2.1 The Complex Number System
2.1 The Complex Number System The approximate speed of a car prior to an accident can be found using the length of the tire marks left by the car after the brakes have been applied. The formula s = 121d gives the speed, s, in kilometres per hour, where d is the length of the tire marks, in metres. Radical expressions like 121d can be simplified.
I NVESTIGATE & I NQUIRE Copy the table. Complete it by replacing each ■ with a whole number. 4 × 9 = ■ =■
4 × 9 =■×■=■
9 × 16 = ■ =■
9 × 16 =■×■=■
25 × 4 = ■ =■
25 × 4 =■×■=■ 36 ■ = = ■ ■ 4 100 ■ = = ■ ■ 25 144 = ■ = ■ ■ 9
= ■ =■ 4 100 = ■ =■ 25 144 = ■ =■ 9 36
Compare the two results in each of the first three rows of the table. 1. 2.
If a and b are whole numbers, describe how ab is related to a × b.
Use a calculator to test your statement from question 2 for each of the following. a) 5 × 9 b) 3 × 7 4. Compare the two results in each of the last three rows of the table. a is related 5. If a and b are whole numbers, and b ≠ 0, describe how b a to . b 3. Technology
100 MHR • Chapter 2
Use a calculator to test your statement from question 5 for each of the following. a) 36 ÷ 2 b) 15 ÷ 3 6. Technology
7. Write the expression 121d in the form ■ d, where ■ represents a whole number. 8. Determine the speed of a car that leaves tire marks of each of the following lengths. Round the speed to the nearest kilometre per hour, if necessary. a) 64 m b) 100 m c) 15 m
The following properties are used to simplify radicals. • ab = a × b, a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 •
a a = , a ≥ 0, b > 0 b b
A radical is in simplest form when • the radicand has no perfect square factors other than 1
8 = 22
• the radicand does not contain a fraction
4 = 2
• no radical appears in the denominator of a fraction
1 3 = 3 3
1
1
Recall that the radicand is the expression under the radical sign.
EXAMPLE 1 Simplifying Radicals Simplify. a)
75
b)
48 6
c)
2 9
SOLUTION a) 75
b)
= 25 × 3 = 53
48 48 = 6 6 = 8 = 4 × 2 = 22
2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 101
c)
2
9 = 9 2
1 2 = or 2 3 3
Note that, in Example 1, numbers like 75 and
9 are called entire radicals. 2
1 Numbers like 53 and 2 are called mixed radicals. 3 EXAMPLE 2 Multiplying Radicals Simplify. a) 92 × 47
b)
23 × 56
SOLUTION 92 × 47 = 9 × 4 × 2 × 7 = 3614 b) 23 × 56 = 2 × 5 × 3 × 6 = 1018 = 10 × 9 × 2 = 10 × 3 × 2 = 302 a)
EXAMPLE 3 Simplifying Radical Expressions 6 − 45 Simplify . 3 SOLUTION 6 − 45 6 − 9 × 5 = 3 3 6 − 35 = 3 = 2 − 5
102 MHR • Chapter 2
In mathematics, we can find the square roots of negative numbers as well as positive numbers. Mathematicians have invented a number defined as the principal square root of negative one. This number, i, is the imaginary unit, with the following properties. i = −1 and i2 = −1 In general, if x is a positive real number, then −x is a pure imaginary number, which can be defined as follows. = −1 × x −x = ix So, −5 = −1 × 5 = i5
− − − − To ensure that √xi is not read as √xi , we write √xi as i √x.
