Chemical-Physical Weathering, Surficial Geology, and Glacial
Holdsworth, G. 1969b. Primary transverse crevasses. Journal of Glaciology, 8 (52) : 107-129. Holdsworth, G., and C. Bull. 1969. The flow law of cold ice; investigations on the Meserve Glacier, Antarctica. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Antarctic Glaciological Exploration (I.S.A.G.E.), Hanover, N. H., September 1968. Paterson, W. S. B. 1962. Observations on Athabaska Glacier and Their Relation to the Theory of Glacier Flow. Ph.D.
Dissertation, University of British Columbia. Weertman, J . 1968. Diffusion law for the dispersion of hard particles in an ice matrix that undergoes simple shear deformation. Journal of Glaciology, 7 (50) : 161-165.
Chemical-Physical Weathering, Surficial Geology, and Glacial History of the Wright Valley, Victoria Land ROBERT E. BEHLING and PARKER E. CALKIN* Photo by U.S. Navy for U.S. Geological Survey Fig. 2. Meserve Glacier tongue, showing surface buckles or undulations.
length can be predicted from a knowledge of the density of ice, the surface compression, and its decay with depth. The calculated value (Holdsworth, 1969a) of about 55 to 60 m is close to the measured values. It is hypothesized that the theory may also be applied to the case of longitudinal tension, and, thus, be used to explain the spacings of transverse crevasses (Holdsworth, 1965; 1969b). The theoretical results and the measured values are given by I-Ioldsworth (1969a). References Biot, M. A. 1960. Instability of a continuously inhomogeneous viscoelastic halfspacc under initial stress. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 270 (3) : 190-201. Carnein, C. R. 1968. Mass balance of the Meserve Glacier, Wright Valley, Antarctica. M. S. Thesis, Ohio State Uni-
versity. Geiringer, H. 1937. Fondements mathématiques de la théorie des corps plastiques isotropes. Académie des Sciences, Paris. Mémoires, 86: 85-86. Glen, J . W. 1956. Measurement of the deformation of ice in a tunnel at the foot of an icefall. Journal of Glaciology, 2 (20) : 735-745.
Holdsworth, G. 1965. An Examination and Analysis of the Formation of Transverse Crevasses, Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada. Ohio State University. Institute
of Polar Studies. Report No. 16. 90 p. Holdsworth, G. 1966. Glaciological investigation of a cold glacier. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 1(4): 138. Holdsworth, G. 1967. Investigation of Meserve Glacier. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 11(4) : 123-124.
Holdsworth, G. 1969a. A Contribution to the Theory of the De formation of a Polar Glacier. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio
State University.
128
Institute of Polar Studies The Ohio State University The major objectives of the past field season included accumulation of data for a surficial geologic map and a preliminary determination of the relative ages of axial and alpine glacier advances throughout the Wright Valley. Criteria such as relative position of moraines, drift lithology, surficial boulder weathering, shallow seismic profiles, and some isotopic data were utilized to differentiate at least four major glacial advances each from the Wright Upper Glacier (inland ice plateau) and Wright Lower Glacier (Ross Sea ice advances), and three major advances of the alpine glaciers of Wright Valley. The three alpine advances recognized were apparently out of phase with the westward invasions from the Ross Sea. Hvever, time relations of alpine and Ross ice advances with the eastward movements of the Wright Upper Glacier and inland ice are less well defined. Distributions of drift suggest that there has been no through-valley movement of the inland ice since the formation of basaltic volcanic cones on the valley floor some 4 million years ago. Observations made during the field season in the adjacent Victoria Valley system to the north, and in the Taylor Valley and Mount Discovery areas will facilitate correlations of the Wright Valley sequence with that of the whole McMurdo Sound region.
*Now at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
Detailed studies of soil-profile development and sampling for laboratory evaluation of weathering was initiated throughout the valley by Behling during the latter part of the season. This work makes up the second phase of the project and is intended to help clarify the age relationships of axial to alpine glaciation and perhaps suggest the climatic and physical environment under which mineral alteration processes have acted and are now acting. Surveys of markers on a rock glacier in Wright Valley, on the Packard Glacier, and on the sand dunes below the Packard Glacier in Victoria Valley were undertaken to complement geomorphic studies initiated in 1961.
5
Patterned Ground Studies in Victoria Land
Ile
Aft
ROBERT F. BLACK and ARTHUR A. TWOMEY
Photo: Robert F. Black
Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Wisconsin, Madison
Fig. 1. Mirabilite crystallizing out of a small pond in the terminal moraine area in front of the Hobbs Glacier.
