3D Forest Inventory Mapping [directly] in ArcMap
3D Forest Inventory Mapping [directly] in ArcMap
Patrick Wong, Principal
“…don’t know much photo-gram-metry, …don’t know much fores-try” a la Sam Cooke
What is Inventory Mapping? Answer: base map + forest polygon/attributes; or …a specialized practise in thematic mapping; …a gigantic learned photo interpretation, feature transferring & plotting exercise
Thematic mapping – plotting special features on base maps Universal obstacle – base maps are: absent; old; …or sub-standard?
Now what??
You call that photogrammetry?
Inventory Mapping – the Old-fashioned Way 1. Field reconnaissance…dead-reckoning air/ground calls. 2. Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos…maximum magnification ~3.5X 3. Inking polygons/features onto contact print…rapid-o-graph pen 4. Approximate tree height and other measurements …using step-wedges, parallax bar, dot grids… 5. Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps …using Kail Plotter, epidiascope, zoom transfer-scope, camera lucida… 6. 2D digitizing of map manuscript…scanning or CAD digitizing 7. Geo-processing 2D CAD files
…Result: 2D GIS…at best
…then, in 1992 ISPRS Congress, digital photogrammetry erupted…
x
x
Geometry of digital photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry products of
I.S.M. International Systemap Corp. Vancouver ∙ Canada
1991 – SysImage Digital Orthophoto System 1992 – Digital image Analytical Photogrammetry [DiAP…DiAP Σ] 1999 – DiAP–Viewer, or DiAP Δ 2005 – PurVIEW
a Photogrammetric Workstation…the inside The Restitution System – equations…no space rods, guide rails, cams… The Stereo Viewing System – monitor/LCD eyewear…no prisms, lenses, mirrors… The Input System – scroll-mouse…or 3D mouse, hand-wheels/foot-disc… The Output System – CAD systems…no pantographs, co-ordinatographs… The Graphic User Interface (GUI) – Windows OS…no command lines, keypads…
…the results Replicated all instruments still in used Eliminated all secretarial support Automated many repetitive tasks Eliminated stereo plotter “calibration” Eliminated the “afternoon shift” Reduced office rents Unconfined to “dungeons” Destroyed industry strategic balance Upset established “authorities”
Genesis “…photogrammetry is finished upon successful orientation of a stereo model …thereafter, only image interpretation and graphic documentation thereof remain … still requiring human experience and imagination…” Frank 2002, before edited by GIM for publication.
…what else is happening? Commercial Remote Sensing Digital aerial imaging Film archives Aerial [LiDAR or RADAR] DEM
pixel from 0.5m, not 60m! pixel from 0.03 ~ 0.6m scanned achieved 1st Order accuracy
Mapping
CAD- or GIS-direct
Orthophoto
digital by-product.
