Energy Use Analysis
and Rebuild Michigan Energy Servi Energy Services
Introductory Energy Evaluation Village of Mackinaw City Mackinaw City, Michigan
Prepared by: Kevin B. Cook Energy Management Consultant G-ENERGY PO Box 848 Jenison MI 49429 (888) 829-1598 October 14, 2005
Energy Office Michigan Department of Labor & Economic Growth 611 W Ottawa, 4th Floor P.O. Box 30221 Lansing, MI 48909 Phone: (517) 241-8235 Fax: (517) 241-6229
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 3 Energy Use Analysis........................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1 - Energy Use Index (EUI) Benchmark ..................................................... 5 Figure 2 - Energy Cost Index (ECI) Benchmark .................................................... 6 Summary of Energy Conservation Opportunities............................................................... 7 Discussion of Energy Conservation Opportunities............................................................. 9 ECO # 1 : T8 Fluorescent Lighting (with electronic ballasts)............................... 9 ECO # 2 : Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs).................................................. 10 ECO # 3 : Fluorescent High Bay Light Fixtures ................................................. 10 ECO # 4 : Occupancy Sensors ............................................................................. 11 ECO # 5 : Decorative LED Lighting ................................................................... 11 ECO # 6 : Water Heater Tank and Pipe Insulation.............................................. 12 ECO # 7 : Water Heating System Replacement .................................................. 12 ECO # 8 : Water Conservation ............................................................................ 13 ECO # 9 : Programmable Thermostats ................................................................ 14 ECO # 10 : Boiler Reset Control ......................................................................... 14 ECO # 11 : Heating Pipe Insulation..................................................................... 14 ECO # 12 : Check Compressed Air System for Leaks ........................................ 15 ECO # 13 : Cogged V-Belts................................................................................. 15 ECO # 14 : Control Pop Machine Energy Use .................................................... 15 ECO # 15 : Drinking Fountain Timers ................................................................ 16 ECO # 16 : Washing Machine Replacement ....................................................... 16 ECO # 17 : Enable Computer Power-Down Feature ........................................... 17 ECO (Future) : ENERGY STAR Appliances, Computers & Office Equipment ..... 17 ECO (Future) : Premium Efficiency Motors ....................................................... 17 ECO (Future) : High Efficiency Boiler System................................................... 17 Appendix A: Energy Consumption Profiles ..................................................................... 19 Appendix B: List of 2005 Pre-Qualified Consultants....................................................... 25
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Executive Summary
On September 8, 2005, a site visit was made to the Village of Mackinaw City to identify opportunities for reducing energy cost and consumption. At each building, a visual inspection of mechanical equipment, HVAC systems, temperature controls and lighting was performed. Many thanks to Steve Schnell for coordinating site visits and providing utility data on very short notice. From the results of this Introductory Energy Evaluation (IEE), a Technical Energy Analysis (TEA) conducted by a qualified engineering firm is recommended as your next step. Some of the listed energy conservation opportunities (ECOs) like compact fluorescent lamps, water conservation measures, heating pipe and water heater insulation can be readily implemented by your maintenance staff. Replacing decorative incandescent lighting in trees along sidewalks with LED could also be handled by village maintenance crews. Other ECOs require a major investment and should be analyzed. Among major ECOs, T8 fluorescent lighting systems with occupancy sensor control (where appropriate) and heating system upgrades (programmable thermostats, boiler reset control) appear to be most cost-effective; a high efficiency water heating system at the Marina may also be cost-effective. A high efficiency boiler system for the Municipal Building would be cost-effective to include with the renovation design. A professional engineer can determine the cost, savings and payback for any number or combination of ECOs through a Comprehensive Technical Energy Analysis (CTEA). If a CTEA is beyond what you can pursue at this time, an individual ECO can be addressed through the Limited Component Technical Energy Analysis (LCTEA). Fifty-one consulting firms have been pre-qualified to perform Technical Energy Analyses under Rebuild Michigan. There is a cost for this phase of the program, which can vary depending on the consulting firm and type of analysis (CTEA or LCTEA). An RFP template (MS-Word format) is also available to help streamline the bidding process. You may want to request bids from 3-5 firms on the list. The State of Michigan Energy Office will review the TEA and provide feedback. Monitoring utility bills and troubleshooting are available services if savings are lower than expected after the project is completed. Rebuild Michigan can be a tremendous asset in helping you lower energy use and save money for the Village of Mackinaw City. NOTE: Appendix B contains a complete list of the consulting firms that have been pre-qualified
to participate in Rebuild Michigan.
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Energy Use Analysis
The total cost of energy over the past year at the (5) Village of Mackinaw City buildings included in this report was $117,804. Electricity accounted for 70% of the total cost at $82,227. Natural gas was responsible for the remaining 30% of the total at $35,577. Using monthly utility bills for the past year, the Energy Use Index (EUI) in Btu per square foot per year (Btu/sq.ft./year) was calculated for each building. Figure 1 on the next page graphs the EUI for each building compared to the average EUI for similar buildings in Michigan (shown in the next column). Energy use in Btu/sq.ft./year for each building is shown as the combined natural gas (yellow bar) and electricity energy use (blue bar). As shown in Figure 1, the high electricity consumption (blue bar) at the Wastewater Treatment Plant results in above average energy use overall. The high electricity use appears to be due to large pumps and motors and is not unusual for this type of facility. Electricity use at the Marina also caused the EUI to be above average; there is a lot of electricity use outside the building for lighting, pop/ice machines, docks/boat slips that gets factored into the EUI calculation. The Municipal Building EUI is above average due to high natural gas use due to space heating. The remaining buildings have relatively low energy use compared to average Michigan buildings. The Recreation Center EUI is well below average for that type of facility resulting from good HVAC design, an efficient chiller system for icemaking and use of T8 fluorescent lighting throughout the building. Figure 2 is a graph of the total energy cost per square foot per year ($/sq.ft./year), or Energy Cost Index (ECI). The high electricity consumption at the Wastewater Treatment Plant and Marina, as well as the high natural gas consumption at the Municipal Building, results in an above average cost per square foot for these buildings, as seen in Figure 2. The other buildings have equivalent or lower cost per square foot figures compared to the Michigan averages. NOTE: Appendix A contains individual energy consumption profiles for each building.
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Figure 1 - Energy Use Index (EUI) Benchmark
Energy Use Index (Btu/sq.ft./year)
350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 Average EUI for Similar Mich Building
100000 50000
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B
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M
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Electricity Series5 Natural Gas Series3
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0
Name of Building
Natural Gas Use (Btu / sq.ft. / year)
Municipal Building
0 96,492
Martin DPW Complex
Electricity Use Average EUI for Total EUI (Btu / sq.ft. / year) (Btu / sq.ft. / year) Similar MI Building
0 20,497
116,989
88 221 88,221
60,542
11,040
71,582
84,273
Recreation Center
48,619
23,285
71,904
225,901
Wastewater Treatment Plant
73,527
245,386
318,913
264,799
City Marina Building
42,612
91,527
134,139
88,221
0
0
0
88,221
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Figure 2 - Energy Cost Index (ECI) Benchmark
Energy Cost Index ($/sq.ft./year)
$6.00
$5.00
$4.00
$3.00
$2.00 Average ECI for Similar Mich Building
$1.00
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$0.00
Name of Building
Natural Gas Cost ($ / sq.ft. / year)
Municipal Building
$0 00 $0.86
Martin DPW Complex
$0.55
Recreation Center
Electricity Cost ($ / sq.ft. / year)
$0 00 $0.47
Average ECI for Total ECI ($ / sq.ft. / year) Similar MI Building
$1.33
$0.88
$0.33
$0.88
$0.80
$0.44
$0.67
$1.11
$2.23
Wastewater Treatment Plant
$0.72
$4.40
$5.12
$3.45
City Marina Building
$0.43
$2.64
$3.07
$0.88
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.88
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Summary of Energy Conservation Opportunities Energy Conservation Opportunity (ECO) 1) T8 Fluorescent Lighting (with electronic ballasts) Replace/retrofit standard T12 fluorescent light fixtures with T8 fluorescent fixtures. A minimum savings of 30% on lighting could be achieved. 2) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) Replace incandescent light bulbs / R-lamps with compact fluorescent lamps.
Applicable Building ECO Additional Benefits Municipal Bldg (partial) Improve visual acuity; often Wastewater Plant can increase lighting levels; Marina (partial) improve productivity. Municipal Building Recreation Center Wastewater Plant Marina (including dock
Reduce maintenance… CFLs outlast 4-12 incandescent lamps (depending on lamp).
fixtures and sidewalk fixtures)
3) Fluorescent High Bay Light Fixtures Replace metal halide lighting with fluorescent high bay light fixtures and control with occupancy sensors. 4) Occupancy Sensors Use occupancy sensors to control lighting. Rooms with irregular use, restrooms, storage areas and offices are usually the best possibilities. 5) Decorative LED Lighting Replace incandescent decorative lighting on trees throughout village with LED technology. 6) Water Heater Tank and Pipe Insulation Add insulation jacket to water heater tank and all accessible DHW pipes in the room where the water heater is located. 7) Water Heating System Replacement Replace water heating system with a modular water heating system -- a smaller high efficiency (85%+) boiler coupled with properly sized storage tank & coil. 8) Water Conservation Consider replacement of urinals with waterfree models for 100% savings on water/sewer use (public restrooms). Replace showerheads with 1.5-gpm units to reduce water flow by 30-40% and save on water/sewer and water heating costs. Replace faucet aerators with 1.0-gpm moderators to save at least 50%. 9) Programmable Thermostats Replace thermostats with programmable units to allow overnight setback… now operating at constant temperature 24 hours/day. 10) Boiler Reset Control Add a reset control to the boiler system to adjust the water temperature according to outdoor temperature.
Martin DPW Garage
Reduce maintenance; raise long-term light level.
All buildings
Village sidewalks
Reduce maintenance… LED lamps have life cycles in excess of 10 years.
All buildings
Marina
Increase recovery capacity and maintain efficiency over life of system.
Marina
Water heating system size can be reduced; shower quality often improved.
Martin DPW Complex Building temp can be raised to a comfort level before the Rec Center (partial) Marina first person arrives each day. Municipal Building
More even heating… improve comfort.
Continued on next page
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Energy Conservation Opportunity (ECO) 11) Heating Pipe Insulation Insulate all accessible heating pipes in basement of Municipal Building. 12) Check Compressed Air System for Leaks Repair leaks in compressed air system… studies have shown the average air leakage in facility-wide systems to be 25-30% of the total compressor output. 13) Cogged V-Belts Replace standard v-belts with cogged v-belts for HVAC air handlers and air compressors. 14) Control Pop Machine Energy Use Disconnect lamps and ballasts inside pop machine, or consider installing power controllers activated by occupancy sensors. 15) Drinking Fountain Timers Control plug-in drinking fountain operation with a 24-hour plug-in timer. 16) Washing Machine Replacement Replace top-loading washers with front-loaders to save 50-60% on laundry energy use. 17) Enable Computer Power-Down Feature Check your computers to make sure the power-down feature is activated. Specify new computer equipment with U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR rating. * ENERGY STAR Appliances, Computers, Office Equip. Be sure to specify new appliances, computers and office equipment with U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR rating. * Premium Efficiency Motors When replacing pump, air handler fan or other motors, be sure to specify premium efficiency motors… any additional cost will be recovered in energy savings. * High Efficiency Boiler System Consider replacement of boiler system with a high efficiency system.
Applicable Building ECO Additional Benefits Municipal Building
Martin DPW Garage
Extend equipment life.
Martin DPW Complex Recreation Center Wastewater Plant Marina Municipal Building Recreation Center Marina
Reduce pop machine cooling load; extend equipment life.
Municipal Building
Extend equipment life.
Marina
Use less detergent; extend laundry life (more gentle).
All computers
Extend equipment life.
All buildings
All buildings
Improve power quality.
Municipal Building
More even heating… improve comfort.
* ECO for future consideration when replacement is necessary… paybacks are generally longer for these measures.
