) of wheat planted (up 0.1 ma from June) and 48.8 ma of U.S. wheat harvested in 2012 (down 0.4 ma from last month), the USDA projects 2012 U.S. wheat production to be 2.224 billion bushels (bb) – down 10 million bushels (mb) from June and down 21 mb from May, and comparable to 1.999 bb in 2011 and 2.207 bb in 2010
Figure 1. U.S. Wheat Yield Trend (1973‐2011) and Projection for 2012
U.S. Average Soybean Yield per Acre
60 55 50 45
U.S. Wheat Yield Trend (1973‐2011) U.S. wheat Yield = 30.47 bu/ac + 0.36 bu/ac/yr R² = 0.73 (73% of variation explained)
2012 Yields KSU: 45.0 bu/ac (trend) USDA: 45.6 bu/acre
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
0
Year
U.S. Average Wheat Yield
KSU 2012 Trend
USDA June 2012 Projection
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Hard Red Winter Wheat Production Hard red winter (HRW) wheat production is projected to be 1.01 bb in 2012, up from 780 mb in 2011 under extreme drought conditions in the central and southern plains of the United States. Kansas hard red winter (HRW) wheat yields are projected to be 44.0 bu/ac (up 1 bu from June), with projected production of 396 million bushels (mb) in 2012 (up 119.5 mb from June), but down marginally from earlier private projections of 400 mb or more. Kansas produced 276.5 mb of wheat in 2011 under extreme drought conditions in the southwest and south central parts of the state. Nebraska HRW wheat yields are projected to be 42.0 bu/ac (up from 40.0 bu in June), with projected production of 55.4 mb (up from 50.8 mb in June). Nebraska produced 65 mb of wheat in 2011 – largely avoiding the extreme drought conditions of states further south. South Dakota HRW wheat yields are projected to be 43.0 bu/ac, with projected production of 56 mb (down from 57 mb in May). South Dakota produced 67 mb of wheat in 2011 – just as Nebraska largely avoiding the extreme drought conditions of states further south. Colorado HRW wheat yields are projected to be 37.0 bu/ac (down 2 bu from June and 4 bu from May), with projected production of 83 mb (down 5.5 mb from June). Colorado produced 78 mb of wheat in 2011 under drought conditions in parts of the state. Texas HRW wheat yields are projected to be 31.0 bu/ac (unchanged from June), with projected production of 91 mb (down 12.4 mb from June). Projected 2012 harvested wheat acreage in Texas was lowered 400,000 acres from June to 2.950 ma in July. Texas produced 49 mb of wheat in 2011 under extreme drought conditions and widespread non‐harvest of wheat in parts of the state. Oklahoma HRW wheat yields are projected to be 37.0 bu/ac (unchanged from June), with projected production of 155 mb (down 4 mb from June). Oklahoma produced 70 mb of wheat in 2011 under drought conditions in parts of the state.
Soft Red Winter Wheat Production Soft red winter (SRW) wheat production is projected to be 429 mb in 2012, down from 458 mb in 2011. Changes in production are projected in Michigan (39 mb vs 51 mb a year ago), Missouri (39 mb vs 34 mb last year), Illinois (41 mb vs 47 mb last year), Ohio (35 mb vs 49 mb last year), Kentucky (29 mb vs 31 mb last year), Arkansas (25 mb vs 30 mb a year ago), Tennessee (23 mb vs 21 mb last year), and Indiana (21.5 mb vs 25 mb last year).
White Winter Wheat Production White wheat production (WW) is projected to be 232 mb in 2012, down from 314 mb in 2011. Changes in production are projected in Washington (115 mb vs 130 mb last year), Oregon (56 mb vs 63.5 mb last year), Idaho (61 mb vs 63 mb last year), and Montana (81 mb vs 90 mb last year).
U.S. Wheat Total Supplies of 3.082 bb for MY 2012/13 With projected MY 2012/13 beginning stocks of 743 mb (the lowest since 657 mb in MY 2009/10), 2012 production of 2.224 bb, and imports of 120 mb, total supplies of U.S. wheat are projected to be 3.087 bb for “new crop” MY 2012/13 by the USDA (Table 1). The action by the USDA of raising its projection of “old crop” MY 2011/12 ending stocks by 15 mb from June up to 743 mb in the July WASDE caused projected MY 2012/13 U.S. wheat beginning stocks and total supplies to be by the same amount. This amount of total supplies (3.087 bb in “new crop” MY 2012/13) is projected to be up 4% from 2.977 bb in “old crop” MY 2011/12, less than 3.279 bb in MY 2010/11, and is 89‐462 mb greater than total U.S. wheat supplies for MY 2007/08 through 2009/10. The USDA lowered its projection of “old crop” MY 2011/12 to 2.977 bb – down 5 mb from June due to a 5 mb reduction in MY 2011/12 U.S. wheat imports, i.e., down to 115 mb.