…what will be next? No aerial triangulation No prints & diapositives No manual terrain modeling Mapping via PurVIEW Orthophoto in Image Server
geo-referenced in-camera only image files RADAR or LiDAR showers geodatabase-direct on-the-fly
what’s in PurVIEW? Restitution Stereo Viewing Input Output GUI
bypassed, using geo-referenced imagery 1,680 x 1,080 @ 120Hz…or higher scroll-mouse via Virtual-Z ™ Geodatabase-direct ArcMap
x
Integration with other system
State of the Art…and Technology in Forest Inventory Mapping
Inventory Mapping
… to 1991
1992 – 1999
1999 – 2004
2005 – now
Analogue
CAD
DiAP-Viewer
PurVIEW
Reconnaissance
Air/Ground Calls
GPS-assisted
Photo Interpretation
Stereoscope
Stereoscope
Polygon Delineation
Contact Print Ink
Contact Print Ink
Tree Height Measurement
Parallax Bar
Parallax Bar
GPS-direct
DiAP-Viewer CAD-direct
Polygon transfer to maps
Kail Plotter, etc…
Mono-restitution
Map post-digitizing
IGDS
CAD-direct
Field verification
Air/ground Plots
GPS-assisted
GPS-guided
Slope/Elevation/Aspect
Estimation
TIN-derivation
TIN-derivation
Growth/Yield
Speculation
Speculation
Speculation
Other analysis
Speculation
Speculation
Measurable
GPS-direct
PurVIEW geodatabasedirect
GPS-guided
ArcGIS
Other issues also resolved: Projection 2D v. 3D Field use
ArcGIS converts NAD-27 into NAD-83, Albers… PurVIEW dynamically transforms model control coordinates into mapping coordinates Virtual-Z dynamically converts 2D mapping into 3D Hardcopy in anaglyph stereo
Forest Cover Mapping – BC MoFR
British Columbia Ministry of Forests 2D Forest Cover FC-1 Maps now viewable and editable in ArcMap
3D geodatabase-direct
x
Old Mapping Method…
x
Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos
Inking polygons/features onto contact print Approximate object height measurements Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps 2D digitizing of map manuscript
Geo-processing the 2D CAD files
x
Old Field Method… Air/ground calls/plots by “dead reckoning”
New Method: Training/Test Sets by GPS
How does it work?
Software & Hardware
…or Anaglyph Viewing – no special hardware needed
x
Imagery + Geo-referencing Metadata
UltraCam
ADS
Film
DMC
Ikonos
Geo-referencing metadata Direct Read
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
begin model 1924 left_photo: 1924 right_photo:1925 atmospheric_flag: off earth_curve_flag: off left_lens_flag: on right_lens_flag: on RO_parametersL: 0 0 302.922 0 0 0 RO_parametersR: 87.21076105757685 -2.940220899132825 302.4904826401843 -0.6699756189427558 0.6436907917340337 0.1415827980869817 RO_num_iters: 3 RO_num_DOF: 12 RO_sum_red: 12.00000066089669 RO_apost_std_dev: 4.742505457690576 RO_obs: 19192449 1 0 -9.216800693402989e-005 -0.002734271138771133 8.551566415345879e-005 0.002738851744873322 -0.9749844831867812 0.9749844831867813 0.9749844831867811 0.9749844831867812 5.476006353762177 0.3483692236982312 RO_obs: 19192428 1 0 0.0002328277081160169 0.007098046778593414 -0.0002014343900262903 -0.007113466448173839 2.430296506541687 2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 14.21814656572591 0.3885515790451946 RO_obs: 19192418 1 0 1.526978272194305e-005 0.0004708773369041355 -1.279666230225846e-005 -0.000471878137023175 0.1586137835047162 0.1586137835047162 -0.1586137835047163 -0.1586137835047163 0.9431731595821653 0.3942913542599571 RO_obs: 18182468 1 0 -0.0001278557566773672 -0.004002488104144476 0.0001025353575472848 0.004011595491733687 -1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 8.017394585975994 0.2814665688993043 RO_obs: 18182488 1 0 3.621915965691522e-005 0.001124260080160922 -2.978500497034786e-005 -0.001126718539415711 0.3912660151180373 0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 2.251946112929718 0.370116273140884 RO_obs: 19192549 1 0 -7.417047265638079e-005 -0.002205626436423284 6.819548481762894e-005 0.002202307449033387 -0.7848074916366772 0.784807491636677 0.7848074916366771 0.7848074916366771 4.410232329980433 0.3481735119741868 RO_obs: 19192528 1 0 2.318306448730062e-006 7.041224682025476e-005 -2.018723176533091e-006 -7.030655590539735e-005 0.02432269248579993 0.02432269248579992 -0.02432269248579993 -0.02432269248579993 0.140785621661132 0.3718737492347906 RO_obs: 19192518 1 0 0.0001441297830182669 0.004468916590124374 -0.0001184916148850902 -0.004463047898119873 1.609075668395108 1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395109 8.935824506887602 0.3469080003654929 RO_obs: 18182568 1 0 -3.865958942755112e-005 -0.001210894256457925 3.085146708600071e-005 0.001209731224089844 -0.498020155814113 0.4980201558141131 0.498020155814113 0.498020155814113 2.421623320017948 0.2612633349476267 RO_obs: 18182588 1 0 -9.299892924718622e-005 -0.002861291820779107 7.823516087257402e-005 0.002859779070693429 -0.9274633070482584 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482586 5.723632872474744 0.4200850171890429 RO_obs: 20202418 1 0 0.0001002102831521049 0.00284826593292838 -0.0001025394345719465 -0.002854702639955032 1.18394128580688 1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 5.706571474303379 0.2617731727522797 RO_obs: 19192468 1 0 -0.0001182674082637609 -0.003405971557833327 0.0001175743411503378 0.003411873342722822 -1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837803 6.821922780184937 0.3827278586812221 RO_obs: 19192488 1 0 -2.913310644684703e-005 -0.0008326614879674102 2.944278982253082e-005 0.0008340579248123766 -0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 1.667748403255347 0.3691405513991309 RO_obs: 19192568 1 0 7.038386289217967e-005 0.002032762568693572 -6.930041020500175e-005 -0.002029570345026974 0.6994051380068653 0.6994051380068653 -0.6994051380068654 -0.6994051380068654 4.064733742577483 0.3769388515383017
Supported DEM: LiDAR, RADAR, Photogrammetric LiDAR
10m Photogrammetric
RADAR
Virtual raised relief map or imagery
What really is going on… coordinate transformation on-the-fly ●
●
Available Source Meta-data Quality Geo-referencing
X0, Y0, Z0 κ, φ, ω
DEM
kGPS or IMU ~15cm
1~1.5 GSD, if @ 10cm
via IMU ± ½ arc-min.
1 part in 10,800 of 90°
via AT
1 part in 10,000 of 90°
RADAR
±1m
LiDAR
±15cm
Photogrammetric
± 1% “grad” from 10,000m
1 part per 10,000
from 1,000m
1 part per 6,600
1st-Order
1 part per 6,000
2nd-Order
1 part per 4,800
Old specifications summarized… Horizontal accuracy – within ½ mm at plotting scale… Vertical accuracy – within ½ contour interval…
…specifications distilled Map scale
X/Y/Z
GSD
DEM
1:
500
± 0.25 m
0.05 m
0.25 m
1:
1,000
± 0.5 m
0.1 m
0.5 m
1:
2,000
± 1.0 m
0.2 m
1m
1:
5,000
± 2.5 m
0.5 m
1: 10,000
±5m
1m
5m
1: 20,000
± 10 m
2m
10 m
1: 50,000
± 25 m
5m
25 m
x f/b =
2.5 m
What size GSD?
Map Scale
Contour Interval
Positional Accuracy X
Y
Z
Image
Tree Height
GSD
Accuracy
1:500
0.5m
0.25m
0.25m
0.25m
5cm
25cm
1:1000
1.0m
0.50m
0.50m
0.50m
10cm
50cm
1:2000
2.0m
1.0m
1.0m
1.0m
20cm
1m
1:5000
5.0m
2.5m
2.5m
2.5m
0.5m
2.5m
1:10000
10.0m
5m
5m
5m
1m
5m
1:20000
20.0m
10m
10m
10m
2m
10m
1:50000
50.0m
25m
25m
25m
5m
25m
beyond next… Last inventory polygons stereo-superimposed on new imagery is “Training Set”
Next inventory needs only: Update harvested areas… Update hydrography and access; Adjust polygon/stand boundaries; Re-estimate stand mixture; Re-measure tree height-class; Re-measure tree crown closure; Auto-calculate tree age-class; S/E/A might not have changed…
and beyond beyond next… image models D.E.M. professional purview
viewable on-demand coverage everywhere review legacy data models QA new mapping delivery update, upgrade, retrofit …geodatabase-direct ortho-on-the-fly
…no excuses.
