Biology Lecture Notes Unit 3 Section 1 Evidence
Biology Lecture Notes Unit 3 Section 1
Evidence Statement 1: imagine you are colonizing another planet, and you want to grow plants there as a food source. What do you need to bring and what questions would you ask about the planet in order to refine your list?
Do we get energy from food?
Food contains energy but it has to be broken down in order to be used. That means that energy comes from food but not directly.
All cells, including plant cells, use chemical energy carried by ATP
ATP and ADP ATP = adenosine triphosphate
ATP is a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. ATP has 3 phosphate groups The bond of the 3rd phosphate group is unstable and easily broken All cells, including plant cells, use chemical energy carried by ATP Analogy = just as a wallet carries money, ATP carries chemical energy wallet : money :: ATP : energy Energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. When the phosphate from ATP is removed, energy is released and ATP becomes ADP
ADP = adenosine diphosphate
ADP is a lower energy molecule that can be converted in to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group. If ATP is a wallet filled with money then ADP is a nearly empty wallet.
The breakdown of ATP to ADP and the production of ATP from ADP can be represented by a cycle. Adding a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP is not a simple process.
Foods that you eat do not contain ATP you can use. A process must take place
Food must be digested Digestion breaks food down into smaller molecules that can be used to make ATP Different foods provide different amounts of ATP.
Different foods have different calories, which are measures of energy.
A food calorie is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. When a mole of ATP is converted to ADP in a cell, about 7.3 calories (7.3 kilocalories) or energy are released.
The number of ATP molecules produced depends on the type of molecule that is broken down.
Carbohydrates are not stored in large amounts in your body, but they are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP o The breakdown of the simple sugar glucose makes 36 molecules of ATP o Carbs do not provide the largest amount of ATP Lipids store the most energy o Fats store about 80% of the energy in your body o Typical triglyceride can be broken down to make about 146 molecules of ATP Proteins store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates o They are less likely to be broken down to make ATP because they are needed more to make proteins than energy
Plant cells also need ATP but they do not eat food so the must make their own food.
Plants make their own food through photosynthesis Plants absorb energy from sunlight and make sugars
Plant cells break down the sugars made through the process to produce ATP just as animal cells do Producers are organisms that produce the source of chemical energy for themselves. Consumers are organisms that obtain energy and nutrients it needs for cell processes and growth through the process of digestion.
Plants, some bacteria and protists are producers that are the main source of energy for most organisms on earth. Animals that eat only plants obtain their chemical energy directly form plants o Wolf eats a rabbit, rabbit eats plants, plants made energy from sun
Photosynthesis is a process that captures energy from sunlight and stores it in high-energy sugar molecules that store chemical energy.
Directly or indirectly the energy for almost all organisms begins with the sunlight Sunlight has several types of radiant energy such as ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, and visible light. Visible light appears white but is made up of several colors or wavelengths of light.
Evidence Statement 2: Think about light as a form of energy and answer the following questions: What are microwaves used for? What are radio waves used for? What do you think might happen if visible light were blocked from Earth? How would photosynthesis be impacted?
Importance of photosynthesis
Provides the base for almost all food chains May have been the initial means for evolution Photosynthesis produces the oxygen we breathe, and it removes carbon dioxide from Earths atmosphere Leads to increased biodiversity
Evidence Statement 3: Describe the inputs and outputs of matter and the transfer and transformation of energy in photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are in leaf cells that are specialized for photosynthesis 2 parts of a chloroplasts needed for photosynthesis 1. Grana – stacks of coin shaped membrane enclosed compartments called thylakoids. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll (light absorbing molecules) and proteins 2. Stroma fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplast
Do we get energy from food?
Food contains energy but it has to be broken down in order to be used. That means that energy comes from food but not directly.
All cells, including plant cells, use chemical energy carried by ATP
ATP and ADP ATP = adenosine triphosphate
ATP is a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. ATP has 3 phosphate groups The bond of the 3rd phosphate group is unstable and easily broken All cells, including plant cells, use chemical energy carried by ATP Analogy = just as a wallet carries money, ATP carries chemical energy
wallet : money :: ATP : energy
Energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. When the phosphate from ATP is removed, energy is released and ATP becomes ADP
ADP = adenosine diphosphate
ADP is a lower energy molecule that can be converted in to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group. If ATP is a wallet filled with money then ADP is a nearly empty wallet.
