Wood energy
Wood energy: definition, objectives and challenges
Prof. Dr Branko Glavonjic, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
CONTENT What is wood energy? What are the types? What are the objectives? What can we achieve with the increased use of wood energy? What are potentials? Why use wood energy? Objectives, challenges and policy framework
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
1
What is wood energy? Wood energy is the energy obtained from wood based fuel. In 2008 total wood production in the world was 3.45 billion m3, out of which fuelwood was 1.89 billion m3
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Fuelwood participation in total fellings in the world
2008. Roundwood 45%
Fuelwood 55%
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
2
Fuelwood consumption in the world About 7 percent of the worlds total energy supply in 2000 Developing countries consume about 77 percent 23 percent is used in developed countries
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Main forms in which wood fuels are produced are:
A) One-meter log woods
B) Chopped log woods
B) Charcoal Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
3
Main forms in which wood fuels are produced are:
D) Wood chips
E) Wood briquettes
F) Wood pellets Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
One-meter log woods One-meter log woods are a traditional fuel used for different human needs for centuries. One-meter log woods are a dominant energy source for more than two billion people in the world especially for households in undeveloped and developing countries.
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
4
Chopped log woods
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood chips
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
5
Wood briquettes
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood pellets
Diameter: 6-12 mm Lenght: 10-30 mm Moisture: 8-10%
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
6
Why use wood energy?
24 billion tons CO2 per year from thermal power plants and cars Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Why use wood energy?
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
7
Why use wood energy? The following facts point at the role and importance of wood in the efforts to preserve environment: - during its growth wood spends 1 ton of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for the production of 1m3 of wood volume; -in 1m3 of wood volume of the tree trunk which is growing, there is about 250 kg of carbon stored in wood fibers and about 750 kg of oxygen emitted into the atmosphere during the photosynthesis process; -forests in Europe annually absorb about 140 million tons of carbon from the atmosphere in the photosynthesis process;
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Why use wood energy? -from the area of 150 m2, forests emit into the atmosphere such amount of oxygen during one year which is sufficient for the needs of one person; - one beech trunk 60 years old provides oxygen foe the needs of more than 10 persons; - one beech trunk 60 years old absorbs the amount of CO2 which is emitted into the atmosphere by 6 persons; - during one day, 1 ha of forest binds about 900 kg CO2, and at the same time emits about 600 kg of oxygen.
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
8
Classification of woody biomass Woody biomass
Energy Forest
Short Rotation Forestry
Forest Biomass
Primary residues
Logging residues Stumps
Whole trees for energy
Recycled wood
Secondary residues
Used wood from Construction Demolition Wooden Packages
Industrial Residues Bark Sawdust Shavings and chips Endings and cross-cut ends Black liquor Source: Asikainen, 2008.
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Energy forests
Source: Glavonjic, 2009. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
9
Logging residues
Source: Asikainen, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Stumps
Source: Asikainen, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
10
Industrial residues
Source: Glavonjic, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Bark
Source: Glavonjic, 2010. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
11
Wood packaging
Source: Glavonjic, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood used in households and business premises
Source: Glavonjic, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
12
Production of electric power from RES in the EU
Source: CEP. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood fuels and fossil fuelscase study from one SEEC Necessary amounts of fuel for the production of 10,863,970.41 kWh of energy for heating 47 school Type of fuels
Units
Energy density in kWh per unit
Needed amounts in unit measures
Purchase price in EUR/unit with VAT
Total costs (EUR)
CO2 emission in kg/kWh
Total CO2 emission for the needed energy amount of 10.8 million kWh in tons
754
14,408
12.6
181,541
0.02113
229.6
Wood chips
Loose m3
Oil**
tons
11,500
944.7
508
479,908
0.269
2,922
Coal *
tons
3,750
2,897.1
70.05
202,942
0.382
4,150
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
13
Wood residue as environmental problem?
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood fuels in the systems for public heating!
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
14
Woody biomass and rural development Workers Wood chips, pellets and chopped log woods production Oil
District heating systems
Natural gas
Contracting and service sale
Source: Österreichischer Biomasseverband
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Woody biomass and international trade flows BIOMASSTRADE IN EUROPE
S WE DE N
NORWA Y
F IN L A ND
CA NA DA
E S T ONIA
CA NA DA
IR E L A ND
RUS S IA
L A T V IA
DE NMA RK
L IT HUA NIA RUS S IA UNIT E D K IN GDOM
B E L ORUS S IA
HOL L A ND
B E L GIU M L
P OL A ND
GE RMA NY
U X .
