Chapter 6 - Exam Notes
Chapter 6 - Exam Notes What is A Primate? - Order of class mammalia - 3 prominent tendencies 1. Adaptations for life in trees (arboreal) - Versatile Skeletal Structure --> mobility and flexibility - Enhanced sense of touch - Enhanced sense of vision - Reduced reliance on smell and hearning 2. Dietary Plasticity (eat variety of foods) 3. Increase Parental Investment (a lot of effort in taking care of offspring) Why Study Primates? - Demonstrates what is distinctively human (how we are similar and different) - Analogies for human ancestors (models) - Primatologists study primates(eating/sexual behaviour, communication, social behaviour) Common Primate Traits 1. Relative and absolute large brain sizes - Large in relation to body weight and size (not relative brain size) - Well developed (visual and processing tactile sensation) * Integration of what we see and feel 2. Opposable thumbs 3. Prehensile hands and fingers - 5 separate flexible digits on each hand and foot (Pentadactyly) - Opposable big thumb/toe - Grasping hands and feet (used as exploratory tools) - Nails (not claws) & tactile pads --> enhanced touch 4. Clavicle - From early mammals - Maintains positioning of arms and strut for bracing body 5. Separate radius and ulna - 2 bones of forearm are separate (rotate easily) 6. Binocular and stereoscopic vision - Enclosed eye orbits --"allowed for 3D perception - 3D where vision from our right and left eye overlap (R and L side independently are 2D) - Shortened snout --" reduced reliance on smell - Eyes more to front of bodies (blind spot --> advantage outweighs disadvantage) Dietary Plasticity - Reduced number of teeth - Multiple tooth types - Generalized Detention - Human Dental Formula --> 2.1.2.3 1
- Some primates have tooth comb * Modification of incisors, canines --> grooming purpose to clean fur - Sectoral premolar --> adapted for cutting Parental Investment - Longer period in between births - Few offspring at a time - Increased parental care --> extended care of offspring NO SINGLE FEATURE DISTINGUSSHED PRIMATES FROM OTHER MAMMALS, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF FEATURES SHARED BY MOST PRIMATES Primates... - General diet - Arboreal - Highly adaptive - Fossil records show greater distribution of fossils in past (80% tropical rainforest) * Largely restricted to these areas --> need food high in nutrients and energy PRIMATE TAXONOMY Order: Primates Sub Order: Prosimians (lemurs, tarsiers, lorises, galagos) Sub Order: Anthropoids (New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans) 1. Prosimians - Before apes - 8 living families (5 Madagascar) - Retention of primitive features * Features present in multiple species within a taxonomic group - Active at night (most nocturnal) --> large eyes - Relatively long noses with moist snouts (rhinarium) - High dependence on hearing and smell - Have tooth comb on lower jaw - Grooming claw on 2nd toe of foot - Have multiple births (females have multiple pairs of breasts) a) Lemurs - Only in Madagascar - Large range in size - Quadrapedal and vertical clinging and leaping locomotion b) Tarsiers - Small 2
- Philippines & Indonesia - HUGE EYES --> able to turn heads 180 degrees - Skilled vertical clinging and leaping - Only entirely carnivorous primate 2. Anthropoids - Increased emphasis on vision (more than smell) - Eyes better adapted for day (diurnal) vision & vision colours - Eye socket enclose - Reduced snout a) New World Monkeys (Platrrthines) - Nostrils are round and separated by large nasal septum - Mainly arboreal - Prehensile tails b) Old World Monkeys - Nostrils close together and downward - Most diverse and successive primate - Tough sitting pads on rear i) Cercopithecinae - African - Large range in body size (1kg-30kg) - Sexual dimorphism - Live in large groups - Females often form core of the group ii) Colobinae - Africa and Asia - Eat more leaves, are more arboreal - Better leapers SUPERFAMILY HOMINOIDEA: COMPOSED OF 3 FAMILIES - Relatively large brain - Semi-erect posture (top/front heavy) - No tail - Sexual dimorphism - 2.1.2.3 dental pattern 1. Lesser Apes (Hylobatidea) - Gibbon, Siamang - SE Asia - Eat fruit - More primitive then other species 3
