Energy Materials and Applications
MATS 256/MAE 254 (4 units)
Energy Materials and Applications (UC San Diego, Winter 2008) Time: Tuesday & Thursday, 8 – 9:20 am, Location: Rm. 105, EBU2
Instructors Prof. Prab Bandaru, 258, EBU 2, E-mail: [email protected] (4 weeks) Dr. Glen Rambach, Quantum Spheres Inc.: [email protected] (2 wks) Prof. Michael Tauber, UHA 3050-A, E-mail: [email protected] (2 wks) Prof. George Tynan, 460, EBU 2, E-mail: [email protected] (2 wks)
Course Outline • Why are alternative forms of energy necessary and important?
• Solar cells and Photovoltaics- Principles and Limitations, Maximum efficiencies, Recent trends - Bandaru • Thermoelectric Materials. The notion of the thermoelectric figure of merit and relation to heat conversion efficiency and refrigeration (COP- coefficient of performance) - Bandaru • What is the Hydrogen Economy? • Fuel Cells: Proton Exchange and alternative forms • Energy storage: New battery materials, Super-capacitors • Nuclear Energy – Principles and Options
Projected World Energy Consumption 1,286
826
100 Quads = 105.5 exa J = 3.346 Tera Watt years
Sources: EIA (- 2025) & IPCC (2050-2100), “moderate” assumptions
P. Dehmer, DOE, September 2005
World Primary Energy Consumption (Quads)
Projected U.S. Energy Consumption ~330
Energy Use per Capita and per Dollar of GDP
300 275 250
200 ~210 175 ~133
150
50 – 60% increase by 2030
125 ~98
100 75 50 25 Horizontal Scale Change
0 2050 Total Energy Production and Consumption (Quads)
2100
P. Dehmer, DOE, September 2005
225
Energy and its importance • Improvement of the “quality of life” and global “economic prosperity” World total primary energy supply (2004)
Key world energy statistics, IEA, 2006
Correlation of energy consumption to GDP
Energy consumption by fuel type
Key world energy statistics, IEA, 2006
Motivations Declining oil supply
Global warming
http://www.globalwarmingart.com/
Increased “greenhouse” gas emission - a contributor to global warming A natural evolution?
Raven et al, “Ocean Acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide”- Royal Society, London, 2005
Keeling curve
Other “greenhouse” gases • Also affect carbon, nitrogen, and other natural cycles
Solomon et al, Climate Change 2007: The Physical basis, Cambridge Univ. Press
Current sources of world energy supply
Global demand for oil: 76 million barrels/day (40,000 gallons/second)
Longevity of supply Seven countries account for 70% of the world’s conventional oil reserves
Holditch and Chianelli, 2008
Energy Content of various resources
• Motivation for a hydrogen economy? The Future of Coal: Options for a Carbon Constrained World, MIT Press, 2005
World Energy Resources and Availability
> Current world usage ~ 15 TWy
Potential (Technical and Economic) of energy sources
IPCC, Climate Change: 2007
Alternative Sources of Energy: I • OIL: Oil shales, Tar Sands (175 billion barrels?) (Issues with low permeability, geologic complexity, and high fluid viscosity): refer to the Resource Triangle, Masters, 1979. -Need new detection techniques and technologies (e.g., Electroseismic effects, between charges in pores and ions in solution) The pressure response of the matrix acoustic/seismic wave
• Coal, Natural gas • Hydrogen: Extraction (from natural gas and water, semiconductor based water splitting) and storage (liquefaction lowers energy by 30%, solid metal hydrides) are both issues - Open metal-organic/Nanoporous frameworks -Fuel Cells (60% efficiencies) - PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells), at < 80 oC - Phosphoric Acid electrolytes (up to 200 oC) - Solid Oxide (O2- ions are mobile species, YSZ, doped ceria etc., ~ 800 oC)
Alternative Sources of Energy: II • Solar: 1 hour of solar radiation 14 TWy (use of Solar concentrators, Photovoltaics – nanotechnology might help) CSI (California Solar Initiative) 3 GW of electricity by 2017 • Thermal: Thermoelectrics It has been theoretically shown that lower dimensional structures have larger thermoelectric efficiencies
• Biofuels: Ethanol, Biodiesel from fruits of oil bearing plants (e.g., Jatropha), Photosynthesis etc. – can create a carbon debt?