Patrick Wong, Principal
“…don’t know much photo-gram-metry, …don’t know much fores-try” a la Sam Cooke
What is Inventory Mapping? Answer: base map + forest polygon/attributes; or …a specialized practise in thematic mapping; …a gigantic learned photo interpretation, feature transferring & plotting exercise
Thematic mapping – plotting special features on base maps Universal obstacle – base maps are: absent; old; …or sub-standard?
Now what??
You call that photogrammetry?
Inventory Mapping – the Old-fashioned Way 1. Field reconnaissance…dead-reckoning air/ground calls. 2. Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos…maximum magnification ~3.5X 3. Inking polygons/features onto contact print…rapid-o-graph pen 4. Approximate tree height and other measurements …using step-wedges, parallax bar, dot grids… 5. Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps …using Kail Plotter, epidiascope, zoom transfer-scope, camera lucida… 6. 2D digitizing of map manuscript…scanning or CAD digitizing 7. Geo-processing 2D CAD files
…Result: 2D GIS…at best
…then, in 1992 ISPRS Congress, digital photogrammetry erupted…
x
x
Geometry of digital photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry products of
I.S.M. International Systemap Corp. Vancouver ∙ Canada
1991 – SysImage Digital Orthophoto System 1992 – Digital image Analytical Photogrammetry [DiAP…DiAP Σ] 1999 – DiAP–Viewer, or DiAP Δ 2005 – PurVIEW
a Photogrammetric Workstation…the inside The Restitution System – equations…no space rods, guide rails, cams… The Stereo Viewing System – monitor/LCD eyewear…no prisms, lenses, mirrors… The Input System – scroll-mouse…or 3D mouse, hand-wheels/foot-disc… The Output System – CAD systems…no pantographs, co-ordinatographs… The Graphic User Interface (GUI) – Windows OS…no command lines, keypads…
…the results Replicated all instruments still in used Eliminated all secretarial support Automated many repetitive tasks Eliminated stereo plotter “calibration” Eliminated the “afternoon shift” Reduced office rents Unconfined to “dungeons” Destroyed industry strategic balance Upset established “authorities”
Genesis “…photogrammetry is finished upon successful orientation of a stereo model …thereafter, only image interpretation and graphic documentation thereof remain … still requiring human experience and imagination…” Frank 2002, before edited by GIM for publication.
…what else is happening? Commercial Remote Sensing Digital aerial imaging Film archives Aerial [LiDAR or RADAR] DEM
pixel from 0.5m, not 60m! pixel from 0.03 ~ 0.6m scanned achieved 1st Order accuracy
Mapping
CAD- or GIS-direct
Orthophoto
digital by-product.
…what will be next? No aerial triangulation No prints & diapositives No manual terrain modeling Mapping via PurVIEW Orthophoto in Image Server
geo-referenced in-camera only image files RADAR or LiDAR showers geodatabase-direct on-the-fly
what’s in PurVIEW? Restitution Stereo Viewing Input Output GUI
bypassed, using geo-referenced imagery 1,680 x 1,080 @ 120Hz…or higher scroll-mouse via Virtual-Z ™ Geodatabase-direct ArcMap
x
Integration with other system
State of the Art…and Technology in Forest Inventory Mapping
Inventory Mapping
… to 1991
1992 – 1999
1999 – 2004
2005 – now
Analogue
CAD
DiAP-Viewer
PurVIEW
Reconnaissance
Air/Ground Calls
GPS-assisted
Photo Interpretation
Stereoscope
Stereoscope
Polygon Delineation
Contact Print Ink
Contact Print Ink
Tree Height Measurement
Parallax Bar
Parallax Bar
GPS-direct
DiAP-Viewer CAD-direct
Polygon transfer to maps
Kail Plotter, etc…
Mono-restitution
Map post-digitizing
IGDS
CAD-direct
Field verification
Air/ground Plots
GPS-assisted
GPS-guided
Slope/Elevation/Aspect
Estimation
TIN-derivation
TIN-derivation
Growth/Yield
Speculation
Speculation
Speculation
Other analysis
Speculation
Speculation
Measurable
GPS-direct
PurVIEW geodatabasedirect
GPS-guided
ArcGIS
Other issues also resolved: Projection 2D v. 3D Field use
ArcGIS converts NAD-27 into NAD-83, Albers… PurVIEW dynamically transforms model control coordinates into mapping coordinates Virtual-Z dynamically converts 2D mapping into 3D Hardcopy in anaglyph stereo
Forest Cover Mapping – BC MoFR
British Columbia Ministry of Forests 2D Forest Cover FC-1 Maps now viewable and editable in ArcMap
3D geodatabase-direct
x
Old Mapping Method…
x
Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos
Inking polygons/features onto contact print Approximate object height measurements Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps 2D digitizing of map manuscript
Geo-processing the 2D CAD files
x
Old Field Method… Air/ground calls/plots by “dead reckoning”
New Method: Training/Test Sets by GPS
How does it work?