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Discussion of Energy Conservation Opportunities
From information obtained during the walk-through, it is estimated that there is good potential for lowering both energy use and cost per square foot at each location. Lighting measures, programmable thermostats, a boiler reset control (Municipal Building) and many low-cost measures appear to offer cost-effective energy saving opportunities; a high efficiency domestic hot water system at the Marina might be cost-effective. A high efficiency boiler system for the Municipal Building would probably make sense at this point but, since that building is going to have an extensive renovation in the next five years, it would be best to incorporate the new heating system into the renovation. A qualified engineer can perform a Technical Energy Analysis to determine which measures would be most cost-effective for the Village of Mackinaw City; this would be especially valuable to integrate with the renovation designs for the Municipal Building. The individual ECOs from the Summary of Energy Conservation Opportunities are discussed below. From experience, the energy savings for most ECOs will pay for the implementation cost in less than six years… sometimes much less. ECOs involving major building improvements (windows, doors, wall insulation, etc.), sophisticated energy management systems or HVAC system replacements will generally require an engineering study to determine cost-effectiveness.
ECO # 1 : T8 Fluorescent Lighting (with electronic ballasts) T8 fluorescent lamps powered by electronic ballasts use 30-50% less energy than standard T12 fluorescent lamps. T8 fluorescents are a 1-inch diameter lamp compared to the 1½-inch diameter T12. They are available in common lengths but 4-foot T8s are most popular. Fixtures with 8-foot lamps can often be retrofitted with 4-foot lamps (installed end to end), which are more stable, less expensive and have a 33% longer service life than 8-foot lamps. In most cases, older fixtures are replaced with new high efficiency fixtures pre-wired with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts. But when existing fixtures are in good condition, it is possible to replace just the ballast(s) and lamps.
T12 Fluorescent Lamp
T8 Fluorescent Lamp
Besides energy efficiency, T8 fluorescent lighting provides higher quality illumination. Color rendition is better and there is no detectable flicker (often exhibited by standard fluorescent fixtures). As a result, visual acuity is improved. Studies have actually confirmed increased productivity under T8 lighting. At the Wastewater Treatment Plant, consider replacement of T12 fluorescent lighting with T8 fluorescent lighting. At the Municipal Building and Marina, consider finishing the lighting upgrades by replacing remaining T12 fluorescent lighting systems with T8 fluorescent lighting.
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ECO # 2 : Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) The compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is an energy efficient alternative to incandescent lighting. CFLs provide equivalent lighting, consume 75-80% less energy and last 5 to 15 times longer than incandescent lamps. At one time, the application of a CFL was somewhat limited… mainly the replacement of a 60-watt light bulb on a non-dimming circuit. Now there are many types of CFLs available for a wider variety of purposes. Improvements in ballast technology have enabled CFL use outdoors in cold weather and with dimmers, too (but only as specified). They’re also available in smaller sizes, and several shapes have been developed to provide more versatility. CFL design is modular or integral. Sometimes called a 2-piece CFL, the modular design has a separate lamp and screw-in ballast base. Only the lamp is replaced on burnout… the screw-in ballast base has a longer life and will usually last through five (or more) lamp changes.
Coiled CFL
Quad-lamp CFL
Flame-tip CFL
CFL Reflector Lamp
CFL A-Lamp
An integral CFL is a one-piece throwaway unit... the entire unit is replaced when it burns out. Since there is very little up-front cost difference between integral and modular CFLs, the modular design is more cost-effective because new lamps run 50-90% less than the cost to replace the entire CFL unit. For most applications, therefore, the modular CFL design is recommended. At all village buildings, consider using compact fluorescent lamps to replace incandescent lighting. This has been started at several locations and should be implemented village-wide.
ECO # 3 : Fluorescent High Bay Light Fixtures
6-lamp T8 Fluorescent High Bay Fixture
Large spaces with high ceilings like garages and warehouses are best lit with high bay light fixtures. A high bay fixture delivers a bright concentrated light beam and is recommended for mounting heights over 20-feet. Below this height, glare and shadows may result. Low bay fixtures provide more diffuse, even lighting… a better choice for mounting heights under 20-feet. High bay fluorescent fixtures have been recently introduced offering some advantages over metal halide fixtures. Both compact fluorescent and T8 fluorescent technology are available in a number of multiple-lamp fixtures that use less energy and allow more lighting control strategies than metal halide. Fluorescent fixtures operate very effectively with
8-lamp Compact Fluorescent High Bay
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occupancy sensors and do not have the restrike delay common with metal halide and other HID fixtures. They maintain light output and color rendition much better, too. The versatility and energy savings achievable with the new fluorescent systems make this option an excellent choice. At the garage building at the Martin DPW Complex, consider replacing the metal halide lighting with one of the alternatives listed above. To optimize energy savings, look into utilizing occupancy sensors for lighting control (see next page).
ECO # 4 : Occupancy Sensors Lighting can be controlled by occupancy sensors and allow operation whenever someone is within the area being scanned. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned... doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned.
Passive Infrared Occupancy Sensor (replaces wall switch)
Microphonic sensors detect sound and can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. BUILDING AREA
SAVINGS
Private Offices
25 to 50%
Open Offices
20 to 25%
Rest Rooms
30 to 75%
Corridors
30 to 40%
Storage Areas
45 to 65%
Conference Rooms
45 to 65%
Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and microphonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. The ideal use for occupancy sensors is an area where lighting is often left on after the last person has left the area. The table on the left provides typical savings achievable for specific building areas, as determined by EPA studies. The average savings produced by occupancy sensors, according to the EPA, is 60%.
Consider the use of occupancy sensors to control lighting. Rooms with lights controlled by a single switch can be retrofit with a wall switch occupancy sensor. Rooms that have multiple switches can have the lighting circuit controlled by an occupancy sensor to allow continued use of switches for preferred lighting level. Any rooms with irregular use, restrooms, storage areas and offices are usually the best possibilities. You may have to experiment with several types of sensors at several different room locations to find the best fit for your situation. A qualified lighting engineer can help determine the best occupancy sensor solution for your buildings.
ECO # 5 : Decorative LED Lighting The development of light emitting diodes (LEDs) has allowed the replacement of certain incandescent lighting with a much more energy efficient option. LEDs can produce equivalent lighting to that of incandescent lamps while consuming a fraction of the electricity. A major Rebuild Michigan 11
Decorative LED Lighting
benefit is the 20-year life cycle rating of LEDs… use of this product virtually eliminates lamp replacement, reducing maintenance requirements. Until recently, LED lighting was only available in a few colors for limited applications such as exit signs, traffic signal lights, and signs. There are now many LED products available in a wide variety of shapes and colors. Strings of decorative LED lights are being used both indoors and outdoors for christmas trees, landscaping, and other applications. They offer tremendous savings… LEDs use only 2-watts per string (75% less energy than even one of the typical decorative incandescent lamps). At Mackinaw City, consider replacing decorative incandescent lighting in trees along sidewalks with strings of decorative LED lighting.
ECO # 6 : Water Heater Tank and Pipe Insulation A water heater keeps water continually heated to a specific, set temperature. As the water loses heat through the tank walls during periods of non-use, the burner or heating element has to reheat the water. An insulation jacket will reduce the heat loss and, as a result, the energy required to maintain the hot water temperature… the water heater will not need to cycle as often. The insulation jacket enables the heater to bring the water up to temperature quicker, too, saving additional energy. During periods of non-use, the heated water will rise to the top of the tank. The pipes can actually draw heat out of the tank, like a wick, and should be insulated. The first ten feet of hot and cold piping, if accessible, should be wrapped. If the water heating system is located in an unconditioned (cold) area, all accessible piping should be insulated.
Pipe Insulation
Water Heater Insulation Jacket
At Mackinaw City buildings, wrap the water heater tanks with insulation jackets and add insulation to all accessible pipes within ten feet of the water heaters.
ECO # 7 : Water Heating System Replacement A modular water heating system is made up of several components, as shown below. A high efficiency boiler is utilized to heat the water, increasing efficiency by more than 30% over conventional water heaters. Separating the storage tank from the boiler offers several advantages. The heating coil is located inside the storage tank, so more evenly heated water is produced; with a conventional system, the burner is located below the tank, which can cause temperature stratification (uneven heating). Rebuild Michigan 12
Conventional water heaters lose up to 25% efficiency over time as sediment builds up on the bottom of the tank... the burner has to fire longer to heat the water. This also diminishes its capacity (gallons of hot water readily available), since it can no longer heat water as fast. With a modular water heating system, the coil inside the tank and above the sediment build-up can heat a large volume of water very quickly. Routine maintenance can sustain efficiency over its life. At the Marina, consider replacing the water heating system with a modular water heating system, using small high efficiency (85%+) boiler coupled with a properly sized storage tank and coil.
Domestic Hot Water Storage Tank
High Efficiency Boiler
ECO # 8 : Water Conservation Waterfree Urinals Urinals have been developed that utilize a specialized cartridge system that eliminates the need for water flushing. This type of fixture can replace a standard urinal saving 100% of existing water use and the water/sewer costs associated with it. The removable cartridge needs to be replaced every 7,000 uses or usually 2-4 times per year in most school buildings. Measured typical savings have been up to 40,000 gallons of water per year per fixture. Consultation with manufacturers as to the application of this technology for Mackinaw City public restrooms is recommended. Water Saving Showerheads (1.5-gallons per minute) Water saving showerheads using just 1.5-gallons per minute (gpm) can often reduce shower water consumption by over 50%. Studies show that even a 0.25-gpm reduction is cost-effective to implement in most cases. The best units reduce water flow but increase water velocity to produce a sufficient spray. Acceptance and satisfaction is high with premium-grade water saving showerheads. Consider this option at the Recreation Center. Faucet Moderators (1.0-gallon per minute) Faucet moderators can reduce water use through faucets substantially for a water/sewer cost savings. In the case of hot water, an energy savings can be achieved, too. Good moderators maintain adequate pressure and the effect of a full stream of water while reducing the flow rate (a 50-75% reduction is possible). They are easily installed and cost about $3 each. Consider this measure for all bathroom faucets.
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ECO # 9 : Programmable Thermostats The recommended heating temperature for most building areas is 68oF during occupied hours and 55oF when unoccupied. Cooler levels are often possible in storage areas, entries and hallways. Generally speaking, you should try to keep the temperature at the lowest possible setpoint while still maintaining comfort for occupants. A common misconception is that a heating system runs longer after a temperature setback and cancels out the energy saved during the setback period. The graphic illustrates the savings potential for a facility with a 65oF to 55oF setback during unoccupied hours. Energy use is higher during the boost period (see graphic), but it only offsets the energy saved during the coast period. Overall, a net savings is achieved, as shown. At the Martin DPW Complex, the Marina and Recreation Center (some), consider replacement of standard thermostats with programmable ones to perform automatic temperature resets during unoccupied building hours.
ECO # 10 : Boiler Reset Control Boiler systems commonly maintain a fixed supply water temperature (usually 180oF) and pump this hot water to the building areas where thermostats are calling for heat. The water temperature is higher than necessary most of the time, but is kept at this level to be able to heat the building comfortably on the coldest days of the year. This practice is inefficient since buildings can often be heated with lower temperature water more than 80% of the time. A boiler reset control monitors outdoor conditions and sets the water temperature to the lowest level required to heat the building, saving significant energy. At the Municipal Building consider adding reset control to the boiler system.
ECO # 11 : Heating Pipe Insulation When uninsulated heating pipes run through unconditioned areas, the heat loss can be substantial. The load on the heating system is increased, the energy consumed for heating is also increased, and some areas of the building may be difficult to heat comfortably. The amount of heat loss is proportional to the temperature difference between the hot water or steam in the pipes and the air surrounding the pipes, but the pipes should always be insulated regardless of location.
Fiberglass pipe wrap
Closed cell foam pipe insulation
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Pipe insulation is commonly available in pre-formed foam tubes or high-density fiberglass that fits over the pipe; a 1" insulation thickness is normally adequate for hot water pipes, while steam pipe insulation should be 2" thick. The heating pipes in the basement of the Municipal Building should be insulated.
ECO # 12 : Check Compressed Air System for Leaks Compressed air systems are notorious for developing leaks. Studies have shown the average air leakage in facility-wide systems to be 25-30% of the total compressor output. Air leaks cause the compressor to operate more frequently to maintain pressure (and waste energy in the process). A compressed air system inspection utilizing an ultrasonic detector can be effective in finding leaks, generally located at connections such as regulators, flanges and quick-connects. Repairing the leaks will produce an energy savings… often a substantial energy savings if the system has not been inspected in several years. This would make sense at the Martin DPW Garage.
ECO # 13 : Cogged V-Belts Motors and belts are commonly utilized for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and air compressors. One of the natural inefficiencies in these systems is the slip that occurs between a standard v-belt and the sheaves on which it is mounted. This reduces power transmission from the motor to the equipment being driven. Studies show that replacing standard v-belts with cogged v-belts can reduce slip and improve system efficiency by as much as 8%. Cogged v-belts cost a little more than standard v-belts but they also have longer life cycles, which more than offsets the extra cost. The energy savings produced by improved system efficiency often pay for the cost of installing cogged v-belts in a matter of months.