Despite their name, pure imaginary numbers are just as real as real numbers. When the radicand is a negative number, there is an extra rule for expressing a radical in simplest form. • A radical is in simplest form when the radicand is positive. Numbers such as i, i6, 2i, and −3i are examples of pure imaginary numbers in simplest form. EXAMPLE 4 Simplifying Pure Imaginary Numbers Simplify. a)
−25
b)
−12
SOLUTION −25 = −1 × 25 =i×5 = 5i b) −12 = −1 × 12 = i × 4 × 3 = i × 2 × 3 = 2i3 a)
2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 103
When two pure imaginary numbers are multiplied, the result is a real number. EXAMPLE 5 Multiplying Pure Imaginary Numbers Evaluate. 3i × 4i
a)
b)
2i × (−5i)
c)
(3i2 )
2
SOLUTION 3i × 4i = 3 × 4 × i2 = 12 × (−1) = −12 2 b) 2i × (−5i) = 2 × (−5) × i = −10 × (−1) = 10 2 c) (3i2 ) = 3i2 × 3i2 = 32 × i2 × (2 )2 = 9 × (−1) × 2 = −18 a)
A complex number is a number in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit. We call a the real part and bi the imaginary part of a complex number. Examples of complex numbers include 5 + 2i and 4 − 3i. Complex numbers are used for applications of mathematics in engineering, physics, electronics, and many other areas of science. If b = 0, then a + bi = a. So, a real number, such as 5, can be thought of as a complex number, since 5 can be written as 5 + 0i. If a = 0, then a + bi = bi. Numbers of the form bi, such as 7i, are pure imaginary numbers. Complex numbers in which neither a = 0 nor b = 0 are referred to as imaginary numbers.
104 MHR • Chapter 2
Complex Numbers a + bi ↑ ↑ real imaginary part part
The following diagram summarizes the complex number system. Complex Numbers a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i = −1 . b=0 a, b ≠ 0
Real Numbers
–2 e.g., 5, 2, − 7, 3.6, 3
Imaginary Numbers
(e.g., 4 + 3i, 3 − 2i)
Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Can be expressed as Cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers. the ratio of two integers. –– 6 e.g., 3, − 4, 0.27, − (e.g., 7, − 2, π) 7
a=0 Pure Imaginary Numbers (e.g., 7i, −3i, i2)
Integers Whole numbers and their opposites (e.g., 4, −4, 0, 9, −9) Whole Numbers Positive integers and zero (e.g., 0, 3, 7, 11) Natural Numbers Positive integers (e.g., 1, 5, 8, 23) EXAMPLE 6 Simplifying Complex Numbers Simplify. a)
3 − −24
b)
10 + –32 2
SOLUTION a)
3 − −24 = 3 − −1 × 24 = 3 − i × 4 × 6 = 3 − i × 26 = 3 − 2i6
− The expression 3 − 2i√6 cannot be simplified further, because the real part and the imaginary part are unlike terms.
2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 105
b)
10 + –32 10 + –1 × 32 = 2 2 × 2 10 + i × 16 = 2 10 + i × 42 = 2 10 + 4i2 = 2 = 5 + 2i2
Key
Concepts
• Radicals are simplified using the following properties. = a × b, a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 ab a a = , a ≥ 0, b > 0 b b • The number i is the imaginary unit, where i2 = −1 and i = −1 . • A complex number is a number in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit.
Communicate
Yo u r
Understanding
Describe the difference between an entire radical and a mixed radical. Describe how you would simplify 10 + 20 14 a) 60 b) c) 2 2 3. Describe how you would simplify 9 + –54 a) −28 b) 3 2 4. Describe how you would evaluate (−3i) . 1. 2.
Practise A 1. Simplify. a) 12 d) 50
200 j) 60 m) 128 g)
20 e) 24 b)
106 MHR • Chapter 2
45 f) 63 c)
32 k) 18 n) 90 h)
44 l) 54 o) 125 i)
Simplify. 14 10 a) b) 7 2 33 7 e) f) 3 4 2715 1275 i) j) 35 43 2.
Simplify. a) 2 × 10 c) 15 × 5 e) 43 × 7 g) 22 × 36 i) 33 × 415 k) 6 × 3 × 2
60 3 20 g) 9 42 k) 8 c)
40 5 38 h) 2 22 l) 18 d)
3.
3 × 6 d) 7 × 11 f) 36 × 36 h) 25 × 310 j) 47 × 214 l) 27 × 31 × 7 b)
Simplify. 10 + 155 21 − 76 6 + 8 a) b) c) 5 7 2 12 − 27 –10 − 50 –12 + 48 d) e) f) 3 5 4 4.
Simplify. a) −9 b) −25 e) −13 f) −23 i) −54 j) −−4 5.