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Table 1. U.S. Wheat Supply‐Demand Balance Sheet: MY 2007/08 through MY 2012/13 (July 11, 2012 USDA WASDE Report) Item Planted Area (million acres) Harvested Area (million acres) Yield per harvested acre (bu./acre) Beginning Stocks Production Imports Total Supply Food Use Seed Use Exports Feed & Residual Total Use Ending Stocks % Ending Stocks‐to‐Total Use U.S. Average Farm Price – Wheat ($/bushel) June 1st to May 31st Marketing Year Adj. U.S. Average Farm Price – Corn ($/bushel) Monthly Avg: June 1st to May 31st Ratio of U.S. Wheat‐to‐Corn Prices st st Monthly Avg: June 1 to May 31
2007/08 60.5 51.0 40.2
2008/09 63.2 55.7 44.9
456 2,051 113 2,620 948 88 1,263 16 2,314 306 13.2% $6.48
306 2,499 127 2,932 927 78 1,015 255 2,275 657 28.9% $6.78
2009/10 2010/11 59.2 53.6 49.9 47.6 44.5 46.3 Million bushels 657 976 2,218 2,207 119 97 2,993 3,279 919 926 69 71 879 1,289 150 132 2,018 2,417 976 862 48.4% 35.7% $4.87 $5.70
2011/12 54.4 45.7 43.7
2012/13 56.0 48.8 45.6
862 1,999 115 2,977 940 77 1,048 169 2,234 743 33.3% $7.24
$3.96
$4.47
$3.56
$4.76
$6.23
743 2,224 120 3,087 950 73 1,200 200 2,423 664 27.4% $6.20‐$7.40 ($6.80) ≈$5.90
164%
152%
137%
120%
116%
≈115%
U.S. Total Wheat Use up to 2.388 bb in MY 2012/13 The USDA raised its projections of domestic food and export use, but lowered its estimate of feed and residual use for “new crop” MY 2012/13 from the June report. These changes lead to a net projection of increased total usage of U.S. wheat in “new crop” MY 2012/13, up from both the June WASDE report and from “old crop” MY 2011/12 (Table 1 & Figure 3). The USDA also decreased its projection of U.S. wheat domestic seed use, feed and residual use, exports and total use for “old crop” MY 2011/12, with an associated increase in ending stocks and % ending stocks‐to‐use. Food Use = 950 mb in MY 2012/13: The USDA projected U.S. wheat usage for domestic food consumption in “new crop” MY 2012/13 to be 945 mb, up from 940 mb in MY 2011/12, and the highest since 948 mb in MY 2007/08. Projected food use in “new crop” MY 2012/13 MY 2011/12 was raised due to “expectations of lower flour extraction rates for this year’s crop”. Export Use = 1.200 bb in MY 2012/13: In the July WASDE report, the USDA cited “reduced competition from Black Sea exporters” as a key factor likely to bring about higher U.S. wheat export demand in the near‐to‐ intermediate term. The USDA’s projection of 1.200 bb in U.S. wheat exports in “new crop” MY 2012/13 is up 50 mb from June, and up from 1.048 bb from “old crop” MY 2011/12, and compares to 1.289 bb in MY 2010/11 and 879 mb in MY 2009/10. The projection of 1.048 mb in U.S. wheat exports in “old crop” MY 2011/12 is down 7 mb from the June WASDE report. Comments on U.S. wheat export sales for MY 2012/13 to date: On July 12th U.S. wheat export shipments for “new crop” MY 2012/13 totaled 114 mb, 9.5% of projected MY 2012/13 exports of 1.200 bb with 11.5% (6 of 52 weeks) of the marketing year completed. An export shipments pace of 23.6 mb per week would be needed to meet the USDA’s projection of 1.200 bb in the new crop marketing year, whereas only 13.601 bb were actually shipped durin the week ending July 12, 2012.
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Accounting for forward sales of 180.8 mb in U.S. wheat than had not yet been shipped, total U.S. wheat shipped and outstanding added up to 295 mb (i.e., 114 mb shipped plus 181 mb forward sales). This amounts to nearly 25% of the USDA’s projection of 1.200 bb for “new crop” MY 2012/13 with 11.5% of “new crop” MY 2012/13 having occurred. With uncertain wheat production prospects in a number major exporting countries and regions, as well as likely shortfalls in U.S. and World feedgrain supplies, prospects for U.S. wheat exports for the remainder of “new crop” MY 2012/13 are uncertain at this time.
Seed Use = 73 mb for MY 2012/13: The USDA projected seed use of wheat in “new crop” MY 2012/13 to be 73 mb, down from 77 mb in “old crop” MY 2011/12. The USDA lowered its “old crop” MY 2011/12 projection of U.S. wheat seed use by 2 mb in the July report. Feed & Residual Use = 200 mb for MY 2012/13: The USDA lowered its projection of “new crop” MY 2012/13 U.S. wheat feed and residual down to 200 mb, down 20 mb from June and 30 mb from May, but still up from 169 mb in “old crop” MY 2011/12, 132 mb in MY 2010/11, and 150 mb in MY 2009/10. However, this amount of projected U.S. wheat feeding is still less than 255 mb in MY 2008/09. The USDA also dropped its projection of “old crop” MY 2011/12 feed and residual use by 11 mb down from 180 mb in the June WASDE report, citing “higher prices and stronger export demand.” On July 23, 2012, Kansas City Board of Trade (KCBT) September 2012 wheat futures prices closed at $9.23 ¾ per bushel in comparison to the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) September 2012 corn futures closing price of $8.07 ¾ per bushel, a ratio of 114%. Historically, the ratio of wheat‐to‐corn prices have been in the range of 110‐115% ‐ a level that has typically discouraged wheat feeding. Comments on unfulfilled expectations for U.S. wheat feeding in “old crop” MY 2011/12 and implications for “new crop” MY 2012/13: In early‐mid 2011, given tight U.S. corn supply‐demand balances and relatively abundant U.S. wheat supplies, it was thought by many grain market analysts that U.S. wheat feed use would increase sharply in MY 2011/12 to make up for the shortfall in availability of U.S. corn supplies. However, monthly USDA projections from late 2011 through early 2012 did not indicate that substantial increases in U.S. wheat feeding had occurred. Then USDA projections of MY 2011/12 wheat feeding jumped sharply from March (145 mb) to April (180 mb), again supporting the idea of increased feeding of U.S. domestic wheat “making up the difference” for short “old crop” MY 2011/12 U.S. corn supplies. The July 2012 WASDE report indicated that U.S. wheat feeding for “old crop” MY 2011/12 was 169 mb, down from a projection of 180 mb in the June report. It seems that the possibility of any further projected increase in wheat feeding for “new crop” MY 2012/13 from 169 mb up to 200 mb should be treated with some caution by market analysts. In recent marketing years projections of potentially large amounts of U.S. wheat feeding have not come to fruition when actual estimates of U.S. domestic wheat feed use have been calculated.