Cogged V-Belt
At most buildings, you should consider replacement of standard v-belts with cogged v-belts on HVAC system air handlers and air compressors.
ECO # 14 : Control Pop Machine Energy Use Refrigerated pop machines operate 24 hours/day, often with display lighting operating continuously. The lighting produces heat which adds to the load on the compressor, increasing refrigeration cost. Disconnecting the ballast and lamps can save over $75 per year! During periods the building is unoccupied, a pop machine can be turned off. With an operating cost greater than that of a large refrigerator, the savings potential for turning it off whenever possible is significant. There is now a power controller available that is activated by an occupancy sensor that will shut the machine down when the area is unoccupied. The Vending Rebuild Michigan 15
Miser (shown on left) will not shut the machine down while the compressor is cycling, which can be harmful, and is approved by several of the major soft drink companies. Plug-in Power Controller
Occupancy Sensor
NOTE: You should consult vendor before implementing this measure.
ECO # 15 : Drinking Fountain Timers Drinking fountains are often refrigerated types that keep chilled water available on a continuous basis. Much of the time, these units can be modified to save energy consumed by the compressor to refrigerate the water. Overnight or during periods the building is unoccupied, the drinking fountain can be turned off (chilling of water during winter months is often unnecessary, too). Because a drinking fountain can cost as much to operate as a small refrigerator over the course of one year, the savings potential for turning it off when possible makes this measure worth consideration, especially if your facility has several units. Short of shutting off power to the drinking fountain permanently, the best option is to install a timer to control hours of operation to coincide with building hours. An inexpensive 24-hour plug-in timer can be installed if a drinking fountain is the plug-in type. (For wired drinking fountains, individual timers have to be wired into each unit… usually, the savings will not justify the cost). At the Municipal Building, control the plug-in drinking fountain with a 24-hour plug-in timer.
Control with Plug-In Timer
24-hour Plug-In Timer
ECO # 16 : Washing Machine Replacement A front loading washing machine offers a lot of advantages over a top loading machine and can provide both water and energy savings. Front loaders can cut water use in half because the tumble-action cleaning process of lifting and dropping clothes requires less water than a top loader’s swirling/agitation method. They use 50-60% less energy than top loaders, too… since less water is needed, water heating is reduced. Plus, they spin-dry wet clothing at a much faster speed (extracting more moisture), so the dryer can finish the job quicker. Besides energy and water savings, front loaders provide a couple of other benefits. Lower water use means less detergent is needed and, since tumble-action cleaning is a more gentle cleaning system than swirling and agitation, clothing and linens last longer with front loaders.
Front Loading Horizontal-Axis Washing Machine
At the Marina, look into replacing the top-loading washing machines with front loaders. Rebuild Michigan 16
ECO # 17 : Enable Computer Power-Down Feature The majority of computers manufactured in the past five years have power-down or sleep mode capability, which will initiate after a certain period of inactivity. A computer in sleep mode uses 70% less electricity than computers without power management, so the savings can be substantial. All computers purchased in the last five years should be checked for this feature and activated… sleep mode may need to be turned on if a computer has this option. When purchasing computer equipment, the U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR standards should be specified. Upon delivery of the equipment, the power-down feature should be activated.
ECO (Future) : ENERGY STAR Appliances, Computers & Office Equipment Energy costs associated with electrical plug loads should be minimized where possible. Plug loads are electrical devices plugged into the building’s electrical system and generally include things like appliances, computers, printers, and office equipment such as fax machines and copiers. When purchasing appliances, computers and office equipment, the U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR standards should be specified. Manufacturers are required to meet certain energy efficiency criteria before they can label a product with the ENERGY STAR emblem, so these products represent your best energy saving value.
ECO (Future) : Premium Efficiency Motors Using better quality steel, larger conductors with lower electrical resistance, improved bearings and low-loss fan designs, the new premium efficiency motors can save up to 10% over standard models. If existing motors are old or poorly maintained (or both), the savings can be greater. Motors need to be properly sized for maximum efficiency. When considering replacement, it is important to make sure that the new motor is sized correctly for the job. A motor that is too large for the task at hand will be inefficient and more costly to operate. Finally, premium efficiency motors have higher power factors. This is especially important when trying to prevent penalty charges (due to low power factor) from being assessed on your electric bill. Correcting power factor is also an easier task when equipment, like a premium efficiency motor, has a higher rating to begin with. When replacing pump, air handler fan or other motors, be sure to specify premium efficiency motors. Any additional expense will be recovered quickly in energy savings.
ECO (Future) : High Efficiency Boiler System Older boilers have seasonal efficiencies of 55-60%... of the fuel burned, 55-60% is converted to space heat and 40-45% is lost up the chimney. Improvements to burners, heat exchangers and controls have pushed efficiencies above 85% on the new high efficiency boilers. Sealed, pulse combustion boilers have been rated above 90%. Substantial savings can be achieved by replacing older boilers with the high efficiency systems now available.
Rebuild Michigan 17
Boiler systems operate most efficiently under full-load… when system heating capacity is equal to the building heating load and, as a result, it must fire continuously to maintain temperature. But, because boilers are typically sized big enough to be able to heat buildings on the very coldest day of the year, full-load conditions rarely ever occur. As the chart shows, the heating load is regularly 60% (or less) of the boiler’s heating capacity, which significantly decreases system efficiency.
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
Heating Load as a Percentage of Boiler Heating Capacity (Annual profile for typical heating system operation)
A modular boiler system consists of a series of smaller boilers that operate on demand. Utilizing an electronic controller, the boilers are staged to fire as necessary to meet the changing heating load of the building. Generally, modular systems provide a quicker response to heating needs and less standby loss during unoccupied building hours. Some of the newer, larger boilers can achieve the same effect with modulation controls, which automatically adjust the boiler heating capacity (down to 20% of rated capacity) depending on heating load conditions. Modular and modulated boiler systems maximize energy savings when high efficiency equipment is used. When designing the renovations for the Municipal Building, consider a high efficiency system controlled by an appropriate boiler energy management system. Any additional expense will be recovered quickly in energy savings.
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Appendix A: Energy Consumption Profiles
Municipal Building……….page 20 Martin DPW Complex……….page 21 Recreation Center……….page 22 Wastewater Treatment Plant……….page 23 City Marina……….page 24 BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx
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Mackinaw City Municipal Building
Building Area:
9,480
102 South Huron, Mackinaw City MI 49701
square feet
Consumption Cost
6000
$500 $450 $400 $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0
Consumption (kWh)
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Jan-05
Feb-05
0
Cost
Electricity Consumption Profile
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
$1,600 $1,400 $1,200
$800
Cost
$1,000
$600 $400 $200
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
Consumption (CCF)
Consumption Cost
kWh 5,641 4,880 4,983 4,308 4,204 4,610 5,685 5,116 4,607 4,046 3,439 5,413 56,932
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $433 $401 $380 $352 $329 $370 $414 $391 $393 $321 $284 $401 $4,469
$0.47 per sq.ft./yr. 20,497 BTU/sq.ft. $0.078 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
1,748 1,471 1,343 996 838 44 199 176 232 242 364 1,228 8,881
$1,515 $1,277 $1,167 $1,006 $850 $64 $229 $186 $211 $221 $327 $1,069 $8,122
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.86 per sq.ft./yr. 96,492 BTU/sq.ft. $0.915 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $12,591 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $1.33 Combined EUI = 116,989
Building Type: Administration Bldg Age / Year Built: 1936 Windows: Single & doublepane DHW: 100-gal nat gas water heater
Heating: Hot water boiler (1965), unit heater Cooling: Rooftop DX Distribution: Air handler, baseboard radiators Temp Control: Standard thermostats
Interior Lighting: T8 & T12 fluorescent, CFLs Exterior Lighting: Metal halide, HP sodium Other: Computers, office equipment
Rebuild Michigan 20
Martin DPW Complex
Building Area:
6,892
1100 Valley, Mackinaw City 49701
square feet
Electricity Consumption Profile Consumption Cost
$300
2500
$250
2000
$200
1500
$150
1000
$100
500
$50
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Jan-05
Mar-05
$0
Feb-05
0
Cost
Consumption (kWh)
3000
1800 1600
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
$1,400 $1,200 $1,000
1200 1000
$800
800
$600
600
$400
400
$200
200
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
Cost
Consumption (CCF)
1400
kWh 2,455 2,695 2,209 1,652 1,555 1,437 1,789 1,475 1,470 1,331 1,718 2,508 22,294
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile Consumption Cost
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $252 $276 $222 $168 $156 $145 $179 $149 $151 $138 $176 $253 $2,265
$0.33 per sq.ft./yr. 11,040 BTU/sq.ft. $0.102 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
771 596 554 115 317 97 11 5 8 4 42 1,531 4,051
$692 $541 $428 $129 $348 $136 $52 $32 $41 $28 $66 $1,304 $3,797
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.55 per sq.ft./yr. 60,542 BTU/sq.ft. $0.937 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $6,062 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $0.88 Combined EUI = 71,582
Building Type: Office, Garage Age / Year Built: 1960's Windows: Single & doublepane DHW: 80-gal nat gas, 6-gal elec
Heating: High eff furnace, unit heater, IR heaters Interior Lighting: T8 fluorescent (office), Cooling: Central DX (office only) metal halide (garage) Distribution: Furnace AHU, unit heater, radiant IR Exterior Lighting: Metal halide, HP sodium Temp Control: Standard thermostats Other: Computer, ofc equip, air compressor
Rebuild Michigan 21
Mackinaw City Recreation Center
Building Area:
34,504
507 West Central Avenue, Mackinaw City MI 49701
square feet
Electricity Consumption Profile Consumption Cost
$4,000
35000
$3,500
30000
$3,000
25000
$2,500
20000
$2,000
15000
$1,500
10000
$1,000
5000
Cost
Consumption (kWh)
40000
$500
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
Consumption Cost
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
$2,500 $2,000
2000 $1,500 1500 $1,000 1000 $500
500
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
Cost
Consumption (CCF)
2500
kWh 34,200 37,800 27,400 7,600 6,400 8,000 5,600 4,600 5,600 25,800 34,600 37,800 235,400
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile 3000
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $3,424 $3,785 $2,675 $746 $618 $773 $546 $449 $557 $2,539 $3,405 $3,716 $23,233
$0.67 per sq.ft./yr. 23,285 BTU/sq.ft. $0.099 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
2,557 2,677 2,435 2,063 768 953 144 260 401 414 1,236 2,379 16,287
$2,224 $2,327 $2,119 $2,083 $797 $987 $414 $276 $386 $383 $1,102 $2,071 $15,169
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.44 per sq.ft./yr. 48,619 BTU/sq.ft. $0.931 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $38,402 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $1.11 Combined EUI = 71,904
Building Type: Ice Arena Age / Year Built: 2000 Windows: Doublepane DHW: (2) 100-gal ngas, 30-gal elec
Heating: High eff furnace, IR heaters, std furnace Interior Lighting: T8 fluorescent (majority), Icemaking: Chiller system - (4) recip compr some incandescent Distribution: Furnace AHUs, radiant IR Exterior Lighting: Metal halide, HP sodium Temp Control: Standard & programmable stats Other: Mechanical dehumidifier, Zamboni
Rebuild Michigan 22
Mackinaw City Wastewater Treatment Plant
Building Area:
9,642
8636 Trails End Road, Mackinaw City MI 49701
square feet
Consumption Cost
100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0
$6,000 $5,000
$3,000
Cost
$4,000
$2,000 $1,000
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
Consumption (kWh)
Electricity Consumption Profile
Consumption Cost
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
1200
$1,200
1000
$1,000
800
$800
600
$600
400
$400
200
$200
Cost
Consumption (CCF)
$1,400
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
kWh 64,287 33,264 38,284 33,534 47,748 69,634 87,183 71,667 56,975 68,889 80,312 41,459 693,236
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile 1400
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $3,868 $1,250 $2,573 $2,335 $2,910 $3,963 $5,277 $4,436 $3,446 $4,567 $4,974 $2,846 $42,445
$4.40 per sq.ft./yr. 245,386 BTU/sq.ft. $0.061 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
1,313 1,186 1,264 1,005 803 245 51 34 189 163 271 359 6,883
$1,202 $1,090 $1,155 $1,071 $877 $283 $113 $76 $204 $193 $282 $357 $6,903
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.72 per sq.ft./yr. 73,527 BTU/sq.ft. $1.003 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $49,348 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $5.12 Combined EUI = 318,913
Building Type: Wastewater Plant Age / Year Built: 1960's Windows: Singlepane DHW: 50-gal nat gas water heater
Heating: Standard eff furnaces, unit heater Cooling: none Distribution: Furnace AHUs Temp Control: Standard & programmable stats
Interior Lighting: T12 fluorescent (majority), some incandescent Exterior Lighting: High pressure sodium Other: Large pumps & motors (7hp to 10hp)
Rebuild Michigan 23
Mackinaw City Marina
Building Area:
3,720
107 South Huron, Mackinaw City MI 49701
square feet
Electricity Consumption Profile Consumption Cost
$1,400
12000
$1,200
10000
$1,000
8000
$800
6000
$600
4000
$400
2000
$200
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
Cost
Consumption (kWh)
14000
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
Consumption Cost
$450
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
$0
Aug-05
$50
0
Jul-05
$100
50
Jun-05
$150
100
May-05
$200
150
Apr-05
$250
200
Mar-05
$300
250
Feb-05
$350
300
Cost
$400
350
Jan-05
Consumption (CCF)
400
kWh 9,520 7,840 8,240 7,680 3,520 6,880 13,200 12,560 13,200 5,920 3,120 8,080 99,760
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile 450
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $958 $790 $810 $754 $343 $665 $1,279 $1,213 $1,302 $588 $313 $800 $9,815
$2.64 per sq.ft./yr. 91,527 BTU/sq.ft. $0.098 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
0 0 0 152 24 216 264 368 391 124 0 0 1,539
$0 $0 $0 $166 $40 $235 $297 $382 $345 $121 $0 $0 $1,586
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.43 per sq.ft./yr. 42,612 BTU/sq.ft. $1.031 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $11,401 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $3.06 Combined EUI = 134,139
Building Type: Marina Building Heating: (3) high eff furnaces, elec wall heater Age / Year Built: 1970 Cooling: (3) central DX Windows: Doublepane Distribution: Furnace AHUs DHW: (2) 100-gal ngas water heaters Temp Control: Standard thermostats
Interior Lighting: T8 (most), T12 fluorescent, some incandescent Exterior Lighting: MH, HPS, CFL, incand Other: Laundry equip, ice & pop machines
Rebuild Michigan 24
Appendix B: List of 2005 Pre-Qualified Consultants
The purpose of this list is to assist you in identifying consulting firms that are pre-qualified to participate in Rebuild Michigan. Only consulting firms from this list can be hired to perform Technical Energy Analyses under Rebuild Michigan.