2. Great Apes (Pongidea) a) Oragnutan - Only great ape outside of Africa - Few left in wild - Sexual dimorphism - Much of diet: fruit, leaves, bark b) Gorillas - 3 subspecies - Sexual dimorphism - Knuckle walkers - Eat leaves - Small groups with one silverback male (think king) c) Bonobo (closest living relative) - Rounder backs, not as sexually dimorphic as chimps - Hair fluffs on side of head - More arboreal than chimps - Small dietary patterns d) Chimps (closest living relative) - 3 subspecies - Variety of habitats - Knuckle walking - Diet: Fruit, leaves, insects, small mammas - Tool users 3. Humans (Hominidae) - Large brain - Semi erect position (top/front heavy) - No tail - Sexual dimorphism Characteristics/Adaptation Smell Vision Touch Diet Intelligence
Prosimian Tendencies More developed Nocturnal for many Claws in some Less developed More specialized More teeth in some Less developed Smaller Brain
Anthropoid Tendencies Less developed Dinural Nails More developed More generalized Reduced number of teeth More developed Large brain 4
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- Some primates have tooth comb * Modification of incisors, canines --> grooming purpose to clean fur - Sectoral premolar --> adapted for cutting Parental Investment - Longer period in between births - Few offspring at a time - Increased parental care --> extended care of offspring NO SINGLE FEATURE DISTINGUSSHED PRIMATES FROM OTHER MAMMALS, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF FEATURES SHARED BY MOST PRIMATES Primates... - General diet - Arboreal - Highly adaptive - Fossil records show greater distribution of fossils in past (80% tropical rainforest) * Largely restricted to these areas --> need food high in nutrients and energy PRIMATE TAXONOMY Order: Primates Sub Order: Prosimians (lemurs, tarsiers, lorises, galagos) Sub Order: Anthropoids (New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans) 1. Prosimians - Before apes - 8 living families (5 Madagascar) - Retention of primitive features * Features present in multiple species within a taxonomic group - Active at night (most nocturnal) --> large eyes - Relatively long noses with moist snouts (rhinarium) - High dependence on hearing and smell - Have tooth comb on lower jaw - Grooming claw on 2nd toe of foot - Have multiple births (females have multiple pairs of breasts) a) Lemurs - Only in Madagascar - Large range in size - Quadrapedal and vertical clinging and leaping locomotion b) Tarsiers - Small 2
- Philippines & Indonesia - HUGE EYES --> able to turn heads 180 degrees - Skilled vertical clinging and leaping - Only entirely carnivorous primate 2. Anthropoids - Increased emphasis on vision (more than smell) - Eyes better adapted for day (diurnal) vision & vision colours - Eye socket enclose - Reduced snout a) New World Monkeys (Platrrthines) - Nostrils are round and separated by large nasal septum - Mainly arboreal - Prehensile tails b) Old World Monkeys - Nostrils close together and downward - Most diverse and successive primate - Tough sitting pads on rear i) Cercopithecinae - African - Large range in body size (1kg-30kg) - Sexual dimorphism - Live in large groups - Females often form core of the group ii) Colobinae - Africa and Asia - Eat more leaves, are more arboreal - Better leapers SUPERFAMILY HOMINOIDEA: COMPOSED OF 3 FAMILIES - Relatively large brain - Semi-erect posture (top/front heavy) - No tail - Sexual dimorphism - 2.1.2.3 dental pattern 1. Lesser Apes (Hylobatidea) - Gibbon, Siamang - SE Asia - Eat fruit - More primitive then other species 3
2. Great Apes (Pongidea) a) Oragnutan - Only great ape outside of Africa - Few left in wild - Sexual dimorphism - Much of diet: fruit, leaves, bark b) Gorillas - 3 subspecies - Sexual dimorphism - Knuckle walkers - Eat leaves - Small groups with one silverback male (think king) c) Bonobo (closest living relative) - Rounder backs, not as sexually dimorphic as chimps - Hair fluffs on side of head - More arboreal than chimps - Small dietary patterns d) Chimps (closest living relative) - 3 subspecies - Variety of habitats - Knuckle walking - Diet: Fruit, leaves, insects, small mammas - Tool users 3. Humans (Hominidae) - Large brain - Semi erect position (top/front heavy) - No tail - Sexual dimorphism Characteristics/Adaptation Smell Vision Touch Diet Intelligence
Prosimian Tendencies More developed Nocturnal for many Claws in some Less developed More specialized More teeth in some Less developed Smaller Brain
Anthropoid Tendencies Less developed Dinural Nails More developed More generalized Reduced number of teeth More developed Large brain 4
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