Alternative Sources of Energy: III •Earth: Volcanic vents, Geothermal (Needs high-temperature natural steam or steam/brine mixture ~ 250 oC; Need single/double flash-evaporation, Corrosion problems?, Deeper drilling up to 8 km to reach molten rock magma? current production: 6.8 TWhours)
• Wind: Worldwide 70 GW • Water: Hydropower (16% of total global electricity: 2800 TWhours currently, Potential: 200 GW, High construction costs, Innovations in Turbine design- Francis, Kaplan and Pelton, and materials), - Tidal energy (Wind-driven waves, Gravitational tidal ranges (~ 3 m), Thermal gradients, Salinity gradients, Marine currents) 600 GWh/year- La Rance, France, Potential: 500 GW
- Gas hydrates/clathrates • Nuclear: Fission: Worldwide 370 GW, France (78%), Japan (27%) – 30% higher cost? Fusion: ITER 1.5 GWe by ~ 2050
Alternative Utilization of Energy • Control of Global Warming – reduce CO2 emissions
• Carbon dioxide sequestration - Pre-combustion syngas (H2 + CO CO2 through water reaction) - Post –combustion (separate CO2 through chemical solvents, e.g., monoethanolamine - Combustion in pure Oxygen environment • Storage in deep geological formations and oceans? (> 350 - 3000 m clathrate formation) Meier et al, Energy Policy, 33, 1099, 2005
Alternative Utilization of Energy Promoting better Energy use and efficiency • Energy efficient buildings – “Super green” factories • High efficiency lighting sources, e.g., LEDs with 30% efficiency (W filament lamp ~ 5%, flourescent lamps ~ 15%)
• Better materials- HSLA alloys in automobiles, Integrate automotive bodies with frame • Hybrid engines
• Economics driven – subsidies, Carbon credits …
• Efficiency and Lifestyle (50- 50), Darmstadter, 1977
U.S. Energy Flow, 2002 (Quads)
P. Dehmer, DOE, September 2005
39% of primary energy goes toward electricity generation; 69% of that is lost energy. 80% of energy used in the transportation sector is lost energy. Overall, 58% of primary energy is lost energy.
Energy Flow Diagram – US (2006)
https://eed.llnl.gov
Energy Flow Diagram – India (2005)
Energy Materials and Applications (UC San Diego, Winter 2008) Time: Tuesday & Thursday, 8 – 9:20 am, Location: Rm. 105, EBU2
Instructors Prof. Prab Bandaru, 258, EBU 2, E-mail: [email protected] (4 weeks) Dr. Glen Rambach, Quantum Spheres Inc.: [email protected] (2 wks) Prof. Michael Tauber, UHA 3050-A, E-mail: [email protected] (2 wks) Prof. George Tynan, 460, EBU 2, E-mail: [email protected] (2 wks)
Course Outline • Why are alternative forms of energy necessary and important?
• Solar cells and Photovoltaics- Principles and Limitations, Maximum efficiencies, Recent trends - Bandaru • Thermoelectric Materials. The notion of the thermoelectric figure of merit and relation to heat conversion efficiency and refrigeration (COP- coefficient of performance) - Bandaru • What is the Hydrogen Economy? • Fuel Cells: Proton Exchange and alternative forms • Energy storage: New battery materials, Super-capacitors • Nuclear Energy – Principles and Options
Projected World Energy Consumption 1,286
826
100 Quads = 105.5 exa J = 3.346 Tera Watt years
Sources: EIA (- 2025) & IPCC (2050-2100), “moderate” assumptions
P. Dehmer, DOE, September 2005
World Primary Energy Consumption (Quads)
Projected U.S. Energy Consumption ~330
Energy Use per Capita and per Dollar of GDP
300 275 250
200 ~210 175 ~133
150
50 – 60% increase by 2030
125 ~98
100 75 50 25 Horizontal Scale Change
0 2050 Total Energy Production and Consumption (Quads)
2100
P. Dehmer, DOE, September 2005
225
Energy and its importance • Improvement of the “quality of life” and global “economic prosperity” World total primary energy supply (2004)
Key world energy statistics, IEA, 2006
Correlation of energy consumption to GDP
Energy consumption by fuel type
Key world energy statistics, IEA, 2006
Motivations Declining oil supply
Global warming
http://www.globalwarmingart.com/
Increased “greenhouse” gas emission - a contributor to global warming A natural evolution?