Ameresco Ken Chard 2350 Green Rd St 178 Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Phone: (734) 213-6205 FAX: (734) 213-6242 E-mail: [email protected]
Applied Energy Management Margaret Selig PO BOX 189 Stockbridge, MA 01262 Phone: (704) 892-4442 FAX: (704) 892-5907 E-mail: [email protected]
ATI Group Michael Wacyk 3419 Pierson Place Flushing, MI 48433 Phone: (810) 230-6202 FAX: (810) 230-6208 E-mail: [email protected]
Ayers, Lewis, Norms & May Christopher Victory 3959 Research Park Dr Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Phone: (313) 761-1010 FAX: (734) 761-1200 E-mail: [email protected]
BCF Engineering, Inc. Wladimir Boldyreff 1600 Gratiot Blvd., Suite 9 Marysville, MI 48040 Phone: (810) 364-4120 FAX: (810) 364-7827 E-mail: [email protected]
BETA Design Group Gary Carlson 70 Ionia Ave, Ste 400 Grand Rapids, MI 49503 Phone: (616) 235-6270 FAX: (616) 235-6393 E-mail: [email protected]
Building Automation Systems & Services Rick Suarez 6260 18 1/2 Mile Road Sterling Heights, MI 48314 Phone: (586) 799-5225 FAX: (586) 731-6496 E-mail: [email protected]
Byce & Associates, Inc. Scott Thompson P. O. Box 50866 487 Portage St Kalamazoo, MI 49005-0866 Phone: (269) 381-6170 FAX: (269) 381-6176 E-mail: [email protected]
Chevron Energy Services, Inc. Bill Harper 202 E. Washington; Suite 606 Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Phone: (734) 213-0996 FAX: (734) 213-0997 E-mail: [email protected]
Clark-Trombley-Randers Mark Demana 6105 W. St. Joseph Suite 200 Lansing, MI 48917 Phone: (517) 886-0550 FAX: (517) 886-0003 E-mail: [email protected]
Rebuild Michigan 25
Coffman Electrical Greg Mulder 3300 Jefferson Grand Rapids, MI 49548 Phone: (616) 452-8708 FAX: (616) 452-1337 E-mail: [email protected]
Comfort Systems USA Ron Stalica 512 Hartfield Drive Grand Rapids, MI 49546 Phone: (231) 250-3986 FAX: (616) 940-2588 E-mail: [email protected]
Comprehensive Engineering Russ Nichols 4653 Plainfield Grand Rapids, MI 49525 Phone: (616) 365-9933 FAX: (616) 365-9937 E-mail: [email protected]
Consumers Energy John Bush PO BOX 201 Grand Rapids, MI 49548 Phone: (616) 530-4462 FAX: (616) 530-4040 E-mail: [email protected]
Consumers Energy - ES Services Mark Paschke 13138 Speckledwood DeWitt, MI Phone: (810) 236-2357 FAX: E-mail: [email protected]
DesignWorks AE Paul Rozeboom 648 Monroe Ave, NW Suite 210 Grand Rapids, MI 49503 Phone: (616) 454-9414 FAX: (616) 454-9415 E-mail: [email protected]
DiClemente Siegel Design Inc Nathaniel Stalker 28105 Greenfield Rd Southfield, MI 48076 Phone: (248) 569-1430 FAX: (248) 569-0096 E-mail: [email protected]
DTE Energy Gerald Polk 2000 Second Avenue 1260WCB Detroit, MI 48226-1279 Phone: (313) 235-7108 FAX: (313) 235-7105 E-mail: [email protected]
Energy Systems Group Mary Ann Gangi 4767 Kenicott Trail Brighton, MI 48114 Phone: (586) 484-4160 FAX: (810) 844-2121 E-mail: [email protected]
Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr & Huber Tom Bauer 1515 Arboretum Drive, SE Grand Rapids, MI 49546 Phone: (616) 464-3846 FAX: (616) 464-3999 E-mail: [email protected]
Havel Bros, an EMCOR Co. Tim Kerkstra 8233 Neptune,Suite 1 Kalamazoo, MI 49009 Phone: (269) 344-9646 FAX: (269) 344-3621 E-mail: [email protected]
Honeywell, Inc. Dennis Pudell 49116 Wixom Tech Drive Wixom, MI 48393 Phone: (248) 926-5009 FAX: (248) 926-5031 E-mail: [email protected]
Innovative Energy Solutions Steven Gillette 12972 Laird Rd Brooklyn, MI 48013 Phone: (517) 467-4226 FAX: (517) 467-9226 E-mail:
Integrated Design Solutions Bruce Snyder 888 W. Big Beaver Rd Suite 200 Troy, MI 48084 Phone: (248) 823-2100 FAX: (248) 823-2200 E-mail: [email protected]
Rebuild Michigan 26
Integrated Designs, Inc. Steve Boettcher 1021 W. Baraga Avenue Marquette, MI 49855 Phone: (906) 228-4480 FAX: (906) 228-7524 E-mail: [email protected]
Johnson Controls, Inc. William Witchell 210 Church Street St. Johns, MI 48879 Phone: (989) 224-4475 FAX: (989) 759-4475 E-mail: [email protected]
KDS Energy Harry Indig 6635 Cottonwood Knoll Court West Bloomfield, MI 48322 Phone: (248) 842-5501 FAX: (248) 855-4970 E-mail: [email protected]
Kelly - Tinker Architects Robert Tinker 321 S Main St Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Phone: (734) 665-1400 FAX: (734) 665-4600 E-mail: [email protected]
Kingscott Associates, Inc. Ghassan Ghareeb 229 E. Michigan Ave, Suite 335 Kalamazoo, MI 49007-6403 Phone: (269) 381-4880 FAX: (269) 381-9110 E-mail: [email protected]
Manyam Group Praveen Manyam 512 N Franklin St Frankenmuth, MI 48734 Phone: (989) 652-3030 FAX: (989) 652-6879 E-mail: [email protected]
MS Consulting Engineers Steve Metti 377535 Enterprise Ct. Suite 100 Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: (248) 488-9822 FAX: (248) 488-9811 E-mail: [email protected]
Nelson Trane Matt Flanigan 5335 Hill 23 Dr Flint, MI 48377 Phone: (810) 767-7800 FAX: (810) 767-9058 E-mail: [email protected]
Peter Basso and Associates Inc. Jeffrey Czarniecki 5145 Livernois,Suite 100 Troy, MI 48098 Phone: (248) 879-5666 FAX: (248) 879-0007 E-mail: [email protected]
Process Results, Inc. Jay Russell 201 S. Ann Arbor Street Saline, MI 48176 Phone: (734) 429-8900 FAX: (734) 429-8901 E-mail: [email protected]
Rapid Electric Ron Lindberg 2205 N. 19th Street Escanaba, MI 49829 Phone: (906) 786-4600 FAX: (906) 786-4972 E-mail: [email protected]
Retro-Tech Systems, Inc. Joe Belda 4087 West Knoll Drive Milford, MI 48380 Phone: (810) 220-0046 FAX: E-mail: [email protected]
Rhoades Engineering Stephen Bizon 1751 Barlow Street Traverse City, MI 49686 Phone: (231) 947-1707 FAX: (231) 947-1710 E-mail: [email protected]
RLW Analytics, Inc. David Duda 2 Hyde Rd. Clarklake, MI 49234 Phone: (517) 529-6277 FAX: E-mail: [email protected]
Rebuild Michigan 27
S&S Engineering Inc. Sumit Ray 2924 Briarcliff Street Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Phone: (734) 274-1905 FAX: (734) 996-8779 E-mail: [email protected]
Siemens Building Technologies Steve Barlow 31623 Industrial Road Livonia, MI 48150 Phone: (734) 751-4626 FAX: (866) 815-0749 E-mail: [email protected]
Technical Energy Solutions Don Nelson 8595 Byron Commerce Dr Byron Center, MI 49315 Phone: (616) 583-6000 FAX: (616) 583-6006 E-mail: [email protected]
Testing Eng. & Cons., Inc. Tom Rozman 1333 Rochester Road Troy, MI 48099 Phone: (248) 588-6200 FAX: (249) 585-9519 E-mail: [email protected]
TMP Associates Ken Jenkins 1191 W. Square Lake Road Bloomfield Hills, MI 48303 Phone: (248) 338-4561 FAX: (248) 253-1783 E-mail: [email protected]
Tower Pinkster Titus Associates Barry Lilly 678 Front St, Ste 255 Grand Rapids, MI 49504 Phone: (616) 456-9944 FAX: (616) 456-5936 E-mail: [email protected]
Trane Company Robert DeBoer 3353 Lousma Drive Grand Rapids, MI 49548 Phone: (616) 475-4476 FAX: (616) 243-8791 E-mail: [email protected]
U.P. Engineers & Architects, Inc. Karl Homburg 100 Portage Street Houghton, MI 49931 Phone: (906) 482-4810 FAX: (906) 482-9799 E-mail: [email protected]
Urban Options Aileen Gow 405 Grove St East Lansing, MI 48823 Phone: (517) 337-0422 FAX: (517) 337-0437 E-mail: [email protected]
Villa Environmental Consultants Richard Villa PO BOX 1311 408 W Main St. Benton Harbor, MI 49023-1311 Phone: (269) 927-2434 FAX: (269) 927-2435 E-mail: [email protected]
Wakely Associates Steve Catrell 131 S. Main Street Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858 Phone: (989) 773-9945 FAX: (989) 773-6157 E-mail: [email protected]
WES Corporation David Woltz 2418 Graystone Drive Okemos, MI 48864 Phone: (517) 347-3668 FAX: E-mail:
Wilcox Professional Services, LLC Lane Bentsen 5859 Sherman Road Saginaw, MI 48604 Phone: (989) 752-6500 FAX: (989) 752-6600 E-mail: [email protected]
Rebuild Michigan 28
Introductory Energy Evaluation Village of Mackinaw City Mackinaw City, Michigan
Prepared by: Kevin B. Cook Energy Management Consultant G-ENERGY PO Box 848 Jenison MI 49429 (888) 829-1598 October 14, 2005
Energy Office Michigan Department of Labor & Economic Growth 611 W Ottawa, 4th Floor P.O. Box 30221 Lansing, MI 48909 Phone: (517) 241-8235 Fax: (517) 241-6229
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 3 Energy Use Analysis........................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1 - Energy Use Index (EUI) Benchmark ..................................................... 5 Figure 2 - Energy Cost Index (ECI) Benchmark .................................................... 6 Summary of Energy Conservation Opportunities............................................................... 7 Discussion of Energy Conservation Opportunities............................................................. 9 ECO # 1 : T8 Fluorescent Lighting (with electronic ballasts)............................... 9 ECO # 2 : Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs).................................................. 10 ECO # 3 : Fluorescent High Bay Light Fixtures ................................................. 10 ECO # 4 : Occupancy Sensors ............................................................................. 11 ECO # 5 : Decorative LED Lighting ................................................................... 11 ECO # 6 : Water Heater Tank and Pipe Insulation.............................................. 12 ECO # 7 : Water Heating System Replacement .................................................. 12 ECO # 8 : Water Conservation ............................................................................ 13 ECO # 9 : Programmable Thermostats ................................................................ 14 ECO # 10 : Boiler Reset Control ......................................................................... 14 ECO # 11 : Heating Pipe Insulation..................................................................... 14 ECO # 12 : Check Compressed Air System for Leaks ........................................ 15 ECO # 13 : Cogged V-Belts................................................................................. 15 ECO # 14 : Control Pop Machine Energy Use .................................................... 15 ECO # 15 : Drinking Fountain Timers ................................................................ 16 ECO # 16 : Washing Machine Replacement ....................................................... 16 ECO # 17 : Enable Computer Power-Down Feature ........................................... 17 ECO (Future) : ENERGY STAR Appliances, Computers & Office Equipment ..... 17 ECO (Future) : Premium Efficiency Motors ....................................................... 17 ECO (Future) : High Efficiency Boiler System................................................... 17 Appendix A: Energy Consumption Profiles ..................................................................... 19 Appendix B: List of 2005 Pre-Qualified Consultants....................................................... 25
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Executive Summary