Total Wheat Use = 2.423 bb for MY 2012/13: The USDA projects that U.S. total use of wheat will be 2.423 bb for “new crop” MY 2012/13, up 35 mb from June and up 189 mb from 2.234 bb in “old crop” MY 2011/12. This would be the 2nd largest amount of U.S. wheat usage since 2.427 bb in MY 1998/99, following 2.417 bb in MY 2010/11. This amount of U.S. wheat usage is comparable to 2.314 bb in MY 2007/08, 2.352 bb in MY 2003/04, 2.392 bb in MY 2000/01, and 2.386 bb in MY 1999/00. The USDA also lowered its projection of “old crop” MY 2011/12 U.S. wheat total use in this report by 21 mb up to 2.234 bb (as indicated above). This change follows from a projected 13 mb decrease in U.S. wheat exports, a 11 mb decrease in domestic feed and residual use, and a 2 mb decrease in seed use for “old crop” MY 2011/12.
Recent U.S. Wheat Use Trends Trends in U.S. wheat usage by category and ending stocks since MY 2004/05 are represented in Figure 2. If these projections by the USDA for “new crop” MY 2012/13 hold true, it would signal a) the second consecutive year‐over‐year increase in U.S. feed and residual use, b) a disruption in what several months ago was thought to be a trend toward sizable declines in U.S. wheat exports, c) the third consecutive year of at least marginal Page | 5
growth in U.S. domestic food use, and d) what would be the third consecutive marketing year decline in U.S. wheat ending stocks (Figure 2). From MY 2007/08 through MY 2011/12, variability in U.S. wheat exports has been a key source of uncertainty in U.S. wheat supply‐demand balances. While food use has been somewhat consistent since MY 2004/05 (ranging from 879 to 948 mb), feed and residual use of U.S. wheat has varied from 16 to 255 mb per marketing year over the same time period.
Figure 2. Trends in U.S. Wheat Use and Ending Stocks: MY 2004/05 through MY 2012/13 (July 11, 2012 USDA WASDE Report) 1,400
Million Bushels
1,200
1,066
1,200 1,048
1,015
1,003
1,000 800
1,289
1,263
908 917
910
879 948
938
927
950
940
926
919
600 976
400 540
200
571
862
657
743
664
456 306
0 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 Marketing Years
Food Use
Exports
Seed Use
Feed+Residual
Ending Stocks
U.S. Wheat Ending Stocks & Percent Ending Stocks‐to‐Use Ending Stocks = 664 mb for MY 2012/13: The USDA projected “new crop” MY 2012/13 ending stocks of U.S. wheat to be 664 mb, down 30 mb from June. This projection for “new crop” MY 2012/13 is down from its estimate of 743 mb for “old crop” MY 2011/12, and also down from 862 mb in MY 2010/11 and 976 mb in MY 2009/10 (Table 1 and Figure 3). The USDA also raised its projection of ending stocks for “old crop” MY 2011/12 up to 743 mb (up 15 mb) which compares to projections of 728 mb in June and 768 mb in May. % Ending Stocks‐to‐Use = 27.4%: The USDA implicitly projected that “new crop” MY 2012/13 % ending stocks‐to‐use would equal 27.4% ‐ down from 29.1% in June. This projection is down from 33.3% for “old crop” MY 2011/12, and would be the lowest since 28.9% in MY 2008/09. It also compares to 35.7% in MY 2010/11, and 48.4% in MY 2009/10. The USDA’s raising of its projection of % ending stocks‐to‐use for “old crop” MY 2011/12 to 33.3% from 32.3% in June reflected a price rationing of “old crop” ending stocks and “new crop” beginning stocks for MY 2012/13. These projected U.S. ending stocks and U.S. % ending stocks‐to‐use levels for “new crop” MY 2012/13 are still markedly above the historic 60 year lows of 306 mb and 13.2%, respectively, in MY 2007/08 – the benchmark scenario “tight supply‐demand balance” marketing year since the early 1970s. Comments on level of U.S. wheat % ending stocks‐to‐use: Projected U.S. wheat % ending stocks‐to‐use of 27.4% for MY 2012/13 is large enough relative to total use to avoid causing immediate concerns about short supplies in the U.S. wheat market. Absent a) a “game changing” crop shortfall in the U.S. this year that would drastically reduce available
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domestic supplies, and/or b) the actual fruition of significant foreign wheat production problems that cause a sharp increase in U.S. wheat exports, it seems increasingly likely that the current “adequate” U.S. wheat ending stocks situation will persist in the coming year – limiting independent wheat market price potential.