UK RA IN E
CZ E CH.RE P . F RA NCE
S L OV A K RE P . A US T RIA
MOL DOV A
S WIT Z E RL A ND S L
O V E N
HUNGA RY IA
ROMA NIA
CROA T IA P ORT UGA L Y UGOS L A V IA
B O S N IA -
H E R C E G O V IN A
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus S P A IN M O N T E N E G R O
B UL GA RIA
F
O
I N
A L
B A N IA
GRE E CE NORT HE RN A F RIC A
J A P A N,T URK E Y , HONGK ONG, A RA B E MIR A T E S
E U
S S
T T
R R
E
I A
O
D
W A
S
R E F I N E D ( p e l l e t s ,
S L
( s a w d u s t , D O M E S T I C W O
IT A L Y
R D
I D B
b a r F I R T
E
S
W O O D b r i q
PEAT OT HER(S RC,s tra w)
15
Woody biomass and international trade flows
Enernovi, Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina, September 2008 Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Policy framework for wood energy Almost all countries in Europe have adopted their national Strategies for Energetic Development until 2020 or 2025, depending on the country) A lot of countries in Europe have adopted feed-in tariffs Numerous countries have adopted national Action Plans for Biomass harmonized with the EU Directives (Directive 2001/77/EC, Directive 2003/30/EC).
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
16
Policy framework for wood energy Tariff system for RES electricity (€c/kWh)-case study from Croatia 1 MW
Small hydro
9,2
5,6 – 9,2
Wind
8,53
8,66
Biomass, forestry and agro
16,0
13,9
Biomass, industrial wood residues
12,7
11,4
Geothermal
16,8
16,8
Biofuels
4,8
4,8
Biogas
16,0
13,9
Landfill gas
4,8
4,8
Wave, tidal
8,0
6,7
Solar pv, 30 kW
28,1
-
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Challenges Complicated and long lasting administrative procedures are a big obstacle for faster investments and development of energy production from renewable sources. Insufficiently developed institutional capacities Strong lobby and monopolistic position of companies for the distribution of natural gas and other energy-generating products Lack of technical regulations and standards for fuels and combustion equipment Lack of the so called green funds
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
17
Challenges Low motivation of consumers (relatively low price of electric power and relatively high investment costs for the procurement of equipment for wood fuel combustion, primarily pellets) Old habits of consumers to use traditional fuelwood as the main energygenerating product and the lack of adequate promotion and information on new fuel types and their advantages Consumers using natural gas because of relatively low prices do not decide yet to use wood fuels There are no adequate stimulating measures for households to transfer to wood fuels as it is the situation in Austria or Italy Insufficient awareness of consumers on the significance of wood energy usage and the replacement of fossil fuels as well as the possible contribution of each individual to the efforts for global reduction of CO2 emission Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Branko Glavonjic, PhD University Professor Faculty of Forestry Belgrade State University Kneza Viseslava 1, 11030 Belgrade Republic of Serbia tel.+381 11 30 53 863 fax.+381 11 3059 537 email: [email protected] [email protected] www.sfb.rs
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
18
Prof. Dr Branko Glavonjic, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
CONTENT What is wood energy? What are the types? What are the objectives? What can we achieve with the increased use of wood energy? What are potentials? Why use wood energy? Objectives, challenges and policy framework
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
1
What is wood energy? Wood energy is the energy obtained from wood based fuel. In 2008 total wood production in the world was 3.45 billion m3, out of which fuelwood was 1.89 billion m3
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Fuelwood participation in total fellings in the world
2008. Roundwood 45%
Fuelwood 55%
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
2
Fuelwood consumption in the world About 7 percent of the worlds total energy supply in 2000 Developing countries consume about 77 percent 23 percent is used in developed countries
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Main forms in which wood fuels are produced are:
A) One-meter log woods
B) Chopped log woods
B) Charcoal Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
3
Main forms in which wood fuels are produced are:
D) Wood chips
E) Wood briquettes
F) Wood pellets Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
One-meter log woods One-meter log woods are a traditional fuel used for different human needs for centuries. One-meter log woods are a dominant energy source for more than two billion people in the world especially for households in undeveloped and developing countries.
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
4
Chopped log woods
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood chips
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
5
Wood briquettes
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood pellets
Diameter: 6-12 mm Lenght: 10-30 mm Moisture: 8-10%
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
6
Why use wood energy?
24 billion tons CO2 per year from thermal power plants and cars Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Why use wood energy?
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
7
Why use wood energy? The following facts point at the role and importance of wood in the efforts to preserve environment: - during its growth wood spends 1 ton of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for the production of 1m3 of wood volume; -in 1m3 of wood volume of the tree trunk which is growing, there is about 250 kg of carbon stored in wood fibers and about 750 kg of oxygen emitted into the atmosphere during the photosynthesis process; -forests in Europe annually absorb about 140 million tons of carbon from the atmosphere in the photosynthesis process;
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Why use wood energy? -from the area of 150 m2, forests emit into the atmosphere such amount of oxygen during one year which is sufficient for the needs of one person; - one beech trunk 60 years old provides oxygen foe the needs of more than 10 persons; - one beech trunk 60 years old absorbs the amount of CO2 which is emitted into the atmosphere by 6 persons; - during one day, 1 ha of forest binds about 900 kg CO2, and at the same time emits about 600 kg of oxygen.
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
8
Classification of woody biomass Woody biomass
Energy Forest
Short Rotation Forestry
Forest Biomass
Primary residues
Logging residues Stumps
Whole trees for energy
Recycled wood
Secondary residues
Used wood from Construction Demolition Wooden Packages
Industrial Residues Bark Sawdust Shavings and chips Endings and cross-cut ends Black liquor Source: Asikainen, 2008.
