Chapter 6 Notes
Chapter 6 Notes An Overview Of The Primates Primates:
230 species of non human primates (lemurs, lories, tarsiers, monkeys, apes)
Primate Characteristics
Basic mammalian traits are body hair, long gestation period followed by live birth, mammalian gland, different types of teeth, the ability to maintain a constant internal body temperature through physiological means (endothermic), increased brain size, capacity for learning and behavioral flexibility Primates have been quite generalized ; retained several ancestral mammalian traits
Limb and Locomotion 1. 2. 3.
A tendency toward an erect posture (especially in the upper body) Sitting, leaping, standing, occasionally bipedal walking Flexible, generalized limb structure allows most primates to practice various locomotor behavr Rotation of the forearm lost in mammals such as horses, hip/shoulder anatomy Prehensile hands (and sometimes feet) Grasp and manipulate objects a. Retention of 5 digits on the hand and feet b. Opposable thumb and in most species a divergent and partially opposable big toe c. Nails instead of claws (ex. except new world monkey marmoset and tamarins) d. Tactie ads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the ends of digits
Diet and teeth 1. Lack of dietary specialization Primates are omnivores 2. Generalized dentition Specialized for different types of food Senses and the Brain
Primates active on the day rely more on vision and less on smell; reflected in evolutionary changes in the skill, eyes and brain 1. Color vision Diurnal primates active in day nocturnal active during night don’t have this 2. Depth perception Stereoscopic vision; seeing object in 3 dimension made possible through a. Eyes places toward the front of the face ( allows binocular vision)
b. Visual info from each eye transmitted to visual centre in both hemispheres of the brain ( in primates 40 percent of fiber remain on the same side) c. Visual info organized into 3 dimensional images by specializes structures in the brain itself (visual info from both eyes and from overlapping visual fields)
Decreased reliance on the sense of smell
Reduction of olfactory structures in the brain which results in decrease of the size of the snout related to increase dependence on vision Baboon have large muzzles but not related to olfaction but to accommodate large teeth
Expansion and increases complexity of the brain
General among placental mammals but especially true for primates In primates this expansions is most evident in the visual and association areas of the neocortex:
Maturation. Learning and behavior 1. Efficient means of fetal nourishment, longer periods of gestation, reduced numbers of offspring ( single births the norm), delayed maturation and extension of the entire life span 2. Greater dependence on flexible learned behaviors Correlated with delayed maturation and longer period of infant/child dependency parental investment increase although fewer are born 3. Tendency to live in social groups and the permanent association for adult males with the group Primates tend to associate with other individuals 4. The tendency toward diurnal activity pattern Lorises, tarsiers, one monkey species and some lemurs are nocturnal; all the rest (the other monkeys, apes and humans) are diurnal Primate Adaptations
Environmental circumstance refers to several interrelated variables including climate, diet, habitat (woodland, grassland, forest etc.)
Evolutionary Factors
Primates result of an adaption to arboreal , primates found there adaptive niche in the trees Increased reliance on vision coupled with grasping hand and feet are also adaption to an arboreal lifestyle Sussman (1991) basic primate traits developed along with another major evolutionary occurrence , appearance and diversification of flowering plants that began around 140 mya
Argued that vision predation isn’t common among primates forward facing eye, grasping hand and feet, omnivore and color vision may have arisen in response to demand for fine visual and tactile discrimination necessary for feeding.
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
Non human primates are found in tropical or semitropical areas of the New and Old Worlds. (New world include Mexico, Central America and parts of South America. Old world Africa, India, Southeast Asia and Japan) most nonhuman primates are arboreal and live in forest or woodland habitats old world monkey baboon spend day on land and African apes( gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos)
Diet and Teeth
omnivory lack of specialization in primates primates have four kinds of teeth-> incisors and canines for biting/cutting ; premolars and molars for cheweing/grinding
Dental formula:
Old World anthropoids ; 2.1.2.3 (upper) 2.1.2.3 (lower) total of 32 teeth Placental mammal is 3.1.4.3 primates have fewer teeth than ancestral pattern general evolutionary trend toward fewer teeth Human, apes, old world monkeys 2.1.2.3; new world monkey have one less premolar Tooth shape and size directly related to diet Carnivore premolar/molar high pointed cusp, herbivores have premolar with broad flat surfaces , most primates have premolar/molar low rounded cusps.