U.S. Wheat Price Prospects The USDA projects that market forces will lead to lower U.S. wheat prices in “new crop” MY 2012/13 – consistent with its projection of lower “new crop” MY 2012/13 U.S. corn prices (Table 1 & Figure 3). The USDA projected “new crop” MY 2012/13 U.S. average wheat prices to be in the range of $6.20‐$7.40 per bushel, up $0.60 per bushel on each end of the price range from June (Figure 3). The midpoint of this “new crop” MY 2012/13 projection of $6.80 per bushel is down from the record high of $7.24 in “old crop” MY 2011/12, and compares to $5.70 in MY 2010/11, $4.87 in MY 2009/10, $6.78 in MY 2008/09, and $6.48 in MY 2007/08.
Figure 3. U.S. Wheat Ending Stocks vs U.S. Avg. Cash Prices: MY 1973/74 through MY 2012/13 (July 11, 2012 USDA WASDE Report) 180 $8.00
% Ending Stocks‐to‐Use
150
$6.80
$6.78 $6.48
$6.00
120
$5.70
$5.00
$4.50
90
$4.09
$4.87
$4.26
$3.99
$3.72
$3.51
$3.45
$4.00
$3.56
$3.40
$3.00
$3.42
60 $2.42
$2.33
30
$7.00
48
$2.61
$2.48
29
17
16
36 33
27
Wheat $ per bushel
$7.24
$2.00 $1.00
13
0
U.S. Wheat Ending Stocks‐to‐Use %
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1975
1973
$0.00
U.S. Wheat Price
U.S. Wheat vs Corn Prices: The percentage relationship between USDA U.S. wheat marketing year average prices for U.S. wheat and corn has been “narrowing” over the MY 2007/08 through MY 2011/12 period (Table 1). The ratio of U.S. season average wheat‐to‐corn farm prices for the June 1st through May 31st period has fallen from 164% in MY 2007/08, to 152% in MY 2008/09, to 137% in MY 2009/10, to 120% in MY 2010/11, and to 116% in MY 2011/12. However, projected prices for “new crop” U.S. MY 2012/13 wheat (for June 1, 2012 through May 31, 2013) compared to U.S. MY 2012/13 corn for the same time period imply a ratio of approximately 115%. This reversal of “trend” would indicate that corn prices are expected to be markedly lower than for wheat and somewhat discourages U.S. wheat feeding. This ratio of U.S. wheat to corn prices leads to a reduced expectation that larger than normal amounts of U.S. wheat would be fed to domestic livestock enterprices during the June‐August 2012 period. Comments on interaction of U.S. wheat and corn prices: Throughout the winter and early spring of 2011‐2012, wheat prices were supported by record high corn prices, benefiting from being a competitive substitute feedstuff for corn
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in livestock feed rations. If since mid‐2011 the wheat market would not have had such cross market price support from the U.S. corn market, it is likely that U.S. wheat prices would be markedly lower than actually occurred, given the relatively “burdensome” projections of U.S. and World wheat supply‐demand balances throughout that time period.
U.S. Wheat Prices vs % Ending Stocks‐to‐Use: Since MY 1973/74 the relationship between U.S. wheat season average cash prices and % ending stocks‐to‐use has in general been consistent with economic theory (Figure 4). Economic theory indicates that a negative relationship exists between U.S. wheat % ending stocks‐ to‐use and U.S. farm season average wheat prices. In other words, larger wheat supply‐demand balances (i.e., higher percent ending stocks‐to‐use) are typically associated with lower prices, while smaller supply‐demand balances are usually associated with higher wheat prices – all else being equal. Wheat prices in Figure 4 are reported on a nominal basis (i.e., not adjusted for inflation). This graphic also indicates that U.S. farm marketing year average wheat prices have moved to a higher “level” from MY 2007/08 onward (i.e., $4.87 to $7.24 /bu) than they had been in during the MY 1973/74 through MY 2006/07 period (i.e., $2.33 to $4.50 /bu.). University grain marketing economists and private grain market analysts commonly attribute higher prices for U.S. wheat to changes in wheat supply‐demand, cross‐ price support from U.S. corn and soybean markets, other factors contributing to general commodity price inflation, and/or declines in the relative value of the U.S. dollar. With recent record high prices for lead CBOT September 2012 corn and CBOT September soybean futures prices, and with the pattern of cross‐market price impacts between U.S. feedgrain and wheat futures, it is possible that “new crop” MY 2012/13 could end up being toward the upper end of their projected price range of $6.20 to $7.40 per bushel. If that ends up being the case, then the combination of 27.4% ending stocks‐to‐ use and $7.40 per bushel for “new crop” MY 2012/13 would align even more readily with the relationship between ending stocks‐to‐use and U.S. wheat farm prices that has existed during the MY 2008/09 through MY 2011/12 time period (Figure 4).
