Aviation Biofuels - All Energy
Aviation Biofuels
All Energy 2012 - Paul Mitchell, University of Aberdeen
Bioenergy Feedstock
Conversion
Co-Products
Chemo-Mechanical
Food/Fibre Crops
Biological
Energy Crops
Thermochemical
Product
Heat
Electricity
Transport fuel
Bio gas
Methane
Bio diesel
Diesel Ethanol
Bio alcohols Butanol
Road & Rail
Transport Biofuels
Methanol F-T Fuels HRJ Fuels ATJ Fuels
Aviation
Bio kerosene
Jet A-1 Commercial Jet 5 & 8 Military
Feedstocks Oil-rich plants for biodiesel
Oil Seed Rape
Oil Palm
Jatropha
Sugar & Starch for alcohols
Sugar beet
Sugar cane
Corn
Feedstocks Lignocellulosic for diesel, alcohols, hydrocarbons
Corn stovers
Miscanthus
Forest residues
Reed canary grass
Willow coppice
Switch grass
Feedstocks Algae – diesel, jet fuel, hydrocarbons
Algal Biofuels Diesel
Jet A Biochemical Green Diesel
Syngas
Oils
Thermochemical
Ethanol Biochemical
Power Hydrogen
Methane
Land to Produce 100% of Jet Fuel Requirement
Jet Fuel Source Algae
Amount of Land Required (km2) 68,000
Camelina
2,000,000
Jatropha
2,700,000
Current World Corn Production 50:50 blend
809,000 6% Global arable land
Supply – Demand Issues Impact on landuse Food-fibre-fuel debate Food production and price Biodiversity issues Ethnic peoples Sustainability Climate change LCA studies
Land Use
Energy
Climate Change
Population Growth
Food Emergent Pests and DIseases
Water
All promoting reassessment of bio-based energy Focus on algae and lignocellulosics (wood & grass) Heat and power – dis-economies of scale, competition for resource – restricts scale Transport – focus now on biofuels for aviation and marine applications
Opportunities for Synthetic Biology
Can control the inputs through selecting crop & production systems
Production of appropriate “drop-in” fuel
Can produce a range of energy sources depending on conversion technology
Can select & modify the microorganism
Aviation Biofuels Year
Target
2012
Aviation industry starts trading CO2 permits under ETS*
2017
IATA – 10% biofuels Reduce Carbon footprint by 80%
2050
IATA – 40% biofuels
*400 litres aviation biofuel offsets 1 tonne CO2 Jet Fuel Use
Year
Global: 200 million tonnes
2010
EU: 53 million tonnes
2010
300-350 million tonnes
2030
Need “Drop-in Fuels” based on SPK – Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene Two routes: Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Jet Fuel - from lignocellulosics (ASTM D 7566 at 50:50) Hydroprocessed renewable (HRJ) Jet Fuel - from plant oils
Test Flights with Alternative Fuels Carrier
Aircraft
Alt Fuel
Blend
Virgin Atlantic
B747-400
Coconut & Babassu
20% 1 engine
Air New Zealand B747-400
Jatropha
50% 1 engine
Continental
B737-800
Algae & Jatropha
50% 1 engine
JAL
B747-300
Camelina, Jatropha, Algae blend
50% 1 engine
KLM
B747-400
Camelina
50% 1 engine
US Military
A-10C Thunderbolt II Camelina F/A-18 Super Hornet F-22 Raptor Apache AH-64D Helicopter
50%
Aviation Biofuels
Flightpaths for Aviation Biofuels USDA – Farm to Fly programme One million gallons of biofuel per year by 2018 EU programme 2 million tonnes of aviation biofuels by 2020 Mainly based on Neste hydrogenated vegetable oil technology Potential 400,000 t/a F-T SPK by 2020 Potential 100,000 t/a HPO Potential 160,000 t/a from algal oil Gives 1% replacement of global aviation kerosene by 2020 HRJ/HEFA – Hydroprocessed esters & fatty acids FT-SPK – Fischer Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene ATJ – Alcohol to Jet PTJ/HPO – Pyrolysis oil to jet/Hydrogenated pyrolysis oil FRJ – Fermented renewable jet