Locomotion
Most are quadrupedal, most use more than one form on locomotion Limbs of terrestrial quadruped are approx the same length, in arboreal forelimbs are shorter 1. Forms of locomotion a. Vertical clinging and leaping (Ex. lemeurs and tarsiers) support vertically by grasping tree, knees are tightliy flexed. b. Brachiation or arm swinging Is a suspensor form of locomotion body moves by being suspended by one arm (only small gibbons and siammangs on South East Asia) New world monkeys spider monkey semibrachiators practice leaping and some arm swinging Prehensile tail in New world monkey
Knuckle walking (gorillas, bonobos and chimpanzees arms are so long compare to legs support weight of upper body on the back surfaces of their bent fingers Primate Classification Established by Linnaeus , 230 species belong to mammalian Primates includes all primates; suborder Strepsirhini (lemurs and lories) and Haplorhini ( tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans) Based on physical similarities between species and lineage Comparative genomics provides a more accurate picture of evolutionary and biological relationships between species Chimpanzee genome completed in 2005 Wilman and colleagues (2003) compared 100 human genes with chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan counterparts Results human are closely related to chimpanzee protein coding DNA sequence are 98.4 to 99.4% Chimpanzee and human lineage diverged between 7 and 6 mya Entire genome difference of 2.7-6.4 percent Humans have much more non-protein coding DNA
A Survey of the living primates Lemurs and Lorises
Strepsirhini; lemeurs and lorises more similar anatomically to their earlier mammalian ancestors Greater reliance on olfaction, presence of a relatibely long snout and a moist, fleshy pad or rhinarium at the end of the nose Eyes places more to the side of face, differenced in reproductive physiology and shortest gestation and maturation periods. “dental comb” teeth used in grooming and feeding
Lemurs:
found only on island of Madagascar and east coast Africa Large lemurs are diurnal , great behavioural variarion; mostly arboreal ring tailed are terrestrial
8 loris species tropical forest and woodland habitats of India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Africa Also are 9 galago species
Lorises
Locomotion slow cautious climbing form of quadruped, females leave young infant in nest when need to find food
Nocturnal, 5 recognized tarsier species all which are restricted to island of Southeast Asia Present a complex blend of characteristics not seen in any other primate. Most obvious is enormous eyes; immobile within sockey can rotate heads
Tarsiers
Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes and Humans
13 traits list key remember pg 130 Aprox. 85 percent of all primates are monkey, 195 species
New World Monkey
70 species found in forested areas in southern Mexico and Central and South Ameica In size vary tiny marmosets and tamrins 12 ounces to 20 pound howler monkeys Arboreal, diurnal Smallest of all monkey had claws, give birth to twins , social groups composed of a mated pair , or a female and two adults Males are extensively involved in infant care Diet most rely on fruits, leaves, insects Most are quadruplet except for spider monkey Live in groups with both sexes and all age groups; some form monogamous pairs and live with their sub adult offspring
Old World Monkey
Except for human most widely distributed , found Sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia tropical jungle to semiarid desert and snow covered areas in northern Japan Cercopithecidae divided into 2 subfamilies cercopithecine and colobines Cercopithecine ; omnivores eat almost anything small mammals Colobines have a narrower range of food preferences and mainly eat mature leaves found in Asia, exclusively African Locomotion arboreal quadrupedalism and semibrachiation and acrobatic in colobine monkeys Baboons sexual dimorphism is found Social groups colobine tend to live in small groups with only on or two adult males, savanna baboon and macaque found in large social units of all ages Monogamous pairing isn’t common
Hominoids: Apes and Humans Hominoids
Apes are found in Asia and Africa Apes and humans differ from monkeys in numerous ways: pg135
Gibbons and Siamangs
8 gibbon species are the smallest of the apes Most distinctive anatomical features are adaption to feeding while hanging from tree branches/Brachiation Arms are so long that have to walk bipedal with their arms raised to the side Mostly eat fruits consume leaves flowers and insects Monogomous, both highly territorial and protect their territories with elaborate whoops and siren like songs “singing ape of Asia”
Orangutans
Two subspecies found in heavily forested areas on the Indonesian island of Borneo and Sumatra “wise man of the forest” Orangutans are severely threatened with extinction in wild due to poaching by humans and habitat loss Locomotion; four handed almost completely arboreal travel quadruped on the ground Sex dimorphism; males large females less , lead largely solitary lives Frugivouours and may also eat bark, leave insect and rare meat
Gorillas
Largest of all living primates restricted to forested areas of western and eastern equatorial Africa Exhibit marked sexual dimorphism , males are terrestrial like chimpanzees they practice a type of quadrupedal called knuckle walking Cross river are the most endangered primates with 250-300 Social structure smaller and less cohesive All gorillas are musty vegetarian Mountain gorillas the most studied of the four species
