ACS Webinars⢠Have Questions?
5/12/2011
ACS Webinars™
We will start momentarily at 2pm ET
Download slides: http://acswebinars.org/heben
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
1
Have Questions? Use the Questions Box!
Or tweet us using #acswebinars Download slides: http://acswebinars.org/heben
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
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1
5/12/2011
Help Shape the future of ACS Webinars!
Join the ACS Webinars Audience Advisory Panel! Learn more: www.acswebinars.org
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
3
Acknowledgments
Today’s episode is co-produced with:
ACS Green Chemistry Institute® Learn more at: www.acs.org/greenchemistry
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
4
2
5/12/2011
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
5
ACS Webinars Classics Do Business and Chemistry Skills have to be like Oil & Water? www.acswebinars.org/leger
Lynn Leger, GreenCentre Canada
ACS Webinars. On Demand. www.acswebinars.org/archives
6
3
5/12/2011
Upcoming ACS Webinars™ www.acswebinars.org/events
Thursday, May 19, 2011
Turning on the Light Bulb – Idea Generation and Idea Evaluation Nick Conti, VP, Quest Diagnostics
Thursday, May 24, 2011
International Year of Chemistry 2011 – Materials and Health Community Engagement Lynn Hogue and Tracy Halmi
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
7
ACS WEBINARS™ May 12, 2011 Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy – Two Peas in a Pod
Michael Heben, University of Toledo
Bob Peoples, ACS Green Chemistry Institute®
Please submit questions via the Questions Panel in GoToWebinar
Download slides: http://acswebinars.org/heben Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
8
4
5/12/2011
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy: Like Two Peas in a Pod
How So?
Michael J. Heben Department of Physics and Astronomy School of Solar and Advanced Renewable Energy Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization 9 University of Toledo
Green Chemistry: the Twelve Principles 1. 2. 3.
Waste Prevention. Atom Economy. Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses: Use and generate low toxicity substances. 4. Designing Safer Chemicals. 5. Safer and less Solvents and Auxiliaries. 6. Design for Energy Efficiency. 7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks. 8. Reduce Unnecessary Derivatization, Combine Steps and Proceses: More elegant, simpler approaches*. 9. Catalytic reagents: As selective as possible. 10. Design for Degradation at end of Function. 11. Real‐time Analytical Methodologies for Pollution Prevention, Process Monitoring. 12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention.
Sustainable, low‐impact, efficient and safe processes * Modified slightly from version at ACS GCI
10
After Anastas, et al., 1998.
5
5/12/2011
Basic Accounting for a Generic (Chemical) Process Energy
Energy
Feedstocks
Products
Solvents, etc.
Capital Equipment
Waste
Process 3…
True, with Differing Inputs/Outputs, for any Chemical, Physical, Power Generating or Energy Storage Tech. 11
In the End, It’s all About the Money For Green Chemistry, it comes down to cost, when all costs are included. The same is true for Renewable Energy technologies. When everything is included, the real metrics have to do with value; ‐ What are you making? ‐ Why is it needed by society? ‐ What are the impacts of making it? ‐ Or not making it?
Large rai stone money in the village of Gachpar, Yap, Micronesia; the largest are 3 meters in diameter and weigh 4 metric tons (Wikipedia and NPR)
Better, cleaner, less expensive, more “valuable” processes 12
6
5/12/2011
Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
ENERGY WATER FOOD ENVIRONMENT POVERTY TERRORISM & WAR DISEASE EDUCATION DEMOCRACY POPULATION
List Developed by Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley, while surveying colleagues, from 2002-2003
2011 2004 2050
6.9 6.5 ~ 10
Billion People Billion People Billion People
13 http://cnst.rice.edu/content.aspx?id=246
What Kind of Energy is Needed? Growth
Climate Change
• Global energy consumption increases on average ~1.6-1.7% per year. • Includes 1%/yr. efficiency improvement • 28 TW global power consumed by 2050
Graphic design: Michael Ernst, Woods Hole Res. Center
• Population growth primarily in lessdeveloped countries increased Carbon intensity.