On September 8, 2005, a site visit was made to the Village of Mackinaw City to identify opportunities for reducing energy cost and consumption. At each building, a visual inspection of mechanical equipment, HVAC systems, temperature controls and lighting was performed. Many thanks to Steve Schnell for coordinating site visits and providing utility data on very short notice. From the results of this Introductory Energy Evaluation (IEE), a Technical Energy Analysis (TEA) conducted by a qualified engineering firm is recommended as your next step. Some of the listed energy conservation opportunities (ECOs) like compact fluorescent lamps, water conservation measures, heating pipe and water heater insulation can be readily implemented by your maintenance staff. Replacing decorative incandescent lighting in trees along sidewalks with LED could also be handled by village maintenance crews. Other ECOs require a major investment and should be analyzed. Among major ECOs, T8 fluorescent lighting systems with occupancy sensor control (where appropriate) and heating system upgrades (programmable thermostats, boiler reset control) appear to be most cost-effective; a high efficiency water heating system at the Marina may also be cost-effective. A high efficiency boiler system for the Municipal Building would be cost-effective to include with the renovation design. A professional engineer can determine the cost, savings and payback for any number or combination of ECOs through a Comprehensive Technical Energy Analysis (CTEA). If a CTEA is beyond what you can pursue at this time, an individual ECO can be addressed through the Limited Component Technical Energy Analysis (LCTEA). Fifty-one consulting firms have been pre-qualified to perform Technical Energy Analyses under Rebuild Michigan. There is a cost for this phase of the program, which can vary depending on the consulting firm and type of analysis (CTEA or LCTEA). An RFP template (MS-Word format) is also available to help streamline the bidding process. You may want to request bids from 3-5 firms on the list. The State of Michigan Energy Office will review the TEA and provide feedback. Monitoring utility bills and troubleshooting are available services if savings are lower than expected after the project is completed. Rebuild Michigan can be a tremendous asset in helping you lower energy use and save money for the Village of Mackinaw City. NOTE: Appendix B contains a complete list of the consulting firms that have been pre-qualified
to participate in Rebuild Michigan.
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Energy Use Analysis
The total cost of energy over the past year at the (5) Village of Mackinaw City buildings included in this report was $117,804. Electricity accounted for 70% of the total cost at $82,227. Natural gas was responsible for the remaining 30% of the total at $35,577. Using monthly utility bills for the past year, the Energy Use Index (EUI) in Btu per square foot per year (Btu/sq.ft./year) was calculated for each building. Figure 1 on the next page graphs the EUI for each building compared to the average EUI for similar buildings in Michigan (shown in the next column). Energy use in Btu/sq.ft./year for each building is shown as the combined natural gas (yellow bar) and electricity energy use (blue bar). As shown in Figure 1, the high electricity consumption (blue bar) at the Wastewater Treatment Plant results in above average energy use overall. The high electricity use appears to be due to large pumps and motors and is not unusual for this type of facility. Electricity use at the Marina also caused the EUI to be above average; there is a lot of electricity use outside the building for lighting, pop/ice machines, docks/boat slips that gets factored into the EUI calculation. The Municipal Building EUI is above average due to high natural gas use due to space heating. The remaining buildings have relatively low energy use compared to average Michigan buildings. The Recreation Center EUI is well below average for that type of facility resulting from good HVAC design, an efficient chiller system for icemaking and use of T8 fluorescent lighting throughout the building. Figure 2 is a graph of the total energy cost per square foot per year ($/sq.ft./year), or Energy Cost Index (ECI). The high electricity consumption at the Wastewater Treatment Plant and Marina, as well as the high natural gas consumption at the Municipal Building, results in an above average cost per square foot for these buildings, as seen in Figure 2. The other buildings have equivalent or lower cost per square foot figures compared to the Michigan averages. NOTE: Appendix A contains individual energy consumption profiles for each building.
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Figure 1 - Energy Use Index (EUI) Benchmark
Energy Use Index (Btu/sq.ft./year)
350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 Average EUI for Similar Mich Building
100000 50000
ng
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Electricity Series5 Natural Gas Series3
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Name of Building
Natural Gas Use (Btu / sq.ft. / year)
Municipal Building
0 96,492
Martin DPW Complex
Electricity Use Average EUI for Total EUI (Btu / sq.ft. / year) (Btu / sq.ft. / year) Similar MI Building
0 20,497
116,989
88 221 88,221
60,542
11,040
71,582
84,273
Recreation Center
48,619
23,285
71,904
225,901
Wastewater Treatment Plant
73,527
245,386
318,913
264,799
City Marina Building
42,612
91,527
134,139
88,221
0
0
0
88,221
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Figure 2 - Energy Cost Index (ECI) Benchmark
Energy Cost Index ($/sq.ft./year)
$6.00
$5.00
$4.00
$3.00
$2.00 Average ECI for Similar Mich Building
$1.00
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$0.00
Name of Building
Natural Gas Cost ($ / sq.ft. / year)
Municipal Building
$0 00 $0.86
Martin DPW Complex
$0.55
Recreation Center
Electricity Cost ($ / sq.ft. / year)
$0 00 $0.47
Average ECI for Total ECI ($ / sq.ft. / year) Similar MI Building
$1.33
$0.88
$0.33
$0.88
$0.80
$0.44
$0.67
$1.11
$2.23
Wastewater Treatment Plant
$0.72
$4.40
$5.12
$3.45
City Marina Building
$0.43
$2.64
$3.07
$0.88
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.88
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Summary of Energy Conservation Opportunities Energy Conservation Opportunity (ECO) 1) T8 Fluorescent Lighting (with electronic ballasts) Replace/retrofit standard T12 fluorescent light fixtures with T8 fluorescent fixtures. A minimum savings of 30% on lighting could be achieved. 2) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) Replace incandescent light bulbs / R-lamps with compact fluorescent lamps.
Applicable Building ECO Additional Benefits Municipal Bldg (partial) Improve visual acuity; often Wastewater Plant can increase lighting levels; Marina (partial) improve productivity. Municipal Building Recreation Center Wastewater Plant Marina (including dock
Reduce maintenance… CFLs outlast 4-12 incandescent lamps (depending on lamp).
fixtures and sidewalk fixtures)
3) Fluorescent High Bay Light Fixtures Replace metal halide lighting with fluorescent high bay light fixtures and control with occupancy sensors. 4) Occupancy Sensors Use occupancy sensors to control lighting. Rooms with irregular use, restrooms, storage areas and offices are usually the best possibilities. 5) Decorative LED Lighting Replace incandescent decorative lighting on trees throughout village with LED technology. 6) Water Heater Tank and Pipe Insulation Add insulation jacket to water heater tank and all accessible DHW pipes in the room where the water heater is located. 7) Water Heating System Replacement Replace water heating system with a modular water heating system -- a smaller high efficiency (85%+) boiler coupled with properly sized storage tank & coil. 8) Water Conservation Consider replacement of urinals with waterfree models for 100% savings on water/sewer use (public restrooms). Replace showerheads with 1.5-gpm units to reduce water flow by 30-40% and save on water/sewer and water heating costs. Replace faucet aerators with 1.0-gpm moderators to save at least 50%. 9) Programmable Thermostats Replace thermostats with programmable units to allow overnight setback… now operating at constant temperature 24 hours/day. 10) Boiler Reset Control Add a reset control to the boiler system to adjust the water temperature according to outdoor temperature.
Martin DPW Garage
Reduce maintenance; raise long-term light level.
All buildings
Village sidewalks
Reduce maintenance… LED lamps have life cycles in excess of 10 years.
All buildings
Marina
Increase recovery capacity and maintain efficiency over life of system.
Marina
Water heating system size can be reduced; shower quality often improved.
Martin DPW Complex Building temp can be raised to a comfort level before the Rec Center (partial) Marina first person arrives each day. Municipal Building
More even heating… improve comfort.
Continued on next page
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Energy Conservation Opportunity (ECO) 11) Heating Pipe Insulation Insulate all accessible heating pipes in basement of Municipal Building. 12) Check Compressed Air System for Leaks Repair leaks in compressed air system… studies have shown the average air leakage in facility-wide systems to be 25-30% of the total compressor output. 13) Cogged V-Belts Replace standard v-belts with cogged v-belts for HVAC air handlers and air compressors. 14) Control Pop Machine Energy Use Disconnect lamps and ballasts inside pop machine, or consider installing power controllers activated by occupancy sensors. 15) Drinking Fountain Timers Control plug-in drinking fountain operation with a 24-hour plug-in timer. 16) Washing Machine Replacement Replace top-loading washers with front-loaders to save 50-60% on laundry energy use. 17) Enable Computer Power-Down Feature Check your computers to make sure the power-down feature is activated. Specify new computer equipment with U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR rating. * ENERGY STAR Appliances, Computers, Office Equip. Be sure to specify new appliances, computers and office equipment with U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR rating. * Premium Efficiency Motors When replacing pump, air handler fan or other motors, be sure to specify premium efficiency motors… any additional cost will be recovered in energy savings. * High Efficiency Boiler System Consider replacement of boiler system with a high efficiency system.
Applicable Building ECO Additional Benefits Municipal Building
Martin DPW Garage
Extend equipment life.
Martin DPW Complex Recreation Center Wastewater Plant Marina Municipal Building Recreation Center Marina
Reduce pop machine cooling load; extend equipment life.
Municipal Building
Extend equipment life.
Marina
Use less detergent; extend laundry life (more gentle).
All computers
Extend equipment life.
All buildings
All buildings
Improve power quality.
Municipal Building
More even heating… improve comfort.
* ECO for future consideration when replacement is necessary… paybacks are generally longer for these measures.
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Discussion of Energy Conservation Opportunities
From information obtained during the walk-through, it is estimated that there is good potential for lowering both energy use and cost per square foot at each location. Lighting measures, programmable thermostats, a boiler reset control (Municipal Building) and many low-cost measures appear to offer cost-effective energy saving opportunities; a high efficiency domestic hot water system at the Marina might be cost-effective. A high efficiency boiler system for the Municipal Building would probably make sense at this point but, since that building is going to have an extensive renovation in the next five years, it would be best to incorporate the new heating system into the renovation. A qualified engineer can perform a Technical Energy Analysis to determine which measures would be most cost-effective for the Village of Mackinaw City; this would be especially valuable to integrate with the renovation designs for the Municipal Building. The individual ECOs from the Summary of Energy Conservation Opportunities are discussed below. From experience, the energy savings for most ECOs will pay for the implementation cost in less than six years… sometimes much less. ECOs involving major building improvements (windows, doors, wall insulation, etc.), sophisticated energy management systems or HVAC system replacements will generally require an engineering study to determine cost-effectiveness.