Chimpanzees
Best known of all non human primates Found in equatorial Africa Atlantic ocean on the west to lake Tanganyika in the east Anatomically similar to gorillas, ecological adaption and behaviors differ chimpanzee spends more time in trees, excitable, active, noisy gori8llias placid and quitw
Smaller and less sexually dimophoc quadreapedal knucle walking may brachiate Eat variety of food kill small mammals even red colobus Live in communities from 10-100 Male never leave group which they were born 40 percent of females do Social behavior complex form lifelong attachements
Bonobos
Found only in the south of Zaire River in DRC 1920 least studied highly threatened by human hunting warfare and habitat loss Called “pygmy chimpanzees” are more arboreal , eat same food as chimpanzee meat Sexually differs from all other primates sex isn’t liked to solely to reproduction defense tense situation sexual activity between same sex is common
Humans (Homo Sapiens)
Only living representatives of the habitually bipedal primates Heritage evident in anatomy, genetic makeup, behavioral aspects except for reduced canine size, human teeth are typical primate (especially ape teeth) Humans are omnivores , ability to write think during the last 800,000 years of human evolution, brain size has increased dramatically also more neurologically changes Completely depend on culture highly developed cognitive abilities Chimpanzee, gorilla, bonobos display problem solving Humans unique to use language 5000 yrs or so also written language Great apes are able to communicate by using symbols Difference is unique habitual bipedal locomotion; exaggerated African apes
Endangered Primates
red columbus became extinct , 6 year search for a monkey hadn’t been seen 20yr ago
3 Basic Reasons for depletion of nonhuman primates 1. habitat destruction 2. human hunting 3. live capture for export or local trade ONE MAJOR FACTTOR UNPRECEDENTED HUMAN POP GROWTH
230 species of non human primates (lemurs, lories, tarsiers, monkeys, apes)
Primate Characteristics
Basic mammalian traits are body hair, long gestation period followed by live birth, mammalian gland, different types of teeth, the ability to maintain a constant internal body temperature through physiological means (endothermic), increased brain size, capacity for learning and behavioral flexibility Primates have been quite generalized ; retained several ancestral mammalian traits
Limb and Locomotion 1. 2. 3.
A tendency toward an erect posture (especially in the upper body) Sitting, leaping, standing, occasionally bipedal walking Flexible, generalized limb structure allows most primates to practice various locomotor behavr Rotation of the forearm lost in mammals such as horses, hip/shoulder anatomy Prehensile hands (and sometimes feet) Grasp and manipulate objects a. Retention of 5 digits on the hand and feet b. Opposable thumb and in most species a divergent and partially opposable big toe c. Nails instead of claws (ex. except new world monkey marmoset and tamarins) d. Tactie ads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the ends of digits
Diet and teeth 1. Lack of dietary specialization Primates are omnivores 2. Generalized dentition Specialized for different types of food Senses and the Brain
Primates active on the day rely more on vision and less on smell; reflected in evolutionary changes in the skill, eyes and brain 1. Color vision Diurnal primates active in day nocturnal active during night don’t have this 2. Depth perception Stereoscopic vision; seeing object in 3 dimension made possible through a. Eyes places toward the front of the face ( allows binocular vision)
b. Visual info from each eye transmitted to visual centre in both hemispheres of the brain ( in primates 40 percent of fiber remain on the same side) c. Visual info organized into 3 dimensional images by specializes structures in the brain itself (visual info from both eyes and from overlapping visual fields)
Decreased reliance on the sense of smell
Reduction of olfactory structures in the brain which results in decrease of the size of the snout related to increase dependence on vision Baboon have large muzzles but not related to olfaction but to accommodate large teeth
Expansion and increases complexity of the brain
General among placental mammals but especially true for primates In primates this expansions is most evident in the visual and association areas of the neocortex:
Maturation. Learning and behavior 1. Efficient means of fetal nourishment, longer periods of gestation, reduced numbers of offspring ( single births the norm), delayed maturation and extension of the entire life span 2. Greater dependence on flexible learned behaviors Correlated with delayed maturation and longer period of infant/child dependency parental investment increase although fewer are born 3. Tendency to live in social groups and the permanent association for adult males with the group Primates tend to associate with other individuals 4. The tendency toward diurnal activity pattern Lorises, tarsiers, one monkey species and some lemurs are nocturnal; all the rest (the other monkeys, apes and humans) are diurnal Primate Adaptations
Environmental circumstance refers to several interrelated variables including climate, diet, habitat (woodland, grassland, forest etc.)