• Need 15 TW of CO2 free power by 2050 to stay below 550 ppm M. I. Hoffert et. al., Nature, 1998, 395, 881. Health Coal-fired power plants: 59% of total U.S. sulfur dioxide pollution 18% of total nitrous oxides every year largest source of toxic mercury pollution U. S. power plants release over 40% of U.S. CO2 [Sources – U.S. DOE and U.S. EPA]
Acid rain, smog (ozone), soot Respiratory problems A developmental toxin 14 After R. Ellingson
7
5/12/2011
How are We Doing so Far? 99 Quad = 29,000 TWh or 3.3 TW needed/yr
• In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 132,000 TWh, corresponding to an average annual power consumption rate of ~15 terawatts. • For the world, in 2006, 18% of energy used was Renewable, 13% was Biomass. 15
PV Alone Could Meet US Energy Needs
‐ 10,000 square miles, less than ¼ of the area covered by roads and streets. ‐ assumes 10% solar‐electricity conversion efficiency. Turner, Science 85 1999
16
8
5/12/2011
Renewable Energy Potential
17 Courtesy N.S. Lewis
Solar PV is a Booming Industry CAGR of ~30 ‐ 40% for Last Ten Years
For comparison: Installed world capacity of 442 Nuclear Reactors is ~ 375 GW (100 GW in USA, not growing) Installed world capacity of Wind Turbines is ~197 GW (20 – 30% CAGR) http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/n/nuclear‐power‐plant‐world‐wide.htm http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/dpw_chu.pdf http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php
18
9
5/12/2011
Why? Improvments in Processes Reducing $/W – Using Green Chemistry Principles Crystalline Silicon Modules
Thin Film Modules
45 ‐ 60% yield of Si, More handling Higher Efficiency (~18% module)
Lower materials Costs More fully automated Lower Efficiency (~10% module)
Ref: ‘Overview and Challenges of Thin Film Solar Electric Technologies’, Harin S. Ullal, Ph.D., NREL 2008
19 Courtesy of Brian Keyes, NREL
For Si, Material Costs are Critical Hemlock Semiconductor Group’s (HSC) high‐purity poly Si feedstock process
T. Saga, NPG Asia Mater. 2(3) 96–102 (2010)
Leading world supplier of high purity poly‐ crystalline silicon to the semiconductor and solar industries: 36,000 metric ton capacity by 2010
20 http://www.hscpoly.com/content/hsc_prod/manufacturing_overview.aspx
10
5/12/2011
From J. Lushetsky, NIST Workshop for Advances in PV Technologies and Measurements, Denver CO, May 12, 2010
Historical and Projected Experience Curves
Poly Si shortage
21
Fracking is Also Growing
After EPA Draft Plan to Study the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources (2011)
22
11
5/12/2011
“Unconventional” Natural Gas
28% of NG Production in 1998, 50% in 2009, increasing to 60% by 2035 ~35,000 wells are fractured each year in the U.S. If the majority of wells are horizontal, the water requirement ranges from 70 to 140 billion gallons/yr, equivalent to the water used by 1 to 2 cities of 2.5 million people. Hundreds of different chemicals, many known carcinogens, are added to the fracking fluids, in concentrations of ~0.5%. These and other species released by fracturing (including naturally occurring radioactive species) may reach aquifers, or be diverted via flowback to municipal water treatment facilities. 23
EPA Draft Plan to Study the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources (2011)
Energy Subsidies: Black Not Green
http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy/subsidies/
Renewable Energy is Growing in the Energy Mix Despite Heavy, Direct Federal Subsidies to Fossil Fuels
http://www.eli.org/pdf/Energy_Subsidies_Black_Not_Green.pdf
• Calculated Subsidies do not including other important health, environment, and national security costs. • “Green” considerations may in fact be driving the growth in Renewables. • Technologies like Fracking can grow due to both Direct and Indirect Subsidy. 24
12
5/12/2011
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35489.pdf
Energy Payback Time for PV
Over a projected 28 years of clean energy production, a rooftop system with a 2‐year energy payback and meeting half of a household’s electricity use would avoid conventional electrical‐plant emissions of more than half a ton of sulfur dioxide, one‐third a ton of nitrogen oxides, and 100 tons of carbon dioxide 25
World Energy Millions of Barrels per Day (Oil Equivalent) 300
No Analog to Energy Payback Time for Fossil Fuels.