−81 d) −5 g) −12 h) −40 k) −−20 l) −−60 c)
6. Evaluate. a) 5i × 5i c) (−2i) × (−2i) e) 2i × (−5i)
b) 2i × 3i d) (−3i) × (−4i) f) (−3i) × 6i
7. Simplify. 3 a) i 5 c) i 2 e) 5i 2 g) 3(−2i)
b) i d) 4i × 5i 7 f) −i 3 h) i(4i)
4
(i2 )2 l) (i6 )(−i6 )
(3i)(−6i) k) −(i5 )2
j)
(2i3 ) o) (4i5 )(−2i5 )
n)
i)
m)
2
Simplify. a) 4 + −20 c) 10 + −75 e) −2 − −90
(−5i2 )
2
8.
7 − −18 d) 11 − −63 f) −6 − −52 b)
Simplify. 15 + 20i5 a) 5 10 − –16 c) 2 –8 + –32 e) 4 9.
14 − 28i6 14 12 + –27 d) 3 –21 − –98 f) 7
b)
Apply, Solve, Communicate Express each of the following as an integer. a) 5 2 b) (5 )2 c) (−5) 2 d) −5 2 10.
e)
−(5 )2
f)
−(−5) 2
B 11. Communication Classify each of the following numbers into one or more of these sets: real, rational, irrational, complex, imaginary, pure imaginary. Explain your reasoning. a) 5 b) −4 c) 1 + 3 d) 3 + i6 2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 107
Express the exact area of the triangle in simplest radical form. 12. Measurement
10 2
6 2
A square has an area of 675 cm . Express the side length in simplest radical form. 13. Measurement
There are many variations on the game of chess. Most are played on square boards that consist of a number of small squares. However, some variations do not use the familiar 64-square board. a) If each small square on a Grand Chess board is 2 cm by 2 cm, each diagonal of the whole board measures 800 cm. How many small squares are on the board? We b C o n n e c t i o n b) A Japanese variation of chess is called Chu www.school.mcgrawhill.ca/resources/ Shogi. If each small square on a Chu Shogi To learn more about variations on the game board measures 3 cm by 3 cm, each diagonal of chess, visit the above web site. Go to of the whole board measures 2592 cm. How Math Resources, then to MATHEMATICS many small squares are on the board? 11, to find out where to go next. Summarize 14. Application
15. Pattern a)
Simplify i2, i3, i 4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9,
how a variation that interests you is played.
i10, i11, and i12. b) Describe the pattern in the values. n c) Describe how to simplify i , where n is a whole number. 48 94 85 99 d) Simplify i , i , i , and i . 16. Measurements of lengths and areas a) Determine the length of the diagonal of
each of the following Ontario flags. Write each answer in simplest radical form. 3 2
1 2
4
6
Describe the relationship between the length of the diagonal and either dimension of the flag. c) Use the relationship from part b) to predict the length of the diagonal of a 150 cm by 75 cm Ontario flag. Leave your answer in simplest radical form. b)
108 MHR • Chapter 2
Describe the relationship between the length of the diagonal and the area of the Ontario flag. e) Use the relationship from part d) to predict the length of the diagonal of an Ontario flag with an area of 24 200 cm2. Leave your answer in simplest radical form. d)
C 17. Communication Check if x = −i3 is a solution to the equation x2 + 3 = 0. Justify your reasoning.
Simplify each of the following by first expressing it as the product of two cube roots. 3 3 3 3 a) 16 b) 32 c) 54 d) 81 18.