Figure 4. U.S. Wheat Price vs % Stocks‐to‐Use (MY 1973/74 through projected MY 2012/13) $9 Proj. 2012/13: 27.4% S/U, $6.80 /bu
$8
2011/12: 33.3% S/U, $7.24/bu
$ per bushel
$7 2007/08
$6
Cross Market Price Support Tight corn stocks & high corn prices since MY 2006/07 have been supporting wheat prices
2008/09 2010/11
$5
2009/10
$4 $3 $2 $1 $0 0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 U.S. Wheat % Ending Stocks‐to‐Use
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II. Supply‐Demand Balances for Major U.S. Wheat Classes Tables 2‐4 show U.S. hard red winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, and soft red winter wheat supply‐ demand balances for the 2007/08 through 2012/13 marketing years.
U.S. Hard Red Winter Wheat Supply‐Demand The USDA released its initial public projections for “new crop” MY 2012/13 by U.S. wheat class (Table 2). For the “new crop” 2012/13 marketing year, the USDA estimated total supplies of U.S. hard red winter wheat to be 1.328 bb (up 161 mb from last year), based on the sum of beginning stocks of 317 mb (down 69 mb), production of 1.010 bb (down 157 mb), and imports of 1 mb. “New crop” MY 2012/13 total use of 1.062 bb (up 212 mb from “old crop” MY 2011/12) is comprised of food use of 400 mb, seed use of 32 mb, exports of 600 mb (up 202 mb from a year ago), and feed and residual use of 30 mb (up 14 mb). The USDA has projected that “new crop” MY 2012/13 U.S HRW wheat ending stocks will be 266 mb (25.0% S/U) – down from 317 mb (37.3% S/U) in “old crop” MY 2011/12. This is the lowest U.S. HRW wheat ending stocks level in 5 years, compared to 386 mb (37.9% S/U) in MY 2010/11, 385 mb (48.7% S/U) in MY 2009/10, 254 mb (27.6% S/U) in MY 2008/09, and to extremely tight supplies of 138 mb (14.0% S/U) in MY 2007/08.
Table 2. U.S. Hard Red Winter Wheat S‐D Balance Sheet: MY 2007/08 through MY 2012/13 (July 11, 2012 USDA WASDE Report) Item Planted Area (million acres) Harvested Area (million acres) Yield per harvested acre (bu/ac) Beginning Stocks Production Imports Total Supply Food Use Seed Use Exports Feed & Residual Total Use Ending Stocks % Ending Stocks‐to‐Total Use U.S. HRW Avg. Farm Price ($/bu) % U.S. HRW / U.S. All Wheat Price
2007/08 33.0 25.7 37.2
2008/09 31.3 25.9 39.9
165 956 1 1,121 397 35 536 15 984 138 14.0% $6.15 94.9%
138 1,035 2 1,174 385 35 447 52 919 254 27.7% $6.90 101.8%
2009/10 2010/11 31.7 28.6 24.1 24.0 38.1 42.4 Million bushels 254 385 920 1,018 2 1 1,176 1,404 361 359 32 32 370 616 28 11 791 1,018 385 386 48.7% 37.9% $4.84 $6.49 99.4% 113.9%
2011/12 28.5 21.4 36.4
2012/13 30.0 24.5 41.2
386 780 1 1,167 402 34 398 16 850 317 37.3% $6.92 95.6%
317 1,010 1 1,328 400 32 600 30 1,062 266 25.0% ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐
2012 HRW Wheat Protein Levels Wheat protein and test weight levels are similar to last year for the 2012 HRW crop according to U.S. Wheat Associates harvest reports (source: http://www.uswheat.org/reports/harvest). In its July 20th report, U.S. Wheat Associates indicated preliminary protein levels on 2012 tests of 12.2% compared to 12.4% a year ago. Preliminary 2012 test weights have averaged 61.0 lbs per bushel compared to 60.7 pounds per bushel in 2011. Drier growing conditions for HRW encourage higher protein, and dry 2012 conditions in the U.S. central and southern plains have helped protein levels to be at current levels. Page | 9
U.S. Hard Red Spring Wheat Supply‐Demand For the “new crop” 2012/13 marketing year, the USDA estimated total supplies of U.S. hard red spring (HRS) wheat to be 626 mb (up 7 mb from last year), based on the sum of beginning stocks of 151 mb (down 34 mb), production of 435 mb (up 37 mb), and imports of 40 mb (up 4 mb) (Table 3). “New crop” MY 2012/13 total use of 471 mb (up 3 mb from “old crop” MY 2011/12) is comprised of food use of 230 mb (up 7 mb), seed use of 16 mb (down 3 mb), exports of 225 mb (down 20 mb from a year ago), and feed and residual use of 0 mb. The USDA has projected that “new crop” MY 2012/13 U.S HRS wheat ending stocks will be 155 mb (33.0% S/U). This U.S. HRS wheat ending stocks level of 155 mb (33.0% S/U) compares to 151 mb (32.3% S/U) in “old crop” MY 2011/12, 185 mb (28.6% S/U) in MY 2010/11, 234 mb (47.1% S/U) in MY 2009/10, 142 mb (29.4% S/U) in MY 2008/09, and to extremely tight supplies of 68 mb (12.4% S/U) in MY 2007/08.