ECO # 1 : T8 Fluorescent Lighting (with electronic ballasts) T8 fluorescent lamps powered by electronic ballasts use 30-50% less energy than standard T12 fluorescent lamps. T8 fluorescents are a 1-inch diameter lamp compared to the 1½-inch diameter T12. They are available in common lengths but 4-foot T8s are most popular. Fixtures with 8-foot lamps can often be retrofitted with 4-foot lamps (installed end to end), which are more stable, less expensive and have a 33% longer service life than 8-foot lamps. In most cases, older fixtures are replaced with new high efficiency fixtures pre-wired with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts. But when existing fixtures are in good condition, it is possible to replace just the ballast(s) and lamps.
T12 Fluorescent Lamp
T8 Fluorescent Lamp
Besides energy efficiency, T8 fluorescent lighting provides higher quality illumination. Color rendition is better and there is no detectable flicker (often exhibited by standard fluorescent fixtures). As a result, visual acuity is improved. Studies have actually confirmed increased productivity under T8 lighting. At the Wastewater Treatment Plant, consider replacement of T12 fluorescent lighting with T8 fluorescent lighting. At the Municipal Building and Marina, consider finishing the lighting upgrades by replacing remaining T12 fluorescent lighting systems with T8 fluorescent lighting.
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ECO # 2 : Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) The compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is an energy efficient alternative to incandescent lighting. CFLs provide equivalent lighting, consume 75-80% less energy and last 5 to 15 times longer than incandescent lamps. At one time, the application of a CFL was somewhat limited… mainly the replacement of a 60-watt light bulb on a non-dimming circuit. Now there are many types of CFLs available for a wider variety of purposes. Improvements in ballast technology have enabled CFL use outdoors in cold weather and with dimmers, too (but only as specified). They’re also available in smaller sizes, and several shapes have been developed to provide more versatility. CFL design is modular or integral. Sometimes called a 2-piece CFL, the modular design has a separate lamp and screw-in ballast base. Only the lamp is replaced on burnout… the screw-in ballast base has a longer life and will usually last through five (or more) lamp changes.
Coiled CFL
Quad-lamp CFL
Flame-tip CFL
CFL Reflector Lamp
CFL A-Lamp
An integral CFL is a one-piece throwaway unit... the entire unit is replaced when it burns out. Since there is very little up-front cost difference between integral and modular CFLs, the modular design is more cost-effective because new lamps run 50-90% less than the cost to replace the entire CFL unit. For most applications, therefore, the modular CFL design is recommended. At all village buildings, consider using compact fluorescent lamps to replace incandescent lighting. This has been started at several locations and should be implemented village-wide.
ECO # 3 : Fluorescent High Bay Light Fixtures
6-lamp T8 Fluorescent High Bay Fixture
Large spaces with high ceilings like garages and warehouses are best lit with high bay light fixtures. A high bay fixture delivers a bright concentrated light beam and is recommended for mounting heights over 20-feet. Below this height, glare and shadows may result. Low bay fixtures provide more diffuse, even lighting… a better choice for mounting heights under 20-feet. High bay fluorescent fixtures have been recently introduced offering some advantages over metal halide fixtures. Both compact fluorescent and T8 fluorescent technology are available in a number of multiple-lamp fixtures that use less energy and allow more lighting control strategies than metal halide. Fluorescent fixtures operate very effectively with
8-lamp Compact Fluorescent High Bay
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occupancy sensors and do not have the restrike delay common with metal halide and other HID fixtures. They maintain light output and color rendition much better, too. The versatility and energy savings achievable with the new fluorescent systems make this option an excellent choice. At the garage building at the Martin DPW Complex, consider replacing the metal halide lighting with one of the alternatives listed above. To optimize energy savings, look into utilizing occupancy sensors for lighting control (see next page).
ECO # 4 : Occupancy Sensors Lighting can be controlled by occupancy sensors and allow operation whenever someone is within the area being scanned. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned... doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned.
Passive Infrared Occupancy Sensor (replaces wall switch)
Microphonic sensors detect sound and can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. BUILDING AREA
SAVINGS
Private Offices
25 to 50%
Open Offices
20 to 25%
Rest Rooms
30 to 75%
Corridors
30 to 40%
Storage Areas
45 to 65%
Conference Rooms
45 to 65%
Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and microphonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. The ideal use for occupancy sensors is an area where lighting is often left on after the last person has left the area. The table on the left provides typical savings achievable for specific building areas, as determined by EPA studies. The average savings produced by occupancy sensors, according to the EPA, is 60%.
Consider the use of occupancy sensors to control lighting. Rooms with lights controlled by a single switch can be retrofit with a wall switch occupancy sensor. Rooms that have multiple switches can have the lighting circuit controlled by an occupancy sensor to allow continued use of switches for preferred lighting level. Any rooms with irregular use, restrooms, storage areas and offices are usually the best possibilities. You may have to experiment with several types of sensors at several different room locations to find the best fit for your situation. A qualified lighting engineer can help determine the best occupancy sensor solution for your buildings.
ECO # 5 : Decorative LED Lighting The development of light emitting diodes (LEDs) has allowed the replacement of certain incandescent lighting with a much more energy efficient option. LEDs can produce equivalent lighting to that of incandescent lamps while consuming a fraction of the electricity. A major Rebuild Michigan 11
Decorative LED Lighting
benefit is the 20-year life cycle rating of LEDs… use of this product virtually eliminates lamp replacement, reducing maintenance requirements. Until recently, LED lighting was only available in a few colors for limited applications such as exit signs, traffic signal lights, and signs. There are now many LED products available in a wide variety of shapes and colors. Strings of decorative LED lights are being used both indoors and outdoors for christmas trees, landscaping, and other applications. They offer tremendous savings… LEDs use only 2-watts per string (75% less energy than even one of the typical decorative incandescent lamps). At Mackinaw City, consider replacing decorative incandescent lighting in trees along sidewalks with strings of decorative LED lighting.
ECO # 6 : Water Heater Tank and Pipe Insulation A water heater keeps water continually heated to a specific, set temperature. As the water loses heat through the tank walls during periods of non-use, the burner or heating element has to reheat the water. An insulation jacket will reduce the heat loss and, as a result, the energy required to maintain the hot water temperature… the water heater will not need to cycle as often. The insulation jacket enables the heater to bring the water up to temperature quicker, too, saving additional energy. During periods of non-use, the heated water will rise to the top of the tank. The pipes can actually draw heat out of the tank, like a wick, and should be insulated. The first ten feet of hot and cold piping, if accessible, should be wrapped. If the water heating system is located in an unconditioned (cold) area, all accessible piping should be insulated.
Pipe Insulation
Water Heater Insulation Jacket
At Mackinaw City buildings, wrap the water heater tanks with insulation jackets and add insulation to all accessible pipes within ten feet of the water heaters.
ECO # 7 : Water Heating System Replacement A modular water heating system is made up of several components, as shown below. A high efficiency boiler is utilized to heat the water, increasing efficiency by more than 30% over conventional water heaters. Separating the storage tank from the boiler offers several advantages. The heating coil is located inside the storage tank, so more evenly heated water is produced; with a conventional system, the burner is located below the tank, which can cause temperature stratification (uneven heating). Rebuild Michigan 12
Conventional water heaters lose up to 25% efficiency over time as sediment builds up on the bottom of the tank... the burner has to fire longer to heat the water. This also diminishes its capacity (gallons of hot water readily available), since it can no longer heat water as fast. With a modular water heating system, the coil inside the tank and above the sediment build-up can heat a large volume of water very quickly. Routine maintenance can sustain efficiency over its life. At the Marina, consider replacing the water heating system with a modular water heating system, using small high efficiency (85%+) boiler coupled with a properly sized storage tank and coil.
Domestic Hot Water Storage Tank
High Efficiency Boiler
ECO # 8 : Water Conservation Waterfree Urinals Urinals have been developed that utilize a specialized cartridge system that eliminates the need for water flushing. This type of fixture can replace a standard urinal saving 100% of existing water use and the water/sewer costs associated with it. The removable cartridge needs to be replaced every 7,000 uses or usually 2-4 times per year in most school buildings. Measured typical savings have been up to 40,000 gallons of water per year per fixture. Consultation with manufacturers as to the application of this technology for Mackinaw City public restrooms is recommended. Water Saving Showerheads (1.5-gallons per minute) Water saving showerheads using just 1.5-gallons per minute (gpm) can often reduce shower water consumption by over 50%. Studies show that even a 0.25-gpm reduction is cost-effective to implement in most cases. The best units reduce water flow but increase water velocity to produce a sufficient spray. Acceptance and satisfaction is high with premium-grade water saving showerheads. Consider this option at the Recreation Center. Faucet Moderators (1.0-gallon per minute) Faucet moderators can reduce water use through faucets substantially for a water/sewer cost savings. In the case of hot water, an energy savings can be achieved, too. Good moderators maintain adequate pressure and the effect of a full stream of water while reducing the flow rate (a 50-75% reduction is possible). They are easily installed and cost about $3 each. Consider this measure for all bathroom faucets.
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ECO # 9 : Programmable Thermostats The recommended heating temperature for most building areas is 68oF during occupied hours and 55oF when unoccupied. Cooler levels are often possible in storage areas, entries and hallways. Generally speaking, you should try to keep the temperature at the lowest possible setpoint while still maintaining comfort for occupants. A common misconception is that a heating system runs longer after a temperature setback and cancels out the energy saved during the setback period. The graphic illustrates the savings potential for a facility with a 65oF to 55oF setback during unoccupied hours. Energy use is higher during the boost period (see graphic), but it only offsets the energy saved during the coast period. Overall, a net savings is achieved, as shown. At the Martin DPW Complex, the Marina and Recreation Center (some), consider replacement of standard thermostats with programmable ones to perform automatic temperature resets during unoccupied building hours.
ECO # 10 : Boiler Reset Control Boiler systems commonly maintain a fixed supply water temperature (usually 180oF) and pump this hot water to the building areas where thermostats are calling for heat. The water temperature is higher than necessary most of the time, but is kept at this level to be able to heat the building comfortably on the coldest days of the year. This practice is inefficient since buildings can often be heated with lower temperature water more than 80% of the time. A boiler reset control monitors outdoor conditions and sets the water temperature to the lowest level required to heat the building, saving significant energy. At the Municipal Building consider adding reset control to the boiler system.
ECO # 11 : Heating Pipe Insulation When uninsulated heating pipes run through unconditioned areas, the heat loss can be substantial. The load on the heating system is increased, the energy consumed for heating is also increased, and some areas of the building may be difficult to heat comfortably. The amount of heat loss is proportional to the temperature difference between the hot water or steam in the pipes and the air surrounding the pipes, but the pipes should always be insulated regardless of location.
Fiberglass pipe wrap
Closed cell foam pipe insulation
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Pipe insulation is commonly available in pre-formed foam tubes or high-density fiberglass that fits over the pipe; a 1" insulation thickness is normally adequate for hot water pipes, while steam pipe insulation should be 2" thick. The heating pipes in the basement of the Municipal Building should be insulated.
ECO # 12 : Check Compressed Air System for Leaks Compressed air systems are notorious for developing leaks. Studies have shown the average air leakage in facility-wide systems to be 25-30% of the total compressor output. Air leaks cause the compressor to operate more frequently to maintain pressure (and waste energy in the process). A compressed air system inspection utilizing an ultrasonic detector can be effective in finding leaks, generally located at connections such as regulators, flanges and quick-connects. Repairing the leaks will produce an energy savings… often a substantial energy savings if the system has not been inspected in several years. This would make sense at the Martin DPW Garage.
ECO # 13 : Cogged V-Belts Motors and belts are commonly utilized for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and air compressors. One of the natural inefficiencies in these systems is the slip that occurs between a standard v-belt and the sheaves on which it is mounted. This reduces power transmission from the motor to the equipment being driven. Studies show that replacing standard v-belts with cogged v-belts can reduce slip and improve system efficiency by as much as 8%. Cogged v-belts cost a little more than standard v-belts but they also have longer life cycles, which more than offsets the extra cost. The energy savings produced by improved system efficiency often pay for the cost of installing cogged v-belts in a matter of months.