19. Equations a)
x2 = 14
Solve. Express each answer in simplest radical form. x 30 b) 5x = 50 c) = 6 d) = 5 x 3
For the property ab = a × b, explain the restrictions a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0. a a = , the restrictions are a ≥ 0, b > 0. b) For the property b b Why is the second restriction not b ≥ 0? 20. a)
PATTERN
Power
Subtracting 9 from the two-digit positive integer 21 results in the reversal of the digits to give 12. 1. List all two-digit positive integers for which the digits are reversed when you subtract 9. 2. Find all the two-digit positive integers for which the digits are reversed when you subtract a) 18 b) 27 c) 36 3. Describe the pattern in words. 4. Use the pattern to find all the two-digit positive integers for which the digits are reversed when you subtract a) 54 b) 72
2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 109
I NVESTIGATE & I NQUIRE Copy the table. Complete it by replacing each ■ with a whole number. 4 × 9 = ■ =■
4 × 9 =■×■=■
9 × 16 = ■ =■
9 × 16 =■×■=■
25 × 4 = ■ =■
25 × 4 =■×■=■ 36 ■ = = ■ ■ 4 100 ■ = = ■ ■ 25 144 = ■ = ■ ■ 9
= ■ =■ 4 100 = ■ =■ 25 144 = ■ =■ 9 36
Compare the two results in each of the first three rows of the table. 1. 2.
If a and b are whole numbers, describe how ab is related to a × b.
Use a calculator to test your statement from question 2 for each of the following. a) 5 × 9 b) 3 × 7 4. Compare the two results in each of the last three rows of the table. a is related 5. If a and b are whole numbers, and b ≠ 0, describe how b a to . b 3. Technology
100 MHR • Chapter 2
Use a calculator to test your statement from question 5 for each of the following. a) 36 ÷ 2 b) 15 ÷ 3 6. Technology
7. Write the expression 121d in the form ■ d, where ■ represents a whole number. 8. Determine the speed of a car that leaves tire marks of each of the following lengths. Round the speed to the nearest kilometre per hour, if necessary. a) 64 m b) 100 m c) 15 m
The following properties are used to simplify radicals. • ab = a × b, a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 •
a a = , a ≥ 0, b > 0 b b
A radical is in simplest form when • the radicand has no perfect square factors other than 1
8 = 22
• the radicand does not contain a fraction
4 = 2
• no radical appears in the denominator of a fraction
1 3 = 3 3
1
1
Recall that the radicand is the expression under the radical sign.
EXAMPLE 1 Simplifying Radicals Simplify. a)
75
b)
48 6
c)
2 9
SOLUTION a) 75
b)
= 25 × 3 = 53
48 48 = 6 6 = 8 = 4 × 2 = 22
2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 101
c)
2
9 = 9 2
1 2 = or 2 3 3
Note that, in Example 1, numbers like 75 and
9 are called entire radicals. 2
1 Numbers like 53 and 2 are called mixed radicals. 3 EXAMPLE 2 Multiplying Radicals Simplify. a) 92 × 47
b)
23 × 56
SOLUTION 92 × 47 = 9 × 4 × 2 × 7 = 3614 b) 23 × 56 = 2 × 5 × 3 × 6 = 1018 = 10 × 9 × 2 = 10 × 3 × 2 = 302 a)
EXAMPLE 3 Simplifying Radical Expressions 6 − 45 Simplify . 3 SOLUTION 6 − 45 6 − 9 × 5 = 3 3 6 − 35 = 3 = 2 − 5
102 MHR • Chapter 2
In mathematics, we can find the square roots of negative numbers as well as positive numbers. Mathematicians have invented a number defined as the principal square root of negative one. This number, i, is the imaginary unit, with the following properties. i = −1 and i2 = −1 In general, if x is a positive real number, then −x is a pure imaginary number, which can be defined as follows. = −1 × x −x = ix So, −5 = −1 × 5 = i5
− − − − To ensure that √xi is not read as √xi , we write √xi as i √x.