Table 3. U.S. Hard Red Spring Wheat S‐D Balance Sheet: MY 2007/08 through MY 2012/13 (July 11, 2012 USDA WASDE Report) Item Planted Area (million acres) Harvested Area (million acres) Yield per harvested acre (bu/ac) Beginning Stocks Production Imports Total Supply Food Use Seed Use Exports Feed & Residual Total Use Ending Stocks % Ending Stocks‐to‐Total Use U.S. HRS Avg. Farm Price ($/bu) % U.S. HRS / U.S. All Wheat Price
2007/08 12.7 12.4 36.3
2008/09 13.5 12.8 39.9
117 450 48 615 233 20 304 ‐11 547 68 12.4% $7.16 110.5%
68 512 45 625 224 17 210 32 483 142 29.4% $7.39 109.0%
2009/10 2010/11 12.6 13.0 12.3 12.6 44.5 45.1 Million bushels 142 234 548 570 41 28 731 832 239 247 17 14 214 339 27 46 497 647 234 185 47.1% 28.6% $5.26 $6.54 108.0% 114.7%
2011/12 11.6 11.3 35.2
2012/13 11.4 11.1 39.2
185 398 36 619 223 19 245 ‐19 468 151 32.3% $8.38 115.8%
151 435 40 626 230 16 225 0 471 155 33.0%
U.S. HRS Wheat Production Prospects in 2012 At this stage of the U.S. HRS wheat growing season, almost all the crop is headed. Harvest is already underway in South Dakota (55% harvested vs 3% previous 5 year average); Minnesota (17% vs 1% 5ya); North Dakota (9% vs 0% 5ya), and Idaho (1% vs 0% 5ya). Harvest hasn’t yet started in Montana and Washington. Current prospects are for a moderate recovery from 2011’s low yield of 35.9 bu per acre back up to 39.2 bushels /ac in 2012. In its June 29th Acreage report, USDA NASS projected that U.S. area planted to hard red spring wheat in 2012 is 11.4 million acres, down from 11.6 ma in 2011. Harvested U.S. 2012 HRS wheat acreage in the U.S. are projected to be 11.1 ma. As of July 22nd, the condition of the 2012 U.S. HRS wheat crop is rated by USDA NASS to be 60% good‐to‐excellent, 29% fair, and 11% poor‐to‐very poor. Production prospects for the 2012 South Dakota HRS wheat crop are rated lowest, with 33% rated as poor‐to‐very poor as of July 22nd by USDA NASS.
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U.S. Soft Red Winter Wheat Supply‐Demand For the “new crop” 2012/13 marketing year, the USDA estimated total supplies of U.S. soft red winter (SRW) wheat to be 644 mb (down 18 mb from last year), based on the sum of beginning stocks of 185 mb (up 14 mb), production of 429 mb (down 29 mb), and imports of 30 mb (down 3 mb) (Table 4). “New crop” MY 2012/13 total use of 5011 mb (up 24 mb from “old crop” MY 2011/12) is comprised of food use of 155 mb, seed use of 15 mb, exports of 190 mb (up 27 mb from a year ago), and feed and residual use of 140 mb. The USDA has projected that “new crop” MY 2012/13 U.S SRW wheat ending stocks will be 143 mb (28.5% S/U). This U.S. SRW wheat ending stocks level of 143 mb (28.5% S/U) compares to 185 mb (38.8% S/U) in “old crop” MY 2011/12, 171 mb (37.9% S/U) in MY 2010/11, 242 mb (48.7% S/U) in MY 2009/10, 171 mb (27.6% S/U) in MY 2008/09, and to extremely tight supplies of 55 mb (14.0% S/U) in MY 2007/08.
Table 4. U.S. Soft Red Winter Wheat S‐D Balance Sheet: MY 2007/08 through MY 2012/13 (June 12, 2012 USDA WASDE Report) Item Planted Area (million acres) Harvested Area (million acres) Yield per harvested acre (bu/ac) Beginning Stocks Production Imports Total Supply Food Use Seed Use Exports Feed & Residual Total Use Ending Stocks % Ending Stocks‐to‐Total Use U.S. SRW Avg. Farm Price ($/bu) % U.S. SRW / U.S. All Wheat Price
2007/08 8.6 7.0 50.0
2008/09 11.2 10.1 60.9
109 352 14 475 150 21 208 41 420 55 14.0% $5.20 80.2%
55 614 34 702 155 16 199 161 531 171 27.6% $5.78 85.3%
2009/10 2010/11 8.3 5.3 7.2 4.4 56.1 54.3 Million bushels 171 242 404 237 32 29 607 508 156 150 10 16 109 109 90 62 365 337 242 171 48.7% 37.9% $4.35 $5.16 89.3% 90.5%
2011/12 8.6 7.4 61.7
2012/13 8.3 7.2 60.0
171 458 33 662 155 16 163 142 477 185 38.8% $6.78 93.7%
185 429 30 644 155 15 190 140 501 143 28.5%
2012 SRW Wheat Protein Levels Wheat protein levels are marginally lower while test weight results are higher than last year for the 2012 SRW crop according to 2012 U.S. Wheat Associates harvest reports. In its July 20th report, U.S. Wheat Associates indicated protein levels on 2012 tests of 9.9% compared to 10.2% a year ago. (source: http://www.uswheat.org/reports/harvest). Preliminary 2012 test weights have averaged 60.0 lbs per bushel compared to 58.9 pounds per bushel in 2011.