Evolutionary Factors
Primates result of an adaption to arboreal , primates found there adaptive niche in the trees Increased reliance on vision coupled with grasping hand and feet are also adaption to an arboreal lifestyle Sussman (1991) basic primate traits developed along with another major evolutionary occurrence , appearance and diversification of flowering plants that began around 140 mya
Argued that vision predation isn’t common among primates forward facing eye, grasping hand and feet, omnivore and color vision may have arisen in response to demand for fine visual and tactile discrimination necessary for feeding.
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
Non human primates are found in tropical or semitropical areas of the New and Old Worlds. (New world include Mexico, Central America and parts of South America. Old world Africa, India, Southeast Asia and Japan) most nonhuman primates are arboreal and live in forest or woodland habitats old world monkey baboon spend day on land and African apes( gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos)
Diet and Teeth
omnivory lack of specialization in primates primates have four kinds of teeth-> incisors and canines for biting/cutting ; premolars and molars for cheweing/grinding
Dental formula:
Old World anthropoids ; 2.1.2.3 (upper) 2.1.2.3 (lower) total of 32 teeth Placental mammal is 3.1.4.3 primates have fewer teeth than ancestral pattern general evolutionary trend toward fewer teeth Human, apes, old world monkeys 2.1.2.3; new world monkey have one less premolar Tooth shape and size directly related to diet Carnivore premolar/molar high pointed cusp, herbivores have premolar with broad flat surfaces , most primates have premolar/molar low rounded cusps.
Locomotion
Most are quadrupedal, most use more than one form on locomotion Limbs of terrestrial quadruped are approx the same length, in arboreal forelimbs are shorter 1. Forms of locomotion a. Vertical clinging and leaping (Ex. lemeurs and tarsiers) support vertically by grasping tree, knees are tightliy flexed. b. Brachiation or arm swinging Is a suspensor form of locomotion body moves by being suspended by one arm (only small gibbons and siammangs on South East Asia) New world monkeys spider monkey semibrachiators practice leaping and some arm swinging Prehensile tail in New world monkey
Knuckle walking (gorillas, bonobos and chimpanzees arms are so long compare to legs support weight of upper body on the back surfaces of their bent fingers Primate Classification Established by Linnaeus , 230 species belong to mammalian Primates includes all primates; suborder Strepsirhini (lemurs and lories) and Haplorhini ( tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans) Based on physical similarities between species and lineage Comparative genomics provides a more accurate picture of evolutionary and biological relationships between species Chimpanzee genome completed in 2005 Wilman and colleagues (2003) compared 100 human genes with chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan counterparts Results human are closely related to chimpanzee protein coding DNA sequence are 98.4 to 99.4% Chimpanzee and human lineage diverged between 7 and 6 mya Entire genome difference of 2.7-6.4 percent Humans have much more non-protein coding DNA
A Survey of the living primates Lemurs and Lorises
Strepsirhini; lemeurs and lorises more similar anatomically to their earlier mammalian ancestors Greater reliance on olfaction, presence of a relatibely long snout and a moist, fleshy pad or rhinarium at the end of the nose Eyes places more to the side of face, differenced in reproductive physiology and shortest gestation and maturation periods. “dental comb” teeth used in grooming and feeding
Lemurs:
found only on island of Madagascar and east coast Africa Large lemurs are diurnal , great behavioural variarion; mostly arboreal ring tailed are terrestrial
8 loris species tropical forest and woodland habitats of India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Africa Also are 9 galago species
Lorises
Locomotion slow cautious climbing form of quadruped, females leave young infant in nest when need to find food
Nocturnal, 5 recognized tarsier species all which are restricted to island of Southeast Asia Present a complex blend of characteristics not seen in any other primate. Most obvious is enormous eyes; immobile within sockey can rotate heads
Tarsiers
Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes and Humans
13 traits list key remember pg 130 Aprox. 85 percent of all primates are monkey, 195 species
New World Monkey