Despite their name, pure imaginary numbers are just as real as real numbers. When the radicand is a negative number, there is an extra rule for expressing a radical in simplest form. • A radical is in simplest form when the radicand is positive. Numbers such as i, i6, 2i, and −3i are examples of pure imaginary numbers in simplest form. EXAMPLE 4 Simplifying Pure Imaginary Numbers Simplify. a)
−25
b)
−12
SOLUTION −25 = −1 × 25 =i×5 = 5i b) −12 = −1 × 12 = i × 4 × 3 = i × 2 × 3 = 2i3 a)
2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 103
When two pure imaginary numbers are multiplied, the result is a real number. EXAMPLE 5 Multiplying Pure Imaginary Numbers Evaluate. 3i × 4i
a)
b)
2i × (−5i)
c)
(3i2 )
2
SOLUTION 3i × 4i = 3 × 4 × i2 = 12 × (−1) = −12 2 b) 2i × (−5i) = 2 × (−5) × i = −10 × (−1) = 10 2 c) (3i2 ) = 3i2 × 3i2 = 32 × i2 × (2 )2 = 9 × (−1) × 2 = −18 a)
A complex number is a number in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit. We call a the real part and bi the imaginary part of a complex number. Examples of complex numbers include 5 + 2i and 4 − 3i. Complex numbers are used for applications of mathematics in engineering, physics, electronics, and many other areas of science. If b = 0, then a + bi = a. So, a real number, such as 5, can be thought of as a complex number, since 5 can be written as 5 + 0i. If a = 0, then a + bi = bi. Numbers of the form bi, such as 7i, are pure imaginary numbers. Complex numbers in which neither a = 0 nor b = 0 are referred to as imaginary numbers.
104 MHR • Chapter 2
Complex Numbers a + bi ↑ ↑ real imaginary part part
The following diagram summarizes the complex number system. Complex Numbers a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i = −1 . b=0 a, b ≠ 0
Real Numbers
–2 e.g., 5, 2, − 7, 3.6, 3
Imaginary Numbers
(e.g., 4 + 3i, 3 − 2i)
Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Can be expressed as Cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers. the ratio of two integers. –– 6 e.g., 3, − 4, 0.27, − (e.g., 7, − 2, π) 7
a=0 Pure Imaginary Numbers (e.g., 7i, −3i, i2)
Integers Whole numbers and their opposites (e.g., 4, −4, 0, 9, −9) Whole Numbers Positive integers and zero (e.g., 0, 3, 7, 11) Natural Numbers Positive integers (e.g., 1, 5, 8, 23) EXAMPLE 6 Simplifying Complex Numbers Simplify. a)
3 − −24
b)
10 + –32 2
SOLUTION a)
3 − −24 = 3 − −1 × 24 = 3 − i × 4 × 6 = 3 − i × 26 = 3 − 2i6
− The expression 3 − 2i√6 cannot be simplified further, because the real part and the imaginary part are unlike terms.
2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 105
b)
10 + –32 10 + –1 × 32 = 2 2 × 2 10 + i × 16 = 2 10 + i × 42 = 2 10 + 4i2 = 2 = 5 + 2i2
Key
Concepts
• Radicals are simplified using the following properties. = a × b, a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 ab a a = , a ≥ 0, b > 0 b b • The number i is the imaginary unit, where i2 = −1 and i = −1 . • A complex number is a number in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit.
Communicate
Yo u r
Understanding
Describe the difference between an entire radical and a mixed radical. Describe how you would simplify 10 + 20 14 a) 60 b) c) 2 2 3. Describe how you would simplify 9 + –54 a) −28 b) 3 2 4. Describe how you would evaluate (−3i) . 1. 2.
Practise A 1. Simplify. a) 12 d) 50
200 j) 60 m) 128 g)
20 e) 24 b)
106 MHR • Chapter 2
45 f) 63 c)
32 k) 18 n) 90 h)
44 l) 54 o) 125 i)
Simplify. 14 10 a) b) 7 2 33 7 e) f) 3 4 2715 1275 i) j) 35 43 2.
Simplify. a) 2 × 10 c) 15 × 5 e) 43 × 7 g) 22 × 36 i) 33 × 415 k) 6 × 3 × 2
60 3 20 g) 9 42 k) 8 c)
40 5 38 h) 2 22 l) 18 d)
3.
3 × 6 d) 7 × 11 f) 36 × 36 h) 25 × 310 j) 47 × 214 l) 27 × 31 × 7 b)
Simplify. 10 + 155 21 − 76 6 + 8 a) b) c) 5 7 2 12 − 27 –10 − 50 –12 + 48 d) e) f) 3 5 4 4.
Simplify. a) −9 b) −25 e) −13 f) −23 i) −54 j) −−4 5.