Routes to SPK F-T process*
Synthesis gas CO + 2H2
LignoCellulose
HRJ* Bioderived oil
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Gasification
O2
Olefins, naphtha, long chain paraffins Hydrocracking & separation
Jet fuel
Cleaning & Conditioning
Long chain paraffins
Hydrotreating
*ASTM Approved as 50:50 mix with Jet-A
Hydrocracking & separation
Jet fuel
Aviation Biofuels Alcohol to Jet Utilises Oligomerization – process of “building C chains”
Ethanol Dehydration
Alcohol
Oligomerization
Distillation
Hydrogenation
Jet Fuel
Aviation Biofuels Emerging Processes – Alcohol to Jet (ATJ)
Cobalt Technology with Albemarle Corp & NAWCWD Bio n-Butanol to JP-8 Tested 50:50 in A-10 Thunderbolt II Engine Woody biomass
Oligomerization
Fermentation
Distillation
N-butanol
Hydrogenation
1-butene
Jet Fuel
Aviation Biofuels Emerging Processes – Alcohol to Jet (ATJ) Thermo-biological processes
Wood Ljungdahl Pathway
LanzaTech with Swedish Biofuels Lanza Tech CO from SynGas (CO & H2) or offgas from steel works Fermentation (Clostridia sp) to alcohols (ethanol, butanol, propanol)
Source: Yikrazuul, 2010
Reductive acetyl-CoA pathway
Swedish Biofuels technology Alcohols to Jet Fuel C2-C5 sugars
Source: Swedish Biofuels AB
C4-C20 Hydrocarbons
Methanogens or acetogenic organisms • H2 as electron donor (Energy Source) • CO2 as electron acceptor (Carbon Source) • CO2 reduced to CO • CO converted to acetyl coenzyme A
SPK for other uses Project Lapponia – Saab 99 Petro designed to run on kerosene
Kerosene heating stoves, pumps, lights, etc
Aviation Biofuels
Mosier et al, 2005
All Energy 2012 - Paul Mitchell, University of Aberdeen
All Energy 2012 - Paul Mitchell, University of Aberdeen
Bioenergy Feedstock
Conversion
Co-Products
Chemo-Mechanical
Food/Fibre Crops
Biological
Energy Crops
Thermochemical
Product
Heat
Electricity
Transport fuel
Bio gas
Methane
Bio diesel
Diesel Ethanol
Bio alcohols Butanol
Road & Rail
Transport Biofuels
Methanol F-T Fuels HRJ Fuels ATJ Fuels
Aviation
Bio kerosene
Jet A-1 Commercial Jet 5 & 8 Military
Feedstocks Oil-rich plants for biodiesel
Oil Seed Rape
Oil Palm
Jatropha
Sugar & Starch for alcohols
Sugar beet
Sugar cane
Corn
Feedstocks Lignocellulosic for diesel, alcohols, hydrocarbons
Corn stovers
Miscanthus
Forest residues
Reed canary grass
Willow coppice
Switch grass
Feedstocks Algae – diesel, jet fuel, hydrocarbons
Algal Biofuels Diesel
Jet A Biochemical Green Diesel
Syngas
Oils
Thermochemical
Ethanol Biochemical
Power Hydrogen
Methane
Land to Produce 100% of Jet Fuel Requirement
Jet Fuel Source Algae
Amount of Land Required (km2) 68,000
Camelina
2,000,000
Jatropha
2,700,000
Current World Corn Production 50:50 blend
809,000 6% Global arable land
Supply – Demand Issues Impact on landuse Food-fibre-fuel debate Food production and price Biodiversity issues Ethnic peoples Sustainability Climate change LCA studies
Land Use
Energy
Climate Change
Population Growth
Food Emergent Pests and DIseases
Water
All promoting reassessment of bio-based energy Focus on algae and lignocellulosics (wood & grass) Heat and power – dis-economies of scale, competition for resource – restricts scale Transport – focus now on biofuels for aviation and marine applications
Opportunities for Synthetic Biology
Can control the inputs through selecting crop & production systems