200
100
0 1860
1900
1940
1980
2020
2060
2100
Source: John F. Bookout (President of Shell USA) ,“Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel Energy” International Geological Congress, Washington DC; July 10,1985. Episodes, vol 12, 257‐262 (1989). 26 http://cnst.rice.edu/content.aspx?id=246
13
5/12/2011
Topics We Didn’t Cover that Use the Same Principles as Green Chemistry • A lot…. • Cogeneration (combined Heat and Power) • Hybrid Vehicles • Concentrated Solar Power • Biomass (Cellulosic) • Artificial Photosynthesis, Sunlight to Fuels • Hydrogen Generation and Storage Technologies • Electrical Power Storage • Energy Efficiency and Conservation • Urban Planning • Other topics, I am sure.…………. 27
From a Global Perspective: What’s in our Flask? Photo & caption info: ADAM NIEMAN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Volume of Earth: 1.1 × 1012 km3 Volume of water: 1.4 x 109 km3 Volume of atmosphere: 4.2 x 109 km3 Solar Energy at Earth’s Surface: 1.25 x 105 TW 28
http://cnst.rice.edu/content.aspx?id=246
14
5/12/2011
Q&A SESSION Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy – Two Peas in a Pod
Michael Heben, University of Toledo
Bob Peoples, ACS Green Chemistry Institute®
Please submit questions via the Questions Panel in GoToWebinar
Download slides: http://acswebinars.org/heben Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
29
Acknowledgments
Today’s episode is co-produced with:
ACS Green Chemistry Institute® Learn more at: www.acs.org/greenchemistry
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
30
15
5/12/2011
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
31
Stay Connected…
ACS Network (search for group acswebinars)
LinkedIn (search group for acswebinars)
www.twitter.com/acswebinars
www.facebook.com/AmericanChemicalSociety
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
32
16
5/12/2011
Upcoming ACS Webinars™ www.acswebinars.org/events
Thursday, May 12, 2011
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy – Two Peas in a Pod Michael Heben, University of Toledo
Thursday, May 19, 2011
Turning on the Light Bulb – Idea generation and Idea Evaluation Nick Conti, VP, Quest Diagnostics
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
33
Help Shape the future of ACS Webinars!
Join the ACS Webinars Audience Advisory Panel! Learn more: www.acswebinars.org
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
34
17
5/12/2011
ACS Webinars™
ACS Webinars™ does not endorse any products or services. The views expressed in this presentation are those of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the American Chemical Society.
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
35
18
ACS Webinars™
We will start momentarily at 2pm ET
Download slides: http://acswebinars.org/heben
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
1
Have Questions? Use the Questions Box!
Or tweet us using #acswebinars Download slides: http://acswebinars.org/heben
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
2
1
5/12/2011
Help Shape the future of ACS Webinars!
Join the ACS Webinars Audience Advisory Panel! Learn more: www.acswebinars.org
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
3
Acknowledgments
Today’s episode is co-produced with:
ACS Green Chemistry Institute® Learn more at: www.acs.org/greenchemistry
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
4
2
5/12/2011
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
5
ACS Webinars Classics Do Business and Chemistry Skills have to be like Oil & Water? www.acswebinars.org/leger
Lynn Leger, GreenCentre Canada
ACS Webinars. On Demand. www.acswebinars.org/archives
6
3
5/12/2011
Upcoming ACS Webinars™ www.acswebinars.org/events
Thursday, May 19, 2011
Turning on the Light Bulb – Idea Generation and Idea Evaluation Nick Conti, VP, Quest Diagnostics
Thursday, May 24, 2011
International Year of Chemistry 2011 – Materials and Health Community Engagement Lynn Hogue and Tracy Halmi
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
7
ACS WEBINARS™ May 12, 2011 Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy – Two Peas in a Pod
Michael Heben, University of Toledo
Bob Peoples, ACS Green Chemistry Institute®
Please submit questions via the Questions Panel in GoToWebinar
Download slides: http://acswebinars.org/heben Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
8
4
5/12/2011
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy: Like Two Peas in a Pod
How So?
Michael J. Heben Department of Physics and Astronomy School of Solar and Advanced Renewable Energy Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization 9 University of Toledo
Green Chemistry: the Twelve Principles 1. 2. 3.
Waste Prevention. Atom Economy. Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses: Use and generate low toxicity substances. 4. Designing Safer Chemicals. 5. Safer and less Solvents and Auxiliaries. 6. Design for Energy Efficiency. 7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks. 8. Reduce Unnecessary Derivatization, Combine Steps and Proceses: More elegant, simpler approaches*. 9. Catalytic reagents: As selective as possible. 10. Design for Degradation at end of Function. 11. Real‐time Analytical Methodologies for Pollution Prevention, Process Monitoring. 12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention.