Stages of Photosynthesis The whole process doesn't happen all at one time. The process of photosynthesis is divided into two main parts.
1.The first part is called the light dependent reaction. o This reaction happens when the light energy is captured from sunlight and pushed into a chemical called ATP. o These reactions take place within and across the membranes of the thylakoids. o Water and sunlight is needed for this stage o Used to be called light reactions o Light dependent reactions are the photo part of photosynthesis o Main function is to capture light and transfer energy o This energy is a carrier, not the energy for cellular processes o The energy carriers are ATP and NADPH Steps of light dependent reactions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Energy is absorbed from sunlight and water molecules are broken down Hydrogen ions are transported across the thylakoid membrane Energy is absorbed from the sunlight NADPH is produced from the hydrogen (step 2) being added to NADP Hydrogen ion diffusion across the thylakoid membrane ATP is produced from ADP
2.The second part of the process is called light independent reaction o o o o o o
This reaction happens when the ATP is used to make glucose. These reactions take place in the stroma. Carbon dioxide is needed for this stage of photosynthesis. This is the synthesis part of photosynthesis Known as the Calvin Cycle Light independent reactions occur whether there is light present or not because of where they take place.
o They only depend on the presence of the energy carriers ATP and NADPH made during the light dependent reactions. o The purpose of the light independent reactions is to take the energy from ATP and energized electrons and hydrogen ions from NADPH and add them to CO2 to make glucose or sugar. Steps of light independent reactions 1. (Grab) A five-carbon carbon catcher catches one molecule of carbon dioxide and forms a six-carbon molecule. 2. (Split): the enzyme RuBisCO (with the energy of ATP and NADPH molecules) breaks the six-carbon molecule into two equal parts. 3. (Leave): A trio of three carbons leave and become sugar. The other trio moves on to the next step. 4. (Switch): Using ATP and NADPH, the three carbon molecule is changed into a five carbon molecule. 5. The cycle starts over again.
Evidence Statement 1: imagine you are colonizing another planet, and you want to grow plants there as a food source. What do you need to bring and what questions would you ask about the planet in order to refine your list?
Do we get energy from food?
Food contains energy but it has to be broken down in order to be used. That means that energy comes from food but not directly.
All cells, including plant cells, use chemical energy carried by ATP
ATP and ADP ATP = adenosine triphosphate
ATP is a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. ATP has 3 phosphate groups The bond of the 3rd phosphate group is unstable and easily broken All cells, including plant cells, use chemical energy carried by ATP Analogy = just as a wallet carries money, ATP carries chemical energy wallet : money :: ATP : energy Energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. When the phosphate from ATP is removed, energy is released and ATP becomes ADP
ADP = adenosine diphosphate
ADP is a lower energy molecule that can be converted in to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group. If ATP is a wallet filled with money then ADP is a nearly empty wallet.
The breakdown of ATP to ADP and the production of ATP from ADP can be represented by a cycle. Adding a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP is not a simple process.
Foods that you eat do not contain ATP you can use. A process must take place
Food must be digested Digestion breaks food down into smaller molecules that can be used to make ATP Different foods provide different amounts of ATP.
Different foods have different calories, which are measures of energy.
A food calorie is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. When a mole of ATP is converted to ADP in a cell, about 7.3 calories (7.3 kilocalories) or energy are released.
The number of ATP molecules produced depends on the type of molecule that is broken down.
Carbohydrates are not stored in large amounts in your body, but they are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP o The breakdown of the simple sugar glucose makes 36 molecules of ATP o Carbs do not provide the largest amount of ATP Lipids store the most energy o Fats store about 80% of the energy in your body o Typical triglyceride can be broken down to make about 146 molecules of ATP Proteins store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates o They are less likely to be broken down to make ATP because they are needed more to make proteins than energy
Plant cells also need ATP but they do not eat food so the must make their own food.