Production of appropriate “drop-in” fuel
Can produce a range of energy sources depending on conversion technology
Can select & modify the microorganism
Aviation Biofuels Year
Target
2012
Aviation industry starts trading CO2 permits under ETS*
2017
IATA – 10% biofuels Reduce Carbon footprint by 80%
2050
IATA – 40% biofuels
*400 litres aviation biofuel offsets 1 tonne CO2 Jet Fuel Use
Year
Global: 200 million tonnes
2010
EU: 53 million tonnes
2010
300-350 million tonnes
2030
Need “Drop-in Fuels” based on SPK – Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene Two routes: Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Jet Fuel - from lignocellulosics (ASTM D 7566 at 50:50) Hydroprocessed renewable (HRJ) Jet Fuel - from plant oils
Test Flights with Alternative Fuels Carrier
Aircraft
Alt Fuel
Blend
Virgin Atlantic
B747-400
Coconut & Babassu
20% 1 engine
Air New Zealand B747-400
Jatropha
50% 1 engine
Continental
B737-800
Algae & Jatropha
50% 1 engine
JAL
B747-300
Camelina, Jatropha, Algae blend
50% 1 engine
KLM
B747-400
Camelina
50% 1 engine
US Military
A-10C Thunderbolt II Camelina F/A-18 Super Hornet F-22 Raptor Apache AH-64D Helicopter
50%
Aviation Biofuels
Flightpaths for Aviation Biofuels USDA – Farm to Fly programme One million gallons of biofuel per year by 2018 EU programme 2 million tonnes of aviation biofuels by 2020 Mainly based on Neste hydrogenated vegetable oil technology Potential 400,000 t/a F-T SPK by 2020 Potential 100,000 t/a HPO Potential 160,000 t/a from algal oil Gives 1% replacement of global aviation kerosene by 2020 HRJ/HEFA – Hydroprocessed esters & fatty acids FT-SPK – Fischer Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene ATJ – Alcohol to Jet PTJ/HPO – Pyrolysis oil to jet/Hydrogenated pyrolysis oil FRJ – Fermented renewable jet
Routes to SPK F-T process*
Synthesis gas CO + 2H2
LignoCellulose
HRJ* Bioderived oil
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Gasification
O2
Olefins, naphtha, long chain paraffins Hydrocracking & separation
Jet fuel
Cleaning & Conditioning
Long chain paraffins
Hydrotreating
*ASTM Approved as 50:50 mix with Jet-A
Hydrocracking & separation
Jet fuel
Aviation Biofuels Alcohol to Jet Utilises Oligomerization – process of “building C chains”
Ethanol Dehydration
Alcohol
Oligomerization
Distillation
Hydrogenation
Jet Fuel
Aviation Biofuels Emerging Processes – Alcohol to Jet (ATJ)
Cobalt Technology with Albemarle Corp & NAWCWD Bio n-Butanol to JP-8 Tested 50:50 in A-10 Thunderbolt II Engine Woody biomass
Oligomerization
Fermentation
Distillation
N-butanol
Hydrogenation
1-butene
Jet Fuel
Aviation Biofuels Emerging Processes – Alcohol to Jet (ATJ) Thermo-biological processes
Wood Ljungdahl Pathway
LanzaTech with Swedish Biofuels Lanza Tech CO from SynGas (CO & H2) or offgas from steel works Fermentation (Clostridia sp) to alcohols (ethanol, butanol, propanol)
Source: Yikrazuul, 2010
Reductive acetyl-CoA pathway
Swedish Biofuels technology Alcohols to Jet Fuel C2-C5 sugars
Source: Swedish Biofuels AB
C4-C20 Hydrocarbons
Methanogens or acetogenic organisms • H2 as electron donor (Energy Source) • CO2 as electron acceptor (Carbon Source) • CO2 reduced to CO • CO converted to acetyl coenzyme A
SPK for other uses Project Lapponia – Saab 99 Petro designed to run on kerosene
Kerosene heating stoves, pumps, lights, etc
Aviation Biofuels
Mosier et al, 2005
All Energy 2012 - Paul Mitchell, University of Aberdeen