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Energy forests
Source: Glavonjic, 2009. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
9
Logging residues
Source: Asikainen, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Stumps
Source: Asikainen, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
10
Industrial residues
Source: Glavonjic, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Bark
Source: Glavonjic, 2010. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
11
Wood packaging
Source: Glavonjic, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood used in households and business premises
Source: Glavonjic, 2008. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
12
Production of electric power from RES in the EU
Source: CEP. Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood fuels and fossil fuelscase study from one SEEC Necessary amounts of fuel for the production of 10,863,970.41 kWh of energy for heating 47 school Type of fuels
Units
Energy density in kWh per unit
Needed amounts in unit measures
Purchase price in EUR/unit with VAT
Total costs (EUR)
CO2 emission in kg/kWh
Total CO2 emission for the needed energy amount of 10.8 million kWh in tons
754
14,408
12.6
181,541
0.02113
229.6
Wood chips
Loose m3
Oil**
tons
11,500
944.7
508
479,908
0.269
2,922
Coal *
tons
3,750
2,897.1
70.05
202,942
0.382
4,150
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
13
Wood residue as environmental problem?
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Wood fuels in the systems for public heating!
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
14
Woody biomass and rural development Workers Wood chips, pellets and chopped log woods production Oil
District heating systems
Natural gas
Contracting and service sale
Source: Österreichischer Biomasseverband
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Woody biomass and international trade flows BIOMASSTRADE IN EUROPE
S WE DE N
NORWA Y
F IN L A ND
CA NA DA
E S T ONIA
CA NA DA
IR E L A ND
RUS S IA
L A T V IA
DE NMA RK
L IT HUA NIA RUS S IA UNIT E D K IN GDOM
B E L ORUS S IA
HOL L A ND
B E L GIU M L
P OL A ND
GE RMA NY
U X .
UK RA IN E
CZ E CH.RE P . F RA NCE
S L OV A K RE P . A US T RIA
MOL DOV A
S WIT Z E RL A ND S L
O V E N
HUNGA RY IA
ROMA NIA
CROA T IA P ORT UGA L Y UGOS L A V IA
B O S N IA -
H E R C E G O V IN A
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus S P A IN M O N T E N E G R O
B UL GA RIA
F
O
I N
A L
B A N IA
GRE E CE NORT HE RN A F RIC A
J A P A N,T URK E Y , HONGK ONG, A RA B E MIR A T E S
E U
S S
T T
R R
E
I A
O
D
W A
S
R E F I N E D ( p e l l e t s ,
S L
( s a w d u s t , D O M E S T I C W O
IT A L Y
R D
I D B
b a r F I R T
E
S
W O O D b r i q
PEAT OT HER(S RC,s tra w)
15
Woody biomass and international trade flows
Enernovi, Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina, September 2008 Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Policy framework for wood energy Almost all countries in Europe have adopted their national Strategies for Energetic Development until 2020 or 2025, depending on the country) A lot of countries in Europe have adopted feed-in tariffs Numerous countries have adopted national Action Plans for Biomass harmonized with the EU Directives (Directive 2001/77/EC, Directive 2003/30/EC).
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
16
Policy framework for wood energy Tariff system for RES electricity (€c/kWh)-case study from Croatia 1 MW
Small hydro
9,2
5,6 – 9,2
Wind
8,53
8,66
Biomass, forestry and agro
16,0
13,9
Biomass, industrial wood residues
12,7
11,4
Geothermal
16,8
16,8
Biofuels
4,8
4,8
Biogas
16,0
13,9
Landfill gas
4,8
4,8
Wave, tidal
8,0
6,7
Solar pv, 30 kW
28,1
-
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
Challenges Complicated and long lasting administrative procedures are a big obstacle for faster investments and development of energy production from renewable sources. Insufficiently developed institutional capacities Strong lobby and monopolistic position of companies for the distribution of natural gas and other energy-generating products Lack of technical regulations and standards for fuels and combustion equipment Lack of the so called green funds
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
17
Challenges Low motivation of consumers (relatively low price of electric power and relatively high investment costs for the procurement of equipment for wood fuel combustion, primarily pellets) Old habits of consumers to use traditional fuelwood as the main energygenerating product and the lack of adequate promotion and information on new fuel types and their advantages Consumers using natural gas because of relatively low prices do not decide yet to use wood fuels There are no adequate stimulating measures for households to transfer to wood fuels as it is the situation in Austria or Italy Insufficient awareness of consumers on the significance of wood energy usage and the replacement of fossil fuels as well as the possible contribution of each individual to the efforts for global reduction of CO2 emission Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Branko Glavonjic, PhD University Professor Faculty of Forestry Belgrade State University Kneza Viseslava 1, 11030 Belgrade Republic of Serbia tel.+381 11 30 53 863 fax.+381 11 3059 537 email: [email protected] [email protected] www.sfb.rs
Workshop on “Policy options for wood energy”, Minsk 1-4 June 2010, Belarus
18