Plants make their own food through photosynthesis Plants absorb energy from sunlight and make sugars
Plant cells break down the sugars made through the process to produce ATP just as animal cells do Producers are organisms that produce the source of chemical energy for themselves. Consumers are organisms that obtain energy and nutrients it needs for cell processes and growth through the process of digestion.
Plants, some bacteria and protists are producers that are the main source of energy for most organisms on earth. Animals that eat only plants obtain their chemical energy directly form plants o Wolf eats a rabbit, rabbit eats plants, plants made energy from sun
Photosynthesis is a process that captures energy from sunlight and stores it in high-energy sugar molecules that store chemical energy.
Directly or indirectly the energy for almost all organisms begins with the sunlight Sunlight has several types of radiant energy such as ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, and visible light. Visible light appears white but is made up of several colors or wavelengths of light.
Evidence Statement 2: Think about light as a form of energy and answer the following questions: What are microwaves used for? What are radio waves used for? What do you think might happen if visible light were blocked from Earth? How would photosynthesis be impacted?
Importance of photosynthesis
Provides the base for almost all food chains May have been the initial means for evolution Photosynthesis produces the oxygen we breathe, and it removes carbon dioxide from Earths atmosphere Leads to increased biodiversity
Evidence Statement 3: Describe the inputs and outputs of matter and the transfer and transformation of energy in photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are in leaf cells that are specialized for photosynthesis 2 parts of a chloroplasts needed for photosynthesis 1. Grana – stacks of coin shaped membrane enclosed compartments called thylakoids. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll (light absorbing molecules) and proteins 2. Stroma fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplast
Do we get energy from food?
Food contains energy but it has to be broken down in order to be used. That means that energy comes from food but not directly.
All cells, including plant cells, use chemical energy carried by ATP
ATP and ADP ATP = adenosine triphosphate
ATP is a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. ATP has 3 phosphate groups The bond of the 3rd phosphate group is unstable and easily broken All cells, including plant cells, use chemical energy carried by ATP Analogy = just as a wallet carries money, ATP carries chemical energy
wallet : money :: ATP : energy
Energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. When the phosphate from ATP is removed, energy is released and ATP becomes ADP
ADP = adenosine diphosphate
ADP is a lower energy molecule that can be converted in to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group. If ATP is a wallet filled with money then ADP is a nearly empty wallet.
Stages of Photosynthesis The whole process doesn't happen all at one time. The process of photosynthesis is divided into two main parts.
1.The first part is called the light dependent reaction. o This reaction happens when the light energy is captured from sunlight and pushed into a chemical called ATP. o These reactions take place within and across the membranes of the thylakoids. o Water and sunlight is needed for this stage o Used to be called light reactions o Light dependent reactions are the photo part of photosynthesis o Main function is to capture light and transfer energy o This energy is a carrier, not the energy for cellular processes o The energy carriers are ATP and NADPH Steps of light dependent reactions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Energy is absorbed from sunlight and water molecules are broken down Hydrogen ions are transported across the thylakoid membrane Energy is absorbed from the sunlight NADPH is produced from the hydrogen (step 2) being added to NADP Hydrogen ion diffusion across the thylakoid membrane ATP is produced from ADP
2.The second part of the process is called light independent reaction o o o o o o
This reaction happens when the ATP is used to make glucose. These reactions take place in the stroma. Carbon dioxide is needed for this stage of photosynthesis. This is the synthesis part of photosynthesis Known as the Calvin Cycle Light independent reactions occur whether there is light present or not because of where they take place.
o They only depend on the presence of the energy carriers ATP and NADPH made during the light dependent reactions. o The purpose of the light independent reactions is to take the energy from ATP and energized electrons and hydrogen ions from NADPH and add them to CO2 to make glucose or sugar. Steps of light independent reactions 1. (Grab) A five-carbon carbon catcher catches one molecule of carbon dioxide and forms a six-carbon molecule. 2. (Split): the enzyme RuBisCO (with the energy of ATP and NADPH molecules) breaks the six-carbon molecule into two equal parts. 3. (Leave): A trio of three carbons leave and become sugar. The other trio moves on to the next step. 4. (Switch): Using ATP and NADPH, the three carbon molecule is changed into a five carbon molecule. 5. The cycle starts over again.