During the 1968-1969 field season, the writers visited all field stations on Ross Island and in the dry valle y s where patterned ground is controlled by bench marks. Widths of all controlled wedges were rneasured. This season, as in previous years, measurements were not always made at the optimum time, i.e., when ground temperatures reach their maximum and inaxiiiiuin (losing of contraction cracks takes place. Measurements at other times record more growth between bench marks than actually has occurred. Any one austral suiiimer varies sufficiently from the norm to make the precise time when measurements should be made almost unpredictable. As a consequence, correction factors must be applied to each year's measurenients iii order to determine annual variability of growth rates. The correction factor is obtained from ground temperatures recorded continuously throughout the year at McMurdo and in Taylor Valley. These two recording stations were serviced immediately on arrival in order to insure continuous thermal data during the field season. Correction factors for locations in \V right and Beacon Valleys and elsewhere are made by extrapolations. The thermal data and contraction data are now being reduced. During the 1967-1968 field season, Arthur Twomey installed a recording setup to determine the timing of ice-wedge cracking at McMurdo Station. Ice wedges forming Y-intersections were controlled to see whether the three components of the Y cracked s!inultaneously. Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that individual limbs of two Ys cracked at dif-
ferent times. Another Y-intersection was controlled
July—ugust 1969
for continuation of the test during 1969. Samples of pond water in which mirahilite was precipitating (Fig. 1) were collected from the Hobbs Glacier area. Analyses for carbonate were made in the field by titration, and the remainder of the dissolved constituents will be determined in the laboratory. Sulphur and oxygen-isotope studies of the materials are under way in New Zealand at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences. Studies of evaporite mineralogy and brine compositions are being carried out at the University of Wisconsin. Another saline discharge was examined and sampled at the terminus of Taylor Glacier at Lake Bonney. This dircharge came from the same location and was of the same size as that studied earlier by Black and Bowser (1968) and Black, Jackson, and Berg (1965). (See also Black, 1969.) The samples from the discharge are being analyzed at the University of Wisconsin. References Black, Robert F. 1969. Saline discharges from Taylor Glacier, Victoria Land, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., IV(3): 89-90. Black, Robert F. and Carl J . Bowser. 1968. Salts and associated phenomena of the termini of the Hobbs and Taylor Glaciers, Victoria Land, Antarctica. International Union
of Geodesy and Geophysics. Commission of Snow and Ice, Pub. no. 79, p. 226-238. Black, Robert F., M. L. Jackson, and Thomas E. Berg. 1965. Saline discharge from Taylor Glacier, Victoria Land, Antarctica. Journal of Geology, 73: 175-181.
129
Dissertation, University of British Columbia. Weertman, J . 1968. Diffusion law for the dispersion of hard particles in an ice matrix that undergoes simple shear deformation. Journal of Glaciology, 7 (50) : 161-165.
Chemical-Physical Weathering, Surficial Geology, and Glacial History of the Wright Valley, Victoria Land ROBERT E. BEHLING and PARKER E. CALKIN* Photo by U.S. Navy for U.S. Geological Survey Fig. 2. Meserve Glacier tongue, showing surface buckles or undulations.
length can be predicted from a knowledge of the density of ice, the surface compression, and its decay with depth. The calculated value (Holdsworth, 1969a) of about 55 to 60 m is close to the measured values. It is hypothesized that the theory may also be applied to the case of longitudinal tension, and, thus, be used to explain the spacings of transverse crevasses (Holdsworth, 1965; 1969b). The theoretical results and the measured values are given by I-Ioldsworth (1969a). References Biot, M. A. 1960. Instability of a continuously inhomogeneous viscoelastic halfspacc under initial stress. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 270 (3) : 190-201. Carnein, C. R. 1968. Mass balance of the Meserve Glacier, Wright Valley, Antarctica. M. S. Thesis, Ohio State Uni-
versity. Geiringer, H. 1937. Fondements mathématiques de la théorie des corps plastiques isotropes. Académie des Sciences, Paris. Mémoires, 86: 85-86. Glen, J . W. 1956. Measurement of the deformation of ice in a tunnel at the foot of an icefall. Journal of Glaciology, 2 (20) : 735-745.
Holdsworth, G. 1965. An Examination and Analysis of the Formation of Transverse Crevasses, Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada. Ohio State University. Institute
of Polar Studies. Report No. 16. 90 p. Holdsworth, G. 1966. Glaciological investigation of a cold glacier. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 1(4): 138. Holdsworth, G. 1967. Investigation of Meserve Glacier. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 11(4) : 123-124.
Holdsworth, G. 1969a. A Contribution to the Theory of the De formation of a Polar Glacier. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio
State University.