Raven et al, “Ocean Acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide”- Royal Society, London, 2005
Keeling curve
Other “greenhouse” gases • Also affect carbon, nitrogen, and other natural cycles
Solomon et al, Climate Change 2007: The Physical basis, Cambridge Univ. Press
Current sources of world energy supply
Global demand for oil: 76 million barrels/day (40,000 gallons/second)
Longevity of supply Seven countries account for 70% of the world’s conventional oil reserves
Holditch and Chianelli, 2008
Energy Content of various resources
• Motivation for a hydrogen economy? The Future of Coal: Options for a Carbon Constrained World, MIT Press, 2005
World Energy Resources and Availability
> Current world usage ~ 15 TWy
Potential (Technical and Economic) of energy sources
IPCC, Climate Change: 2007
Alternative Sources of Energy: I • OIL: Oil shales, Tar Sands (175 billion barrels?) (Issues with low permeability, geologic complexity, and high fluid viscosity): refer to the Resource Triangle, Masters, 1979. -Need new detection techniques and technologies (e.g., Electroseismic effects, between charges in pores and ions in solution) The pressure response of the matrix acoustic/seismic wave
• Coal, Natural gas • Hydrogen: Extraction (from natural gas and water, semiconductor based water splitting) and storage (liquefaction lowers energy by 30%, solid metal hydrides) are both issues - Open metal-organic/Nanoporous frameworks -Fuel Cells (60% efficiencies) - PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells), at < 80 oC - Phosphoric Acid electrolytes (up to 200 oC) - Solid Oxide (O2- ions are mobile species, YSZ, doped ceria etc., ~ 800 oC)
Alternative Sources of Energy: II • Solar: 1 hour of solar radiation 14 TWy (use of Solar concentrators, Photovoltaics – nanotechnology might help) CSI (California Solar Initiative) 3 GW of electricity by 2017 • Thermal: Thermoelectrics It has been theoretically shown that lower dimensional structures have larger thermoelectric efficiencies
• Biofuels: Ethanol, Biodiesel from fruits of oil bearing plants (e.g., Jatropha), Photosynthesis etc. – can create a carbon debt?
Alternative Sources of Energy: III •Earth: Volcanic vents, Geothermal (Needs high-temperature natural steam or steam/brine mixture ~ 250 oC; Need single/double flash-evaporation, Corrosion problems?, Deeper drilling up to 8 km to reach molten rock magma? current production: 6.8 TWhours)
• Wind: Worldwide 70 GW • Water: Hydropower (16% of total global electricity: 2800 TWhours currently, Potential: 200 GW, High construction costs, Innovations in Turbine design- Francis, Kaplan and Pelton, and materials), - Tidal energy (Wind-driven waves, Gravitational tidal ranges (~ 3 m), Thermal gradients, Salinity gradients, Marine currents) 600 GWh/year- La Rance, France, Potential: 500 GW
- Gas hydrates/clathrates • Nuclear: Fission: Worldwide 370 GW, France (78%), Japan (27%) – 30% higher cost? Fusion: ITER 1.5 GWe by ~ 2050
Alternative Utilization of Energy • Control of Global Warming – reduce CO2 emissions
• Carbon dioxide sequestration - Pre-combustion syngas (H2 + CO CO2 through water reaction) - Post –combustion (separate CO2 through chemical solvents, e.g., monoethanolamine - Combustion in pure Oxygen environment • Storage in deep geological formations and oceans? (> 350 - 3000 m clathrate formation) Meier et al, Energy Policy, 33, 1099, 2005
Alternative Utilization of Energy Promoting better Energy use and efficiency • Energy efficient buildings – “Super green” factories • High efficiency lighting sources, e.g., LEDs with 30% efficiency (W filament lamp ~ 5%, flourescent lamps ~ 15%)
• Better materials- HSLA alloys in automobiles, Integrate automotive bodies with frame • Hybrid engines
• Economics driven – subsidies, Carbon credits …
• Efficiency and Lifestyle (50- 50), Darmstadter, 1977
U.S. Energy Flow, 2002 (Quads)
P. Dehmer, DOE, September 2005
39% of primary energy goes toward electricity generation; 69% of that is lost energy. 80% of energy used in the transportation sector is lost energy. Overall, 58% of primary energy is lost energy.
Energy Flow Diagram – US (2006)
https://eed.llnl.gov
Energy Flow Diagram – India (2005)
