World History Grade 9
World History Grade 9 Q4 W6 C1 Late Republic Growth of Territory
Lesson Objectives Learn about how the Roman territory expanded to include all of Italy and soon territory outside Italy Learn about the organization of the Roman Army and why it was so effective
Roman Territory Expands
-Roman territory grew due to outside threats -The Gauls (from France today) attacked Rome 387 BCE -Romans gave them gold to go away -Other cities in Italy attacked Rome too -Rome defeated them and took their lands -Soon they controlled all of Italy by 270 BCE
Roman Legions
The Republican Legion
Early Roman Army (c500-300 BCE) -Fought like the Greek hoplites and used phalanx formation -Learned this from Greek colonies and Etruscans
Republican Army (c300-88 BCE) -Phalanx was very slow and ineffective in mountains -New system made legions more flexible -Divided into maniples, or groups of two centuries (80-100 men) which had their own commander Hastati=Youngest, least exp, poorest Principes=Medium exp and age, reasonably wealthy Triarii= Older, very experienced and wealthiest
-Three lines of men, each line was a different age and experience level -Soldiers part time because many had farms
Hastati -Large shield -Two pila used for throwing at enemy before battle -Lower class of armour -Sent in first and fought in front line -Usually young and inexperienced
Principes -Fought in second line, only if needed -Tougher, in their 30’s in age -Had some experience -Could afford better equipment -Carried 2 pilae (throwing spears) -Carried a gladus -Had heavier chainmail armour
Triarii -Fought in last line, only used at end or if badly needed -Toughest, most experienced soldiers -Usually had many years experience -Armed with best equipment -Carried large shield and spears
Enemies of Rome -Rome’s enemies, like the Gauls (France today), were very disorganized in battle -They fought in disordered way and had poor equipment -Rome easily defeated them due to better organization, equipment, discipline and strategy
Reforms of Marius
Marius Reforms of Legion 107BCE -No more maniples, no more hastati etc. -Now used cohort, 480 men (6 centuriaes of 80 men) -5,000 men were in the Legion -More flexible in battle, easier to command -Legionary now main soldier, standard equipment -Soldiers now professional and paid -Legionaries joined for 25 years! -Main equipment was large shield, metal armour and gladius short sword
-Legionaries were very disciplined and well trained -They were trained to fight like a machine and as a group, not individuals -If a legionary tried to run away, his officers would kill him -At the end of every day’s march, they built a square fort with perfect accuracy and destroyed it when they left -Roman commanders often offered Enemy town chance to surrender. If they did, they were spared, if They didn’t, Romans would kill Every living thing in the city.
Few of Rome’s enemies were even close to the same level of training as the legionaries This is why they conquered so much territory so quickly
Lesson Objectives Learn about how the Roman territory expanded to include all of Italy and soon territory outside Italy Learn about the organization of the Roman Army and why it was so effective
Roman Territory Expands
-Roman territory grew due to outside threats -The Gauls (from France today) attacked Rome 387 BCE -Romans gave them gold to go away -Other cities in Italy attacked Rome too -Rome defeated them and took their lands -Soon they controlled all of Italy by 270 BCE
Roman Legions
The Republican Legion
Early Roman Army (c500-300 BCE) -Fought like the Greek hoplites and used phalanx formation -Learned this from Greek colonies and Etruscans
Republican Army (c300-88 BCE) -Phalanx was very slow and ineffective in mountains -New system made legions more flexible -Divided into maniples, or groups of two centuries (80-100 men) which had their own commander Hastati=Youngest, least exp, poorest Principes=Medium exp and age, reasonably wealthy Triarii= Older, very experienced and wealthiest
-Three lines of men, each line was a different age and experience level -Soldiers part time because many had farms
Hastati -Large shield -Two pila used for throwing at enemy before battle -Lower class of armour -Sent in first and fought in front line -Usually young and inexperienced
Principes -Fought in second line, only if needed -Tougher, in their 30’s in age -Had some experience -Could afford better equipment -Carried 2 pilae (throwing spears) -Carried a gladus -Had heavier chainmail armour
Triarii -Fought in last line, only used at end or if badly needed -Toughest, most experienced soldiers -Usually had many years experience -Armed with best equipment -Carried large shield and spears
Enemies of Rome -Rome’s enemies, like the Gauls (France today), were very disorganized in battle -They fought in disordered way and had poor equipment -Rome easily defeated them due to better organization, equipment, discipline and strategy
Reforms of Marius
Marius Reforms of Legion 107BCE -No more maniples, no more hastati etc. -Now used cohort, 480 men (6 centuriaes of 80 men) -5,000 men were in the Legion -More flexible in battle, easier to command -Legionary now main soldier, standard equipment -Soldiers now professional and paid -Legionaries joined for 25 years! -Main equipment was large shield, metal armour and gladius short sword
-Legionaries were very disciplined and well trained -They were trained to fight like a machine and as a group, not individuals -If a legionary tried to run away, his officers would kill him -At the end of every day’s march, they built a square fort with perfect accuracy and destroyed it when they left -Roman commanders often offered Enemy town chance to surrender. If they did, they were spared, if They didn’t, Romans would kill Every living thing in the city.
Few of Rome’s enemies were even close to the same level of training as the legionaries This is why they conquered so much territory so quickly
