CIV2242: Introductory Geo-engineering
Stewart Gresham
CIV2242: Introductory Geo-engineering
Course Notes
CIV2242: Introductory Geo-engineering I:
Geological Process ............................................................................................................................... 2 The Geological Environment .................................................................................................................... 2 Rock Classification
- Formation ............................................................................................................. 2
Weathering.............................................................................................................................................. 6 Properties of Rocks .................................................................................................................................. 6 Geological Maps ...................................................................................................................................... 7 II:
Soil & Rock Classifications ................................................................................................................... 7 Soil Classification ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Rock Classification ..................................................................................................................................10 Clay Mineralogy ......................................................................................................................................11
III: Weight-Volume relationships & Soil Stresses .....................................................................................13 Phase Relationships ................................................................................................................................13 Stresses in soils .......................................................................................................................................14 IV: Soil Shear Strength .............................................................................................................................15 Shear strength ........................................................................................................................................15 Mohr’s Circle ..........................................................................................................................................17 V:
Shallow and Deep Foundations ..........................................................................................................17 Shallow Foundation Design .....................................................................................................................17 Deep Foundation Design .........................................................................................................................19
VI: Pavement Design ................................................................................................................................20 Types of pavement .................................................................................................................................20 Pavement Materials ................................................................................................................................20 Design Traffic for Pavement Design.........................................................................................................21 Flexible Pavement Design .......................................................................................................................23
1 2011 (Semester 2)
Stewart Gresham
I:
CIV2242: Introductory Geo-engineering
Course Notes
Geological Process
The Geological Environment On land - Weathering and transport on land results in erosion and rock destruction Underground – pressure and temperature creates new rocks Plate movement lifts rocks above surface creating new landform Plate movement and landform Convergent – plates moving towards Divergent – plates moving away from each other Transforms – parallel (no collision) o Collision of plates causes one to topple over another (force), causing magma to erupt o “weaker” plate dips under “stronger” plate during collision Anticline / \ Syncline \___/
Rock Classification
-
Formation
Igneous o Formed by the solidification of a liquid magma Sedimentary o Erosion debris, plant and animal remains, chemical precipitate that has lithified by heat/pressure Metamorphic o Subject to high pressure/temperatures significant to migrate atoms and alter minerals
2 2011 (Semester 2)
Stewart Gresham
CIV2242: Introductory Geo-engineering
Course Notes
Classification: Clastic o Formed from weathering products and other rocks o Divided into particle/distribution of size: Size (mm)
Particle name
Sediment name
Clastic (detrital) rock
>256 64-256 4-64 2-4
boulder cobble pebble granule
gravel
conglomerate or breccia
1/16 - 2
sand
sand
sandstone
1/256 - 1/16
CIV2242: Introductory Geo-engineering
Course Notes
CIV2242: Introductory Geo-engineering I:
Geological Process ............................................................................................................................... 2 The Geological Environment .................................................................................................................... 2 Rock Classification
- Formation ............................................................................................................. 2
Weathering.............................................................................................................................................. 6 Properties of Rocks .................................................................................................................................. 6 Geological Maps ...................................................................................................................................... 7 II:
Soil & Rock Classifications ................................................................................................................... 7 Soil Classification ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Rock Classification ..................................................................................................................................10 Clay Mineralogy ......................................................................................................................................11
III: Weight-Volume relationships & Soil Stresses .....................................................................................13 Phase Relationships ................................................................................................................................13 Stresses in soils .......................................................................................................................................14 IV: Soil Shear Strength .............................................................................................................................15 Shear strength ........................................................................................................................................15 Mohr’s Circle ..........................................................................................................................................17 V:
Shallow and Deep Foundations ..........................................................................................................17 Shallow Foundation Design .....................................................................................................................17 Deep Foundation Design .........................................................................................................................19
VI: Pavement Design ................................................................................................................................20 Types of pavement .................................................................................................................................20 Pavement Materials ................................................................................................................................20 Design Traffic for Pavement Design.........................................................................................................21 Flexible Pavement Design .......................................................................................................................23
1 2011 (Semester 2)
Stewart Gresham
I:
CIV2242: Introductory Geo-engineering
Course Notes
Geological Process
The Geological Environment On land - Weathering and transport on land results in erosion and rock destruction Underground – pressure and temperature creates new rocks Plate movement lifts rocks above surface creating new landform Plate movement and landform Convergent – plates moving towards Divergent – plates moving away from each other Transforms – parallel (no collision) o Collision of plates causes one to topple over another (force), causing magma to erupt o “weaker” plate dips under “stronger” plate during collision Anticline / \ Syncline \___/
Rock Classification
-
Formation
Igneous o Formed by the solidification of a liquid magma Sedimentary o Erosion debris, plant and animal remains, chemical precipitate that has lithified by heat/pressure Metamorphic o Subject to high pressure/temperatures significant to migrate atoms and alter minerals
2 2011 (Semester 2)
Stewart Gresham
CIV2242: Introductory Geo-engineering
Course Notes
Classification: Clastic o Formed from weathering products and other rocks o Divided into particle/distribution of size: Size (mm)
Particle name
Sediment name
Clastic (detrital) rock
>256 64-256 4-64 2-4
boulder cobble pebble granule
gravel
conglomerate or breccia
1/16 - 2
sand
sand
sandstone
1/256 - 1/16