Sustainable, low‐impact, efficient and safe processes * Modified slightly from version at ACS GCI
10
After Anastas, et al., 1998.
5
5/12/2011
Basic Accounting for a Generic (Chemical) Process Energy
Energy
Feedstocks
Products
Solvents, etc.
Capital Equipment
Waste
Process 3…
True, with Differing Inputs/Outputs, for any Chemical, Physical, Power Generating or Energy Storage Tech. 11
In the End, It’s all About the Money For Green Chemistry, it comes down to cost, when all costs are included. The same is true for Renewable Energy technologies. When everything is included, the real metrics have to do with value; ‐ What are you making? ‐ Why is it needed by society? ‐ What are the impacts of making it? ‐ Or not making it?
Large rai stone money in the village of Gachpar, Yap, Micronesia; the largest are 3 meters in diameter and weigh 4 metric tons (Wikipedia and NPR)
Better, cleaner, less expensive, more “valuable” processes 12
6
5/12/2011
Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
ENERGY WATER FOOD ENVIRONMENT POVERTY TERRORISM & WAR DISEASE EDUCATION DEMOCRACY POPULATION
List Developed by Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley, while surveying colleagues, from 2002-2003
2011 2004 2050
6.9 6.5 ~ 10
Billion People Billion People Billion People
13 http://cnst.rice.edu/content.aspx?id=246
What Kind of Energy is Needed? Growth
Climate Change
• Global energy consumption increases on average ~1.6-1.7% per year. • Includes 1%/yr. efficiency improvement • 28 TW global power consumed by 2050
Graphic design: Michael Ernst, Woods Hole Res. Center
• Population growth primarily in lessdeveloped countries increased Carbon intensity.
• Need 15 TW of CO2 free power by 2050 to stay below 550 ppm M. I. Hoffert et. al., Nature, 1998, 395, 881. Health Coal-fired power plants: 59% of total U.S. sulfur dioxide pollution 18% of total nitrous oxides every year largest source of toxic mercury pollution U. S. power plants release over 40% of U.S. CO2 [Sources – U.S. DOE and U.S. EPA]
Acid rain, smog (ozone), soot Respiratory problems A developmental toxin 14 After R. Ellingson
7
5/12/2011
How are We Doing so Far? 99 Quad = 29,000 TWh or 3.3 TW needed/yr
• In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 132,000 TWh, corresponding to an average annual power consumption rate of ~15 terawatts. • For the world, in 2006, 18% of energy used was Renewable, 13% was Biomass. 15
PV Alone Could Meet US Energy Needs
‐ 10,000 square miles, less than ¼ of the area covered by roads and streets. ‐ assumes 10% solar‐electricity conversion efficiency. Turner, Science 85 1999
16
8
5/12/2011
Renewable Energy Potential
17 Courtesy N.S. Lewis
Solar PV is a Booming Industry CAGR of ~30 ‐ 40% for Last Ten Years
For comparison: Installed world capacity of 442 Nuclear Reactors is ~ 375 GW (100 GW in USA, not growing) Installed world capacity of Wind Turbines is ~197 GW (20 – 30% CAGR) http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/n/nuclear‐power‐plant‐world‐wide.htm http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/dpw_chu.pdf http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php
18
9
5/12/2011
Why? Improvments in Processes Reducing $/W – Using Green Chemistry Principles Crystalline Silicon Modules
Thin Film Modules
45 ‐ 60% yield of Si, More handling Higher Efficiency (~18% module)
Lower materials Costs More fully automated Lower Efficiency (~10% module)
Ref: ‘Overview and Challenges of Thin Film Solar Electric Technologies’, Harin S. Ullal, Ph.D., NREL 2008
19 Courtesy of Brian Keyes, NREL
For Si, Material Costs are Critical Hemlock Semiconductor Group’s (HSC) high‐purity poly Si feedstock process
T. Saga, NPG Asia Mater. 2(3) 96–102 (2010)
Leading world supplier of high purity poly‐ crystalline silicon to the semiconductor and solar industries: 36,000 metric ton capacity by 2010
20 http://www.hscpoly.com/content/hsc_prod/manufacturing_overview.aspx
10
5/12/2011
From J. Lushetsky, NIST Workshop for Advances in PV Technologies and Measurements, Denver CO, May 12, 2010
Historical and Projected Experience Curves
Poly Si shortage
21
Fracking is Also Growing
After EPA Draft Plan to Study the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources (2011)
22
11
5/12/2011
“Unconventional” Natural Gas