Cogged V-Belt
At most buildings, you should consider replacement of standard v-belts with cogged v-belts on HVAC system air handlers and air compressors.
ECO # 14 : Control Pop Machine Energy Use Refrigerated pop machines operate 24 hours/day, often with display lighting operating continuously. The lighting produces heat which adds to the load on the compressor, increasing refrigeration cost. Disconnecting the ballast and lamps can save over $75 per year! During periods the building is unoccupied, a pop machine can be turned off. With an operating cost greater than that of a large refrigerator, the savings potential for turning it off whenever possible is significant. There is now a power controller available that is activated by an occupancy sensor that will shut the machine down when the area is unoccupied. The Vending Rebuild Michigan 15
Miser (shown on left) will not shut the machine down while the compressor is cycling, which can be harmful, and is approved by several of the major soft drink companies. Plug-in Power Controller
Occupancy Sensor
NOTE: You should consult vendor before implementing this measure.
ECO # 15 : Drinking Fountain Timers Drinking fountains are often refrigerated types that keep chilled water available on a continuous basis. Much of the time, these units can be modified to save energy consumed by the compressor to refrigerate the water. Overnight or during periods the building is unoccupied, the drinking fountain can be turned off (chilling of water during winter months is often unnecessary, too). Because a drinking fountain can cost as much to operate as a small refrigerator over the course of one year, the savings potential for turning it off when possible makes this measure worth consideration, especially if your facility has several units. Short of shutting off power to the drinking fountain permanently, the best option is to install a timer to control hours of operation to coincide with building hours. An inexpensive 24-hour plug-in timer can be installed if a drinking fountain is the plug-in type. (For wired drinking fountains, individual timers have to be wired into each unit… usually, the savings will not justify the cost). At the Municipal Building, control the plug-in drinking fountain with a 24-hour plug-in timer.
Control with Plug-In Timer
24-hour Plug-In Timer
ECO # 16 : Washing Machine Replacement A front loading washing machine offers a lot of advantages over a top loading machine and can provide both water and energy savings. Front loaders can cut water use in half because the tumble-action cleaning process of lifting and dropping clothes requires less water than a top loader’s swirling/agitation method. They use 50-60% less energy than top loaders, too… since less water is needed, water heating is reduced. Plus, they spin-dry wet clothing at a much faster speed (extracting more moisture), so the dryer can finish the job quicker. Besides energy and water savings, front loaders provide a couple of other benefits. Lower water use means less detergent is needed and, since tumble-action cleaning is a more gentle cleaning system than swirling and agitation, clothing and linens last longer with front loaders.
Front Loading Horizontal-Axis Washing Machine
At the Marina, look into replacing the top-loading washing machines with front loaders. Rebuild Michigan 16
ECO # 17 : Enable Computer Power-Down Feature The majority of computers manufactured in the past five years have power-down or sleep mode capability, which will initiate after a certain period of inactivity. A computer in sleep mode uses 70% less electricity than computers without power management, so the savings can be substantial. All computers purchased in the last five years should be checked for this feature and activated… sleep mode may need to be turned on if a computer has this option. When purchasing computer equipment, the U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR standards should be specified. Upon delivery of the equipment, the power-down feature should be activated.
ECO (Future) : ENERGY STAR Appliances, Computers & Office Equipment Energy costs associated with electrical plug loads should be minimized where possible. Plug loads are electrical devices plugged into the building’s electrical system and generally include things like appliances, computers, printers, and office equipment such as fax machines and copiers. When purchasing appliances, computers and office equipment, the U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR standards should be specified. Manufacturers are required to meet certain energy efficiency criteria before they can label a product with the ENERGY STAR emblem, so these products represent your best energy saving value.
ECO (Future) : Premium Efficiency Motors Using better quality steel, larger conductors with lower electrical resistance, improved bearings and low-loss fan designs, the new premium efficiency motors can save up to 10% over standard models. If existing motors are old or poorly maintained (or both), the savings can be greater. Motors need to be properly sized for maximum efficiency. When considering replacement, it is important to make sure that the new motor is sized correctly for the job. A motor that is too large for the task at hand will be inefficient and more costly to operate. Finally, premium efficiency motors have higher power factors. This is especially important when trying to prevent penalty charges (due to low power factor) from being assessed on your electric bill. Correcting power factor is also an easier task when equipment, like a premium efficiency motor, has a higher rating to begin with. When replacing pump, air handler fan or other motors, be sure to specify premium efficiency motors. Any additional expense will be recovered quickly in energy savings.
ECO (Future) : High Efficiency Boiler System Older boilers have seasonal efficiencies of 55-60%... of the fuel burned, 55-60% is converted to space heat and 40-45% is lost up the chimney. Improvements to burners, heat exchangers and controls have pushed efficiencies above 85% on the new high efficiency boilers. Sealed, pulse combustion boilers have been rated above 90%. Substantial savings can be achieved by replacing older boilers with the high efficiency systems now available.
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Boiler systems operate most efficiently under full-load… when system heating capacity is equal to the building heating load and, as a result, it must fire continuously to maintain temperature. But, because boilers are typically sized big enough to be able to heat buildings on the very coldest day of the year, full-load conditions rarely ever occur. As the chart shows, the heating load is regularly 60% (or less) of the boiler’s heating capacity, which significantly decreases system efficiency.
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
Heating Load as a Percentage of Boiler Heating Capacity (Annual profile for typical heating system operation)
A modular boiler system consists of a series of smaller boilers that operate on demand. Utilizing an electronic controller, the boilers are staged to fire as necessary to meet the changing heating load of the building. Generally, modular systems provide a quicker response to heating needs and less standby loss during unoccupied building hours. Some of the newer, larger boilers can achieve the same effect with modulation controls, which automatically adjust the boiler heating capacity (down to 20% of rated capacity) depending on heating load conditions. Modular and modulated boiler systems maximize energy savings when high efficiency equipment is used. When designing the renovations for the Municipal Building, consider a high efficiency system controlled by an appropriate boiler energy management system. Any additional expense will be recovered quickly in energy savings.
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Appendix A: Energy Consumption Profiles
Municipal Building……….page 20 Martin DPW Complex……….page 21 Recreation Center……….page 22 Wastewater Treatment Plant……….page 23 City Marina……….page 24 BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx BuildingName……….page Xx
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Mackinaw City Municipal Building
Building Area:
9,480
102 South Huron, Mackinaw City MI 49701
square feet
Consumption Cost
6000
$500 $450 $400 $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0
Consumption (kWh)
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Jan-05
Feb-05
0
Cost
Electricity Consumption Profile
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
$1,600 $1,400 $1,200
$800
Cost
$1,000
$600 $400 $200
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
Consumption (CCF)
Consumption Cost
kWh 5,641 4,880 4,983 4,308 4,204 4,610 5,685 5,116 4,607 4,046 3,439 5,413 56,932
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $433 $401 $380 $352 $329 $370 $414 $391 $393 $321 $284 $401 $4,469
$0.47 per sq.ft./yr. 20,497 BTU/sq.ft. $0.078 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
1,748 1,471 1,343 996 838 44 199 176 232 242 364 1,228 8,881
$1,515 $1,277 $1,167 $1,006 $850 $64 $229 $186 $211 $221 $327 $1,069 $8,122
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.86 per sq.ft./yr. 96,492 BTU/sq.ft. $0.915 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $12,591 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $1.33 Combined EUI = 116,989
Building Type: Administration Bldg Age / Year Built: 1936 Windows: Single & doublepane DHW: 100-gal nat gas water heater
Heating: Hot water boiler (1965), unit heater Cooling: Rooftop DX Distribution: Air handler, baseboard radiators Temp Control: Standard thermostats
Interior Lighting: T8 & T12 fluorescent, CFLs Exterior Lighting: Metal halide, HP sodium Other: Computers, office equipment
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Martin DPW Complex
Building Area:
6,892
1100 Valley, Mackinaw City 49701
square feet
Electricity Consumption Profile Consumption Cost
$300
2500
$250
2000
$200
1500
$150
1000
$100
500
$50
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Jan-05
Mar-05
$0
Feb-05
0
Cost
Consumption (kWh)
3000
1800 1600
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
$1,400 $1,200 $1,000
1200 1000
$800
800
$600
600
$400
400
$200
200
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
Cost
Consumption (CCF)
1400
kWh 2,455 2,695 2,209 1,652 1,555 1,437 1,789 1,475 1,470 1,331 1,718 2,508 22,294
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile Consumption Cost
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $252 $276 $222 $168 $156 $145 $179 $149 $151 $138 $176 $253 $2,265
$0.33 per sq.ft./yr. 11,040 BTU/sq.ft. $0.102 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
771 596 554 115 317 97 11 5 8 4 42 1,531 4,051
$692 $541 $428 $129 $348 $136 $52 $32 $41 $28 $66 $1,304 $3,797
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.55 per sq.ft./yr. 60,542 BTU/sq.ft. $0.937 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $6,062 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $0.88 Combined EUI = 71,582
Building Type: Office, Garage Age / Year Built: 1960's Windows: Single & doublepane DHW: 80-gal nat gas, 6-gal elec
Heating: High eff furnace, unit heater, IR heaters Interior Lighting: T8 fluorescent (office), Cooling: Central DX (office only) metal halide (garage) Distribution: Furnace AHU, unit heater, radiant IR Exterior Lighting: Metal halide, HP sodium Temp Control: Standard thermostats Other: Computer, ofc equip, air compressor
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Mackinaw City Recreation Center
Building Area:
34,504
507 West Central Avenue, Mackinaw City MI 49701
square feet
Electricity Consumption Profile Consumption Cost
$4,000
35000
$3,500
30000
$3,000
25000
$2,500
20000
$2,000
15000
$1,500
10000
$1,000
5000
Cost
Consumption (kWh)
40000
$500
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
Consumption Cost
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
$2,500 $2,000
2000 $1,500 1500 $1,000 1000 $500
500
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
Cost
Consumption (CCF)
2500
kWh 34,200 37,800 27,400 7,600 6,400 8,000 5,600 4,600 5,600 25,800 34,600 37,800 235,400
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile 3000
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $3,424 $3,785 $2,675 $746 $618 $773 $546 $449 $557 $2,539 $3,405 $3,716 $23,233
$0.67 per sq.ft./yr. 23,285 BTU/sq.ft. $0.099 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
2,557 2,677 2,435 2,063 768 953 144 260 401 414 1,236 2,379 16,287
$2,224 $2,327 $2,119 $2,083 $797 $987 $414 $276 $386 $383 $1,102 $2,071 $15,169
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.44 per sq.ft./yr. 48,619 BTU/sq.ft. $0.931 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $38,402 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $1.11 Combined EUI = 71,904
Building Type: Ice Arena Age / Year Built: 2000 Windows: Doublepane DHW: (2) 100-gal ngas, 30-gal elec
Heating: High eff furnace, IR heaters, std furnace Interior Lighting: T8 fluorescent (majority), Icemaking: Chiller system - (4) recip compr some incandescent Distribution: Furnace AHUs, radiant IR Exterior Lighting: Metal halide, HP sodium Temp Control: Standard & programmable stats Other: Mechanical dehumidifier, Zamboni
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Mackinaw City Wastewater Treatment Plant
Building Area:
9,642
8636 Trails End Road, Mackinaw City MI 49701
square feet
Consumption Cost
100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0
$6,000 $5,000
$3,000
Cost
$4,000
$2,000 $1,000
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
Consumption (kWh)
Electricity Consumption Profile
Consumption Cost
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
1200
$1,200
1000
$1,000
800
$800
600
$600
400
$400
200
$200
Cost
Consumption (CCF)
$1,400
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
kWh 64,287 33,264 38,284 33,534 47,748 69,634 87,183 71,667 56,975 68,889 80,312 41,459 693,236
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile 1400
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $3,868 $1,250 $2,573 $2,335 $2,910 $3,963 $5,277 $4,436 $3,446 $4,567 $4,974 $2,846 $42,445
$4.40 per sq.ft./yr. 245,386 BTU/sq.ft. $0.061 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
1,313 1,186 1,264 1,005 803 245 51 34 189 163 271 359 6,883
$1,202 $1,090 $1,155 $1,071 $877 $283 $113 $76 $204 $193 $282 $357 $6,903
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.72 per sq.ft./yr. 73,527 BTU/sq.ft. $1.003 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $49,348 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $5.12 Combined EUI = 318,913
Building Type: Wastewater Plant Age / Year Built: 1960's Windows: Singlepane DHW: 50-gal nat gas water heater
Heating: Standard eff furnaces, unit heater Cooling: none Distribution: Furnace AHUs Temp Control: Standard & programmable stats
Interior Lighting: T12 fluorescent (majority), some incandescent Exterior Lighting: High pressure sodium Other: Large pumps & motors (7hp to 10hp)
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Mackinaw City Marina
Building Area:
3,720
107 South Huron, Mackinaw City MI 49701
square feet
Electricity Consumption Profile Consumption Cost
$1,400
12000
$1,200
10000
$1,000
8000
$800
6000
$600
4000
$400
2000
$200
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
$0
Jan-05
0
Cost
Consumption (kWh)
14000
Elec EUI: Avg. Cost:
Consumption Cost
$450
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
$0
Aug-05
$50
0
Jul-05
$100
50
Jun-05
$150
100
May-05
$200
150
Apr-05
$250
200
Mar-05
$300
250
Feb-05
$350
300
Cost
$400
350
Jan-05
Consumption (CCF)
400
kWh 9,520 7,840 8,240 7,680 3,520 6,880 13,200 12,560 13,200 5,920 3,120 8,080 99,760
Cost/sq.ft.:
Natural Gas Consumption Profile 450
Month Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
Cost $958 $790 $810 $754 $343 $665 $1,279 $1,213 $1,302 $588 $313 $800 $9,815
$2.64 per sq.ft./yr. 91,527 BTU/sq.ft. $0.098 /kWh
Month
CCF
Cost
Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Totals:
0 0 0 152 24 216 264 368 391 124 0 0 1,539
$0 $0 $0 $166 $40 $235 $297 $382 $345 $121 $0 $0 $1,586
Cost/sq.ft.: Gas EUI: Avg. Cost:
$0.43 per sq.ft./yr. 42,612 BTU/sq.ft. $1.031 / CCF
Annual Utility Cost = $11,401 Total Cost / sq.ft. = $3.06 Combined EUI = 134,139
Building Type: Marina Building Heating: (3) high eff furnaces, elec wall heater Age / Year Built: 1970 Cooling: (3) central DX Windows: Doublepane Distribution: Furnace AHUs DHW: (2) 100-gal ngas water heaters Temp Control: Standard thermostats
Interior Lighting: T8 (most), T12 fluorescent, some incandescent Exterior Lighting: MH, HPS, CFL, incand Other: Laundry equip, ice & pop machines
Rebuild Michigan 24
Appendix B: List of 2005 Pre-Qualified Consultants
The purpose of this list is to assist you in identifying consulting firms that are pre-qualified to participate in Rebuild Michigan. Only consulting firms from this list can be hired to perform Technical Energy Analyses under Rebuild Michigan.