−81 d) −5 g) −12 h) −40 k) −−20 l) −−60 c)
6. Evaluate. a) 5i × 5i c) (−2i) × (−2i) e) 2i × (−5i)
b) 2i × 3i d) (−3i) × (−4i) f) (−3i) × 6i
7. Simplify. 3 a) i 5 c) i 2 e) 5i 2 g) 3(−2i)
b) i d) 4i × 5i 7 f) −i 3 h) i(4i)
4
(i2 )2 l) (i6 )(−i6 )
(3i)(−6i) k) −(i5 )2
j)
(2i3 ) o) (4i5 )(−2i5 )
n)
i)
m)
2
Simplify. a) 4 + −20 c) 10 + −75 e) −2 − −90
(−5i2 )
2
8.
7 − −18 d) 11 − −63 f) −6 − −52 b)
Simplify. 15 + 20i5 a) 5 10 − –16 c) 2 –8 + –32 e) 4 9.
14 − 28i6 14 12 + –27 d) 3 –21 − –98 f) 7
b)
Apply, Solve, Communicate Express each of the following as an integer. a) 5 2 b) (5 )2 c) (−5) 2 d) −5 2 10.
e)
−(5 )2
f)
−(−5) 2
B 11. Communication Classify each of the following numbers into one or more of these sets: real, rational, irrational, complex, imaginary, pure imaginary. Explain your reasoning. a) 5 b) −4 c) 1 + 3 d) 3 + i6 2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 107
Express the exact area of the triangle in simplest radical form. 12. Measurement
10 2
6 2
A square has an area of 675 cm . Express the side length in simplest radical form. 13. Measurement
There are many variations on the game of chess. Most are played on square boards that consist of a number of small squares. However, some variations do not use the familiar 64-square board. a) If each small square on a Grand Chess board is 2 cm by 2 cm, each diagonal of the whole board measures 800 cm. How many small squares are on the board? We b C o n n e c t i o n b) A Japanese variation of chess is called Chu www.school.mcgrawhill.ca/resources/ Shogi. If each small square on a Chu Shogi To learn more about variations on the game board measures 3 cm by 3 cm, each diagonal of chess, visit the above web site. Go to of the whole board measures 2592 cm. How Math Resources, then to MATHEMATICS many small squares are on the board? 11, to find out where to go next. Summarize 14. Application
15. Pattern a)
Simplify i2, i3, i 4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9,
how a variation that interests you is played.
i10, i11, and i12. b) Describe the pattern in the values. n c) Describe how to simplify i , where n is a whole number. 48 94 85 99 d) Simplify i , i , i , and i . 16. Measurements of lengths and areas a) Determine the length of the diagonal of
each of the following Ontario flags. Write each answer in simplest radical form. 3 2
1 2
4
6
Describe the relationship between the length of the diagonal and either dimension of the flag. c) Use the relationship from part b) to predict the length of the diagonal of a 150 cm by 75 cm Ontario flag. Leave your answer in simplest radical form. b)
108 MHR • Chapter 2
Describe the relationship between the length of the diagonal and the area of the Ontario flag. e) Use the relationship from part d) to predict the length of the diagonal of an Ontario flag with an area of 24 200 cm2. Leave your answer in simplest radical form. d)
C 17. Communication Check if x = −i3 is a solution to the equation x2 + 3 = 0. Justify your reasoning.
Simplify each of the following by first expressing it as the product of two cube roots. 3 3 3 3 a) 16 b) 32 c) 54 d) 81 18.
19. Equations a)
x2 = 14
Solve. Express each answer in simplest radical form. x 30 b) 5x = 50 c) = 6 d) = 5 x 3
For the property ab = a × b, explain the restrictions a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0. a a = , the restrictions are a ≥ 0, b > 0. b) For the property b b Why is the second restriction not b ≥ 0? 20. a)
PATTERN
Power
Subtracting 9 from the two-digit positive integer 21 results in the reversal of the digits to give 12. 1. List all two-digit positive integers for which the digits are reversed when you subtract 9. 2. Find all the two-digit positive integers for which the digits are reversed when you subtract a) 18 b) 27 c) 36 3. Describe the pattern in words. 4. Use the pattern to find all the two-digit positive integers for which the digits are reversed when you subtract a) 54 b) 72
2.1 The Complex Number System • MHR 109