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III. World Wheat Supply‐Demand Trends Consistent growth has occurred in World wheat usage over the MY 2007/08 – MY 2011/12 period (Figure 5). However, projected wheat production problems in key areas and expectations of high feedgrain and wheat prices caused the USDA to lower its projection of World Wheat usage in “new crop” MY 2012/13. If this projection comes to fruition, it would break the trend in increased year‐over‐year World wheat usage since MY 2007/08. However, USDA forecasts for MY 2012/13 project that for the first time in several years World wheat usage will be down marginally – primarily because of lower projected production. Overall, foreign wheat production and exports are projected to decline markedly in “new crop” MY 2012/13 as opposed to “old crop” MY 2011/12.
Figure 5. World Wheat Usage & Ending Stocks: MY 2007/08 thru MY 2012/13
(July 11, 2012 USDA WASDE Report)
Million Metric Tons
1,200 Production 651‐695 mmt since 2008/09 683 686 612
651
695 665
End Stocks 182.4 mmt in 2012/13 lowest since 2008/09
Wheat Usage ×11.0 mmt/yr (+1.8%/yr) since 2007/08 650 654 614 637
689 680
600
Up 54.3 mmt (+42%) since 30 year low in MY 2007/08
Wheat Trade 132‐144 mmt since 2008/09
117 145 137 132
150 135
128
168
201 197 197 182
0
Production
MY 2007/08
MY 2008/09
Usage
MY 2009/10
Trade
MY 2010/11
End Stocks
MY 2011/12
MY 2012/13
World Wheat Production Global wheat production in “new crop” MY 2012/13 is projected to be 665.3 mmt, down 6.7 mmt from the June WASDE report and down 12.2 mmt from May. This projection of 665.3 mmt of World wheat production for MY 2012/13 is down from 694.7 mmt in MY 2011/12, and is within the range of 612‐695 mmt over the MY 2007/08 through MY 2010/11 period (Figure 5). World wheat production is projected to increase by an annual average of 1.5% or 8.9 mmt per year from MY 2007/08 through MY 2012/13. Foreign (non‐U.S.) wheat production is projected to be 604.8 mmt in MY 2012/13, down 6.5 mmt from the June WASDE and 11.7 mmt from May, and compares to 640.7 mmt in MY 2011/12 and 591.1 mmt in MY 2010/11. Lower or unchanged “new crop” MY 2012/13 wheat production is projected for a) the EU‐27 (133.1 mmt, up 2.1 mmt from June but down 4.2 mmt versus last year), b) China (118.0 mmt, down 2.0 mmt vs June‐May, and up only 0.1 mmt vs last year), c) Russia (49.0 mmt, down 4.0 mmt vs June and 7.0 mmt vs May, and down 7.2 mmt vs last year), d) Australia (26.0 mmt, down 3.5 mmt vs last year), e) Pakistan (23.0 mmt, down 1.2 mmt vs last year), f) Turkey (16.5 mmt, down 2.3 mmt vs last year), g) Kazakhstan (13.0 mmt, down 2.0 mmt from June‐May, and down 9.7 mmt vs a year ago), h) Ukraine (13.0 mmt, down 9.1 mmt vs last year), and i) Argentina (12.0 mmt, down 2.5 mmt vs last year).
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Higher “new crop” MY 2012/13 wheat production is projected for a) India (91.0 mmt, up 4.1 mmt vs last year), b) the United States (60.5 mmt, down 0.3 mmt vs June and 0.6 mmt vs May, and up 6.1 mmt vs last year), and c) Canada (26.6 mmt, down 0.4 mmt from June, but up 1.3 mmt vs last year).
World Wheat Use Global wheat usage in “new crop” MY 2012/13 is projected to be 680.1 mmt, down 1.8 mmt from June, and down from 694.7 mmt in MY 2011/12. However, projected use of 680 mmt in MY 2012/13 is markedly above the range of 614 – 654 mmt over the MY 2007/08 through MY 2010/11 period (Figure 5). World wheat total use is projected to increase by an annual average of 1.8% or 11.0 mmt per year from MY 2007/08 through MY 2012/13. Foreign (non‐U.S.) wheat use for MY 2012/13 is projected to be 646.8 mmt, down 1.4 mmt from the June WASDE and down 5.7 mmt from May, and compares to 662.5 mmt in MY 2011/12 and 623.8 mmt in MY 2010/11. For “new crop” MY 2012/13, the cumulative total wheat usage of the 27 countries included in the European Union (EU‐27) are projected to be the largest domestic users of wheat (123.8 mmt), followed closely by 2) China (122.0 mmt), 3) India (85.5 mmt), 4) North Africa (41.1 mmt), 5) Russia (37.9 mmt), 6) the United States (33.3 mmt), 7) selected Middle Eastern Countries (31.9 mmt), 8) Pakistan (23.2 mmt), 9) Southeast Asia (15.4 mmt), 10) Ukraine (11.7 mmt), 11) Brazil (11.0 mmt), 12) Canada (7.9 mmt), 13) Kazakhstan (7.5 mmt), 14) Australia (6.7 mmt) and 15) Argentina (6.0 mmt).