70 species found in forested areas in southern Mexico and Central and South Ameica In size vary tiny marmosets and tamrins 12 ounces to 20 pound howler monkeys Arboreal, diurnal Smallest of all monkey had claws, give birth to twins , social groups composed of a mated pair , or a female and two adults Males are extensively involved in infant care Diet most rely on fruits, leaves, insects Most are quadruplet except for spider monkey Live in groups with both sexes and all age groups; some form monogamous pairs and live with their sub adult offspring
Old World Monkey
Except for human most widely distributed , found Sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia tropical jungle to semiarid desert and snow covered areas in northern Japan Cercopithecidae divided into 2 subfamilies cercopithecine and colobines Cercopithecine ; omnivores eat almost anything small mammals Colobines have a narrower range of food preferences and mainly eat mature leaves found in Asia, exclusively African Locomotion arboreal quadrupedalism and semibrachiation and acrobatic in colobine monkeys Baboons sexual dimorphism is found Social groups colobine tend to live in small groups with only on or two adult males, savanna baboon and macaque found in large social units of all ages Monogamous pairing isn’t common
Hominoids: Apes and Humans Hominoids
Apes are found in Asia and Africa Apes and humans differ from monkeys in numerous ways: pg135
Gibbons and Siamangs
8 gibbon species are the smallest of the apes Most distinctive anatomical features are adaption to feeding while hanging from tree branches/Brachiation Arms are so long that have to walk bipedal with their arms raised to the side Mostly eat fruits consume leaves flowers and insects Monogomous, both highly territorial and protect their territories with elaborate whoops and siren like songs “singing ape of Asia”
Orangutans
Two subspecies found in heavily forested areas on the Indonesian island of Borneo and Sumatra “wise man of the forest” Orangutans are severely threatened with extinction in wild due to poaching by humans and habitat loss Locomotion; four handed almost completely arboreal travel quadruped on the ground Sex dimorphism; males large females less , lead largely solitary lives Frugivouours and may also eat bark, leave insect and rare meat
Gorillas
Largest of all living primates restricted to forested areas of western and eastern equatorial Africa Exhibit marked sexual dimorphism , males are terrestrial like chimpanzees they practice a type of quadrupedal called knuckle walking Cross river are the most endangered primates with 250-300 Social structure smaller and less cohesive All gorillas are musty vegetarian Mountain gorillas the most studied of the four species
Chimpanzees
Best known of all non human primates Found in equatorial Africa Atlantic ocean on the west to lake Tanganyika in the east Anatomically similar to gorillas, ecological adaption and behaviors differ chimpanzee spends more time in trees, excitable, active, noisy gori8llias placid and quitw
Smaller and less sexually dimophoc quadreapedal knucle walking may brachiate Eat variety of food kill small mammals even red colobus Live in communities from 10-100 Male never leave group which they were born 40 percent of females do Social behavior complex form lifelong attachements
Bonobos
Found only in the south of Zaire River in DRC 1920 least studied highly threatened by human hunting warfare and habitat loss Called “pygmy chimpanzees” are more arboreal , eat same food as chimpanzee meat Sexually differs from all other primates sex isn’t liked to solely to reproduction defense tense situation sexual activity between same sex is common
Humans (Homo Sapiens)
Only living representatives of the habitually bipedal primates Heritage evident in anatomy, genetic makeup, behavioral aspects except for reduced canine size, human teeth are typical primate (especially ape teeth) Humans are omnivores , ability to write think during the last 800,000 years of human evolution, brain size has increased dramatically also more neurologically changes Completely depend on culture highly developed cognitive abilities Chimpanzee, gorilla, bonobos display problem solving Humans unique to use language 5000 yrs or so also written language Great apes are able to communicate by using symbols Difference is unique habitual bipedal locomotion; exaggerated African apes
Endangered Primates
red columbus became extinct , 6 year search for a monkey hadn’t been seen 20yr ago
3 Basic Reasons for depletion of nonhuman primates 1. habitat destruction 2. human hunting 3. live capture for export or local trade ONE MAJOR FACTTOR UNPRECEDENTED HUMAN POP GROWTH
