Biology: The Study of Life
Organizing Life’s Diversity Chapter 17
Classification • Classification – Organizing objects or information into groups based on similarities
• Taxonomy – Branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
Classification • Linnaeus’s system – Modern classification system – Based on physical and structural similarities of organisms – Binomial nomenclature • Two-word naming system – First word – genus (group of similar species) – Second word – specific epithet (species identifier) » Homo sapiens – Humans » Quercus rubra – Red Oak » Quercus palustris – Pin Oak
Classification • Scientific Naming – Binomial nomenclature • First word upper case - Homo • Second word lower case - sapien
– Latin – Should be italicized – Gives information about organism • Unlike common name, which can be misleading – Starfish – not related to fish – Sea horse – not related to horses
Classification
Classification
The Six Kingdoms • Determining Evolutionary Relationships – Structural Similarities • Internal and external structures of organisms – Skeletal structure, bone structure, fossils » Homologous structures (same) » Analogous structures (different)
• Breeding behavior – Bird songs are species specific
• Geographical distribution • Genetic makeup • Embryonic development
The Six Kingdoms • Phylogenetics – Based on evolutionary history Phylogenetic Tree
The Six Kingdoms • Cladistics – Based on derived characteristics Cladogram
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms • Eubacteria
The Six Kingdoms • Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
Halophiles
The Six Kingdoms • Protista – Animal-like
– Plant like
– Fungi-like
The Six Kingdoms • Fungi
The Six Kingdoms • Plantae
The Six Kingdoms • Animalia
The Six Kingdoms • Animalia
The Six Kingdoms
Classification • Classification – Organizing objects or information into groups based on similarities
• Taxonomy – Branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
Classification • Linnaeus’s system – Modern classification system – Based on physical and structural similarities of organisms – Binomial nomenclature • Two-word naming system – First word – genus (group of similar species) – Second word – specific epithet (species identifier) » Homo sapiens – Humans » Quercus rubra – Red Oak » Quercus palustris – Pin Oak
Classification • Scientific Naming – Binomial nomenclature • First word upper case - Homo • Second word lower case - sapien
– Latin – Should be italicized – Gives information about organism • Unlike common name, which can be misleading – Starfish – not related to fish – Sea horse – not related to horses
Classification
Classification
The Six Kingdoms • Determining Evolutionary Relationships – Structural Similarities • Internal and external structures of organisms – Skeletal structure, bone structure, fossils » Homologous structures (same) » Analogous structures (different)
• Breeding behavior – Bird songs are species specific
• Geographical distribution • Genetic makeup • Embryonic development
The Six Kingdoms • Phylogenetics – Based on evolutionary history Phylogenetic Tree
The Six Kingdoms • Cladistics – Based on derived characteristics Cladogram
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms • Eubacteria
The Six Kingdoms • Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
Halophiles
The Six Kingdoms • Protista – Animal-like
– Plant like
– Fungi-like
The Six Kingdoms • Fungi
The Six Kingdoms • Plantae
The Six Kingdoms • Animalia
The Six Kingdoms • Animalia
The Six Kingdoms