28% of NG Production in 1998, 50% in 2009, increasing to 60% by 2035 ~35,000 wells are fractured each year in the U.S. If the majority of wells are horizontal, the water requirement ranges from 70 to 140 billion gallons/yr, equivalent to the water used by 1 to 2 cities of 2.5 million people. Hundreds of different chemicals, many known carcinogens, are added to the fracking fluids, in concentrations of ~0.5%. These and other species released by fracturing (including naturally occurring radioactive species) may reach aquifers, or be diverted via flowback to municipal water treatment facilities. 23
EPA Draft Plan to Study the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources (2011)
Energy Subsidies: Black Not Green
http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy/subsidies/
Renewable Energy is Growing in the Energy Mix Despite Heavy, Direct Federal Subsidies to Fossil Fuels
http://www.eli.org/pdf/Energy_Subsidies_Black_Not_Green.pdf
• Calculated Subsidies do not including other important health, environment, and national security costs. • “Green” considerations may in fact be driving the growth in Renewables. • Technologies like Fracking can grow due to both Direct and Indirect Subsidy. 24
12
5/12/2011
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35489.pdf
Energy Payback Time for PV
Over a projected 28 years of clean energy production, a rooftop system with a 2‐year energy payback and meeting half of a household’s electricity use would avoid conventional electrical‐plant emissions of more than half a ton of sulfur dioxide, one‐third a ton of nitrogen oxides, and 100 tons of carbon dioxide 25
World Energy Millions of Barrels per Day (Oil Equivalent) 300
No Analog to Energy Payback Time for Fossil Fuels.
200
100
0 1860
1900
1940
1980
2020
2060
2100
Source: John F. Bookout (President of Shell USA) ,“Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel Energy” International Geological Congress, Washington DC; July 10,1985. Episodes, vol 12, 257‐262 (1989). 26 http://cnst.rice.edu/content.aspx?id=246
13
5/12/2011
Topics We Didn’t Cover that Use the Same Principles as Green Chemistry • A lot…. • Cogeneration (combined Heat and Power) • Hybrid Vehicles • Concentrated Solar Power • Biomass (Cellulosic) • Artificial Photosynthesis, Sunlight to Fuels • Hydrogen Generation and Storage Technologies • Electrical Power Storage • Energy Efficiency and Conservation • Urban Planning • Other topics, I am sure.…………. 27
From a Global Perspective: What’s in our Flask? Photo & caption info: ADAM NIEMAN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Volume of Earth: 1.1 × 1012 km3 Volume of water: 1.4 x 109 km3 Volume of atmosphere: 4.2 x 109 km3 Solar Energy at Earth’s Surface: 1.25 x 105 TW 28
http://cnst.rice.edu/content.aspx?id=246
14
5/12/2011
Q&A SESSION Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy – Two Peas in a Pod
Michael Heben, University of Toledo
Bob Peoples, ACS Green Chemistry Institute®
Please submit questions via the Questions Panel in GoToWebinar
Download slides: http://acswebinars.org/heben Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
29
Acknowledgments
Today’s episode is co-produced with:
ACS Green Chemistry Institute® Learn more at: www.acs.org/greenchemistry
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
30
15
5/12/2011
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
31
Stay Connected…
ACS Network (search for group acswebinars)
LinkedIn (search group for acswebinars)
www.twitter.com/acswebinars
www.facebook.com/AmericanChemicalSociety
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
32
16
5/12/2011
Upcoming ACS Webinars™ www.acswebinars.org/events
Thursday, May 12, 2011
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy – Two Peas in a Pod Michael Heben, University of Toledo
Thursday, May 19, 2011
Turning on the Light Bulb – Idea generation and Idea Evaluation Nick Conti, VP, Quest Diagnostics
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
33
Help Shape the future of ACS Webinars!
Join the ACS Webinars Audience Advisory Panel! Learn more: www.acswebinars.org
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
34
17
5/12/2011
ACS Webinars™
ACS Webinars™ does not endorse any products or services. The views expressed in this presentation are those of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the American Chemical Society.
Contact ACS Webinars™at [email protected]
35
18