Software & Hardware
…or Anaglyph Viewing – no special hardware needed
x
Imagery + Geo-referencing Metadata
UltraCam
ADS
Film
DMC
Ikonos
Geo-referencing metadata Direct Read
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
begin model 1924 left_photo: 1924 right_photo:1925 atmospheric_flag: off earth_curve_flag: off left_lens_flag: on right_lens_flag: on RO_parametersL: 0 0 302.922 0 0 0 RO_parametersR: 87.21076105757685 -2.940220899132825 302.4904826401843 -0.6699756189427558 0.6436907917340337 0.1415827980869817 RO_num_iters: 3 RO_num_DOF: 12 RO_sum_red: 12.00000066089669 RO_apost_std_dev: 4.742505457690576 RO_obs: 19192449 1 0 -9.216800693402989e-005 -0.002734271138771133 8.551566415345879e-005 0.002738851744873322 -0.9749844831867812 0.9749844831867813 0.9749844831867811 0.9749844831867812 5.476006353762177 0.3483692236982312 RO_obs: 19192428 1 0 0.0002328277081160169 0.007098046778593414 -0.0002014343900262903 -0.007113466448173839 2.430296506541687 2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 14.21814656572591 0.3885515790451946 RO_obs: 19192418 1 0 1.526978272194305e-005 0.0004708773369041355 -1.279666230225846e-005 -0.000471878137023175 0.1586137835047162 0.1586137835047162 -0.1586137835047163 -0.1586137835047163 0.9431731595821653 0.3942913542599571 RO_obs: 18182468 1 0 -0.0001278557566773672 -0.004002488104144476 0.0001025353575472848 0.004011595491733687 -1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 8.017394585975994 0.2814665688993043 RO_obs: 18182488 1 0 3.621915965691522e-005 0.001124260080160922 -2.978500497034786e-005 -0.001126718539415711 0.3912660151180373 0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 2.251946112929718 0.370116273140884 RO_obs: 19192549 1 0 -7.417047265638079e-005 -0.002205626436423284 6.819548481762894e-005 0.002202307449033387 -0.7848074916366772 0.784807491636677 0.7848074916366771 0.7848074916366771 4.410232329980433 0.3481735119741868 RO_obs: 19192528 1 0 2.318306448730062e-006 7.041224682025476e-005 -2.018723176533091e-006 -7.030655590539735e-005 0.02432269248579993 0.02432269248579992 -0.02432269248579993 -0.02432269248579993 0.140785621661132 0.3718737492347906 RO_obs: 19192518 1 0 0.0001441297830182669 0.004468916590124374 -0.0001184916148850902 -0.004463047898119873 1.609075668395108 1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395109 8.935824506887602 0.3469080003654929 RO_obs: 18182568 1 0 -3.865958942755112e-005 -0.001210894256457925 3.085146708600071e-005 0.001209731224089844 -0.498020155814113 0.4980201558141131 0.498020155814113 0.498020155814113 2.421623320017948 0.2612633349476267 RO_obs: 18182588 1 0 -9.299892924718622e-005 -0.002861291820779107 7.823516087257402e-005 0.002859779070693429 -0.9274633070482584 