128
Institute of Polar Studies The Ohio State University The major objectives of the past field season included accumulation of data for a surficial geologic map and a preliminary determination of the relative ages of axial and alpine glacier advances throughout the Wright Valley. Criteria such as relative position of moraines, drift lithology, surficial boulder weathering, shallow seismic profiles, and some isotopic data were utilized to differentiate at least four major glacial advances each from the Wright Upper Glacier (inland ice plateau) and Wright Lower Glacier (Ross Sea ice advances), and three major advances of the alpine glaciers of Wright Valley. The three alpine advances recognized were apparently out of phase with the westward invasions from the Ross Sea. Hvever, time relations of alpine and Ross ice advances with the eastward movements of the Wright Upper Glacier and inland ice are less well defined. Distributions of drift suggest that there has been no through-valley movement of the inland ice since the formation of basaltic volcanic cones on the valley floor some 4 million years ago. Observations made during the field season in the adjacent Victoria Valley system to the north, and in the Taylor Valley and Mount Discovery areas will facilitate correlations of the Wright Valley sequence with that of the whole McMurdo Sound region.
*Now at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
Detailed studies of soil-profile development and sampling for laboratory evaluation of weathering was initiated throughout the valley by Behling during the latter part of the season. This work makes up the second phase of the project and is intended to help clarify the age relationships of axial to alpine glaciation and perhaps suggest the climatic and physical environment under which mineral alteration processes have acted and are now acting. Surveys of markers on a rock glacier in Wright Valley, on the Packard Glacier, and on the sand dunes below the Packard Glacier in Victoria Valley were undertaken to complement geomorphic studies initiated in 1961.
5
Patterned Ground Studies in Victoria Land
Ile
Aft
ROBERT F. BLACK and ARTHUR A. TWOMEY
Photo: Robert F. Black
Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Wisconsin, Madison
Fig. 1. Mirabilite crystallizing out of a small pond in the terminal moraine area in front of the Hobbs Glacier.
During the 1968-1969 field season, the writers visited all field stations on Ross Island and in the dry valle y s where patterned ground is controlled by bench marks. Widths of all controlled wedges were rneasured. This season, as in previous years, measurements were not always made at the optimum time, i.e., when ground temperatures reach their maximum and inaxiiiiuin (losing of contraction cracks takes place. Measurements at other times record more growth between bench marks than actually has occurred. Any one austral suiiimer varies sufficiently from the norm to make the precise time when measurements should be made almost unpredictable. As a consequence, correction factors must be applied to each year's measurenients iii order to determine annual variability of growth rates. The correction factor is obtained from ground temperatures recorded continuously throughout the year at McMurdo and in Taylor Valley. These two recording stations were serviced immediately on arrival in order to insure continuous thermal data during the field season. Correction factors for locations in \V right and Beacon Valleys and elsewhere are made by extrapolations. The thermal data and contraction data are now being reduced. During the 1967-1968 field season, Arthur Twomey installed a recording setup to determine the timing of ice-wedge cracking at McMurdo Station. Ice wedges forming Y-intersections were controlled to see whether the three components of the Y cracked s!inultaneously. Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that individual limbs of two Ys cracked at dif-
ferent times. Another Y-intersection was controlled
July—ugust 1969
for continuation of the test during 1969. Samples of pond water in which mirahilite was precipitating (Fig. 1) were collected from the Hobbs Glacier area. Analyses for carbonate were made in the field by titration, and the remainder of the dissolved constituents will be determined in the laboratory. Sulphur and oxygen-isotope studies of the materials are under way in New Zealand at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences. Studies of evaporite mineralogy and brine compositions are being carried out at the University of Wisconsin. Another saline discharge was examined and sampled at the terminus of Taylor Glacier at Lake Bonney. This dircharge came from the same location and was of the same size as that studied earlier by Black and Bowser (1968) and Black, Jackson, and Berg (1965). (See also Black, 1969.) The samples from the discharge are being analyzed at the University of Wisconsin. References Black, Robert F. 1969. Saline discharges from Taylor Glacier, Victoria Land, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., IV(3): 89-90. Black, Robert F. and Carl J . Bowser. 1968. Salts and associated phenomena of the termini of the Hobbs and Taylor Glaciers, Victoria Land, Antarctica. International Union
of Geodesy and Geophysics. Commission of Snow and Ice, Pub. no. 79, p. 226-238. Black, Robert F., M. L. Jackson, and Thomas E. Berg. 1965. Saline discharge from Taylor Glacier, Victoria Land, Antarctica. Journal of Geology, 73: 175-181.
129