World Wheat Exports Projected World wheat exports in “new crop” MY 2012/13 of 134.7 mmt are down 0.7 mmt from June and 2.3 mmt from May, and compares to 150.4 mmt in “old crop” MY 2011/12 and 132.4 mmt in MY 2010/11. Foreign (non‐U.S.) wheat trade for MY 2012/13 is projected to be 102.1 mmt, down 2.1 mmt from the June WASDE and down 3.7 mmt from May, and compares to 121.9 mmt in MY 2011/12 and 97.4 mmt in MY 2010/11. Larger exports in “new crop” MY 2012/13 are projected for 1) the United States (32.7 mmt, up from 28.5 mmt last year, but down from 35.1 mmt two years ago), 2) Canada (18.5 mmt, vs 17.3 mmt last year and 16.6 mmt the year before), and 3) India (4.5 mmt, vs 0.75 mmt last year and 0.1 mmt the year before). Smaller exports in “new crop” MY 2012/13 are projected for 1) Australia (20.5 mmt, vs 23.0 mmt last year), 2) Russia (12.0 mmt, down 4.0 mmt vs June and 6.0 mmt vs May, and comparable to 21.3 mmt last year and 4.0 mmt th year before), 3) the EU‐27 (16.0 mmt, up 1.5 mmt from June, but down from 16.2 mmt last year and 22.9 mmt the year before), 4) Kazakhstan (7.0 mmt, down 1.5 mmt from June‐May, and compares to 11.0 mmt last year and 4.9 mmt the year before), 5) Argentina (6.2 mmt, down from 10.1 mmt last year and 9.5 mmt the year before), 6) Ukraine (4.0 mmt, vs 5.0 mmt last year and 4.3 mmt the year before), and 7) Brazil (0.5 mmt, vs 2.0 mmt last year and 2.5 mmt the year). Comments on U.S. wheat export competitor’s current situation: Weather‐related wheat production problems in parts of eastern Europe (Poland) and the Black Sea countries (Russia and Kazakhstan) may lead to further reductions in projected wheat production and exports from these regions in coming USDA WASDE reports. In 2010, Russian government export policies – driven by concerns about having adequate domestic wheat / food supplies – impacted World wheat and grain markets. Projections of extremely tight World coarse grain supplies for “new crop” MY 2012/13 following from what is expected to be a drought‐reduced 2012 corn crop in the U.S. is likely to have a significant impact on World wheat exports – particularly as wheat is substituted for high priced corn to a degree by a number of importing countries. Although the supply and projected end stocks of World wheat in “new crop” MY 2012/13 has been trending lower in 2011 and in 2012 to date, the relative availability of feed quality wheat compared to corn is “fortuitous” for World grain markets. In “old crop” MY 2011/12 many countries used lower cost, more readily available livestock feed alternatives such as wheat
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instead of higher priced / less available corn and other coarse grains. That trend will likely continue in “new crop” 2012/13.
World Wheat Imports Projected World wheat imports for “new crop” MY 2012/13 of 134.7 mmt are down from 144.8 mmt in “old crop” MY 2011/12, but up from 131.7 mmt in MY 2010/11. Larger imports in “new crop” MY 2012/13 are projected for selected Middle Eastern countries – including Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Israel (15.80 mmt, vs 15.6 mmt last year). Smaller imports in “new crop” MY 2012/13 are projected for 1) North African countries – including Egypt and Libya (23.1 mmt vs 23.8 mmt last year), 2) Southeast Asian countries – including Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam (15.2 mmt, vs 16.5 mmt last year), 3) selected Middle Eastern countries – including Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Israel (15.80 mmt, vs 15.6 mmt last year), 4) Brazil (6.7 mmt, vs 7.3 mmt last year), 5) other Former Soviet Union countries – excluding Russia, Kazakhstan and the Ukraine (5.9 mmt, vs 7.2 mmt last year), 5) the EU‐27 (5.5 mmt, vs 7.5 mmt last year) and 6) China (2.0 mmt, vs 3.2 mmt last year).
World Wheat Ending Stocks & % Ending Stocks‐to‐Use Ending Stocks: The USDA projected World wheat ending stocks in “new crop” MY 2012/13 to be 182.4 mmt (Figure 6). This projection is down 3.3 mmt from June and down 5.7 mmt from May, and is also less than 197.2 mmt for “old crop” MY 2011/12 and from 197.2 mmt in MY 2010/11. The USDA has been reducing its projections of World ending stocks for “old crop” MY 2011/12 over the last several months, starting with a projection of 209.6 mmt in March, 206.3 mmt in April, 197.0 in May, and 195.6 mmt in June – but increased it again in July to 197.2 mmt. These changes in “old crop” MY 2011/12 World wheat ending stocks from March through June were spurred primarily by increasing World wheat exports. Foreign (non‐U.S.) wheat ending stocks for MY 2012/13 are projected to be 164.4 mmt, down 2.5 mmt from the June WASDE and down 3.7 mmt from May, and compares to 177.0 mmt in MY 2011/12 and 173.8 mmt in MY 2010/11. % Ending Stocks‐to‐Use: The USDA also projected that World wheat % ending stocks‐to‐use for “new crop” MY 2012/13 will be 26.8%. This projection is down from 28.6% for “old crop” MY 2011/12, and from 30.2% for MY 2010/11, and would be the lowest since 26.4% in MY 2008/09. The tightest supply‐demand balances in the World wheat market since at least the early 1970’s occurred in MY 2007/08, with ending stocks declining down to 128.2 mmt in ending stocks and to 20.9% in % ending stocks to use. Foreign (non‐U.S.) wheat % ending stocks‐to‐use for MY 2012/13 are projected to be 22.0%, down marginally from 22.2% in the June and May WASDE reports, and down from 22.5% in MY 2011/12 and 24.1% in MY 2010/11.
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