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482586 5.723632872474744 0.4200850171890429 RO_obs: 20202418 1 0 0.0001002102831521049 0.00284826593292838 -0.0001025394345719465 -0.002854702639955032 1.18394128580688 1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 5.706571474303379 0.2617731727522797 RO_obs: 19192468 1 0 -0.0001182674082637609 -0.003405971557833327 0.0001175743411503378 0.003411873342722822 -1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837803 6.821922780184937 0.3827278586812221 RO_obs: 19192488 1 0 -2.913310644684703e-005 -0.0008326614879674102 2.944278982253082e-005 0.0008340579248123766 -0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 1.667748403255347 0.3691405513991309 RO_obs: 19192568 1 0 7.038386289217967e-005 0.002032762568693572 -6.930041020500175e-005 -0.002029570345026974 0.6994051380068653 0.6994051380068653 -0.6994051380068654 -0.6994051380068654 4.064733742577483 0.3769388515383017
Supported DEM: LiDAR, RADAR, Photogrammetric LiDAR
10m Photogrammetric
RADAR
Virtual raised relief map or imagery
What really is going on… coordinate transformation on-the-fly ●
●
Available Source Meta-data Quality Geo-referencing
X0, Y0, Z0 κ, φ, ω
DEM
kGPS or IMU ~15cm
1~1.5 GSD, if @ 10cm
via IMU ± ½ arc-min.
1 part in 10,800 of 90°
via AT
1 part in 10,000 of 90°
RADAR
±1m
LiDAR
±15cm
Photogrammetric
± 1% “grad” from 10,000m
1 part per 10,000
from 1,000m
1 part per 6,600
1st-Order
1 part per 6,000
2nd-Order
1 part per 4,800
Old specifications summarized… Horizontal accuracy – within ½ mm at plotting scale… Vertical accuracy – within ½ contour interval…
…specifications distilled Map scale
X/Y/Z
GSD
DEM
1:
500
± 0.25 m
0.05 m
0.25 m
1:
1,000
± 0.5 m
0.1 m
0.5 m
1:
2,000
± 1.0 m
0.2 m
1m
1:
5,000
± 2.5 m
0.5 m
1: 10,000
±5m
1m
5m
1: 20,000
± 10 m
2m
10 m
1: 50,000
± 25 m
5m
25 m
x f/b =
2.5 m
What size GSD?
Map Scale
Contour Interval
Positional Accuracy X
Y
Z
Image
Tree Height
GSD
Accuracy
1:500
0.5m
0.25m
0.25m
0.25m
5cm
25cm
1:1000
1.0m
0.50m
0.50m
0.50m
10cm
50cm
1:2000
2.0m
1.0m
1.0m
1.0m
20cm
1m
1:5000
5.0m
2.5m
2.5m
2.5m
0.5m
2.5m
1:10000
10.0m
5m
5m
5m
1m
5m
1:20000
20.0m
10m
10m
10m
2m
10m
1:50000
50.0m
25m
25m
25m
5m
25m
beyond next… Last inventory polygons stereo-superimposed on new imagery is “Training Set”
Next inventory needs only: Update harvested areas… Update hydrography and access; Adjust polygon/stand boundaries; Re-estimate stand mixture; Re-measure tree height-class; Re-measure tree crown closure; Auto-calculate tree age-class; S/E/A might not have changed…
and beyond beyond next… image models D.E.M. professional purview
viewable on-demand coverage everywhere review legacy data models QA new mapping delivery update, upgrade, retrofit …geodatabase-direct ortho-on-the-fly
…no excuses.