Ameresco Ken Chard 2350 Green Rd St 178 Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Phone: (734) 213-6205 FAX: (734) 213-6242 E-mail: [email protected]
Applied Energy Management Margaret Selig PO BOX 189 Stockbridge, MA 01262 Phone: (704) 892-4442 FAX: (704) 892-5907 E-mail: [email protected]
ATI Group Michael Wacyk 3419 Pierson Place Flushing, MI 48433 Phone: (810) 230-6202 FAX: (810) 230-6208 E-mail: [email protected]
Ayers, Lewis, Norms & May Christopher Victory 3959 Research Park Dr Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Phone: (313) 761-1010 FAX: (734) 761-1200 E-mail: [email protected]
BCF Engineering, Inc. Wladimir Boldyreff 1600 Gratiot Blvd., Suite 9 Marysville, MI 48040 Phone: (810) 364-4120 FAX: (810) 364-7827 E-mail: [email protected]
BETA Design Group Gary Carlson 70 Ionia Ave, Ste 400 Grand Rapids, MI 49503 Phone: (616) 235-6270 FAX: (616) 235-6393 E-mail: [email protected]
Building Automation Systems & Services Rick Suarez 6260 18 1/2 Mile Road Sterling Heights, MI 48314 Phone: (586) 799-5225 FAX: (586) 731-6496 E-mail: [email protected]
Byce & Associates, Inc. Scott Thompson P. O. Box 50866 487 Portage St Kalamazoo, MI 49005-0866 Phone: (269) 381-6170 FAX: (269) 381-6176 E-mail: [email protected]
Chevron Energy Services, Inc. Bill Harper 202 E. Washington; Suite 606 Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Phone: (734) 213-0996 FAX: (734) 213-0997 E-mail: [email protected]
Clark-Trombley-Randers Mark Demana 6105 W. St. Joseph Suite 200 Lansing, MI 48917 Phone: (517) 886-0550 FAX: (517) 886-0003 E-mail: [email protected]
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Coffman Electrical Greg Mulder 3300 Jefferson Grand Rapids, MI 49548 Phone: (616) 452-8708 FAX: (616) 452-1337 E-mail: [email protected]
Comfort Systems USA Ron Stalica 512 Hartfield Drive Grand Rapids, MI 49546 Phone: (231) 250-3986 FAX: (616) 940-2588 E-mail: [email protected]
Comprehensive Engineering Russ Nichols 4653 Plainfield Grand Rapids, MI 49525 Phone: (616) 365-9933 FAX: (616) 365-9937 E-mail: [email protected]
Consumers Energy John Bush PO BOX 201 Grand Rapids, MI 49548 Phone: (616) 530-4462 FAX: (616) 530-4040 E-mail: [email protected]
Consumers Energy - ES Services Mark Paschke 13138 Speckledwood DeWitt, MI Phone: (810) 236-2357 FAX: E-mail: [email protected]
DesignWorks AE Paul Rozeboom 648 Monroe Ave, NW Suite 210 Grand Rapids, MI 49503 Phone: (616) 454-9414 FAX: (616) 454-9415 E-mail: [email protected]
DiClemente Siegel Design Inc Nathaniel Stalker 28105 Greenfield Rd Southfield, MI 48076 Phone: (248) 569-1430 FAX: (248) 569-0096 E-mail: [email protected]
DTE Energy Gerald Polk 2000 Second Avenue 1260WCB Detroit, MI 48226-1279 Phone: (313) 235-7108 FAX: (313) 235-7105 E-mail: [email protected]
Energy Systems Group Mary Ann Gangi 4767 Kenicott Trail Brighton, MI 48114 Phone: (586) 484-4160 FAX: (810) 844-2121 E-mail: [email protected]
Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr & Huber Tom Bauer 1515 Arboretum Drive, SE Grand Rapids, MI 49546 Phone: (616) 464-3846 FAX: (616) 464-3999 E-mail: [email protected]
Havel Bros, an EMCOR Co. Tim Kerkstra 8233 Neptune,Suite 1 Kalamazoo, MI 49009 Phone: (269) 344-9646 FAX: (269) 344-3621 E-mail: [email protected]
Honeywell, Inc. Dennis Pudell 49116 Wixom Tech Drive Wixom, MI 48393 Phone: (248) 926-5009 FAX: (248) 926-5031 E-mail: [email protected]
Innovative Energy Solutions Steven Gillette 12972 Laird Rd Brooklyn, MI 48013 Phone: (517) 467-4226 FAX: (517) 467-9226 E-mail:
Integrated Design Solutions Bruce Snyder 888 W. Big Beaver Rd Suite 200 Troy, MI 48084 Phone: (248) 823-2100 FAX: (248) 823-2200 E-mail: [email protected]
Rebuild Michigan 26
Integrated Designs, Inc. Steve Boettcher 1021 W. Baraga Avenue Marquette, MI 49855 Phone: (906) 228-4480 FAX: (906) 228-7524 E-mail: [email protected]
Johnson Controls, Inc. William Witchell 210 Church Street St. Johns, MI 48879 Phone: (989) 224-4475 FAX: (989) 759-4475 E-mail: [email protected]
KDS Energy Harry Indig 6635 Cottonwood Knoll Court West Bloomfield, MI 48322 Phone: (248) 842-5501 FAX: (248) 855-4970 E-mail: [email protected]
Kelly - Tinker Architects Robert Tinker 321 S Main St Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Phone: (734) 665-1400 FAX: (734) 665-4600 E-mail: [email protected]
Kingscott Associates, Inc. Ghassan Ghareeb 229 E. Michigan Ave, Suite 335 Kalamazoo, MI 49007-6403 Phone: (269) 381-4880 FAX: (269) 381-9110 E-mail: [email protected]
Manyam Group Praveen Manyam 512 N Franklin St Frankenmuth, MI 48734 Phone: (989) 652-3030 FAX: (989) 652-6879 E-mail: [email protected]
MS Consulting Engineers Steve Metti 377535 Enterprise Ct. Suite 100 Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: (248) 488-9822 FAX: (248) 488-9811 E-mail: [email protected]
Nelson Trane Matt Flanigan 5335 Hill 23 Dr Flint, MI 48377 Phone: (810) 767-7800 FAX: (810) 767-9058 E-mail: [email protected]
Peter Basso and Associates Inc. Jeffrey Czarniecki 5145 Livernois,Suite 100 Troy, MI 48098 Phone: (248) 879-5666 FAX: (248) 879-0007 E-mail: [email protected]
Process Results, Inc. Jay Russell 201 S. Ann Arbor Street Saline, MI 48176 Phone: (734) 429-8900 FAX: (734) 429-8901 E-mail: [email protected]
Rapid Electric Ron Lindberg 2205 N. 19th Street Escanaba, MI 49829 Phone: (906) 786-4600 FAX: (906) 786-4972 E-mail: [email protected]
Retro-Tech Systems, Inc. Joe Belda 4087 West Knoll Drive Milford, MI 48380 Phone: (810) 220-0046 FAX: E-mail: [email protected]
Rhoades Engineering Stephen Bizon 1751 Barlow Street Traverse City, MI 49686 Phone: (231) 947-1707 FAX: (231) 947-1710 E-mail: [email protected]
RLW Analytics, Inc. David Duda 2 Hyde Rd. Clarklake, MI 49234 Phone: (517) 529-6277 FAX: E-mail: [email protected]
Rebuild Michigan 27
S&S Engineering Inc. Sumit Ray 2924 Briarcliff Street Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Phone: (734) 274-1905 FAX: (734) 996-8779 E-mail: [email protected]
Siemens Building Technologies Steve Barlow 31623 Industrial Road Livonia, MI 48150 Phone: (734) 751-4626 FAX: (866) 815-0749 E-mail: [email protected]
Technical Energy Solutions Don Nelson 8595 Byron Commerce Dr Byron Center, MI 49315 Phone: (616) 583-6000 FAX: (616) 583-6006 E-mail: [email protected]
Testing Eng. & Cons., Inc. Tom Rozman 1333 Rochester Road Troy, MI 48099 Phone: (248) 588-6200 FAX: (249) 585-9519 E-mail: [email protected]
TMP Associates Ken Jenkins 1191 W. Square Lake Road Bloomfield Hills, MI 48303 Phone: (248) 338-4561 FAX: (248) 253-1783 E-mail: [email protected]
Tower Pinkster Titus Associates Barry Lilly 678 Front St, Ste 255 Grand Rapids, MI 49504 Phone: (616) 456-9944 FAX: (616) 456-5936 E-mail: [email protected]
Trane Company Robert DeBoer 3353 Lousma Drive Grand Rapids, MI 49548 Phone: (616) 475-4476 FAX: (616) 243-8791 E-mail: [email protected]
U.P. Engineers & Architects, Inc. Karl Homburg 100 Portage Street Houghton, MI 49931 Phone: (906) 482-4810 FAX: (906) 482-9799 E-mail: [email protected]
Urban Options Aileen Gow 405 Grove St East Lansing, MI 48823 Phone: (517) 337-0422 FAX: (517) 337-0437 E-mail: [email protected]
Villa Environmental Consultants Richard Villa PO BOX 1311 408 W Main St. Benton Harbor, MI 49023-1311 Phone: (269) 927-2434 FAX: (269) 927-2435 E-mail: [email protected]
Wakely Associates Steve Catrell 131 S. Main Street Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858 Phone: (989) 773-9945 FAX: (989) 773-6157 E-mail: [email protected]
WES Corporation David Woltz 2418 Graystone Drive Okemos, MI 48864 Phone: (517) 347-3668 FAX: E-mail:
Wilcox Professional Services, LLC Lane Bentsen 5859 Sherman Road Saginaw, MI 48604 Phone: (989) 752-6500 FAX: (989) 752-6600 E-mail: [email protected]
Rebuild Michigan 28
