Fernando Ely
Advancements in Organic Solar Cells and their Application in Buildings Fernando Ely Innovation Days, 4ª Jornadas de Inovação Lisbon, 2009
Summary 3rd Gen. PV
BIPV
OPV/DSSC in BIPV
Definition
Organic PV (OPV)
Market Outlook
Market
Dye Sensitized SC (DSSC)
Applications
Technologies
Advantages and Techical Issues
Players
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) BIPV
BIPV products are distinguished from conventional PV by the fact that they form an integral part of the construction of a building. A BIPV product is both an energy generating and a building construction material. Source: Massachusetts Small Renewables Initiative, Solicitation No. 2007-SRI2-01
BIPV: an embedded source of energy in houses and commercial buildings. Integration
Fenestration windows, sky-light, spandrels, other visual glass
Building at the Hong Kong Science Park
Roof
Façade
Flat or sloped by retro-fit or new construction
Source: Yacht roof from www.humboldt.edu
Source: www.inhabitat.com
Curtain wall, other building claddings
GreenPix, a zero-carbon LED display and photovoltaic system integrated in Beijing
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) BIPV Market The BIPV market is still in the very early stages of maturity, hence there is little specifica data about market. However, BIPV is expected to grow substantially, from $528.5 million in 2008 to about $8.2 billion by 2015. Source: Photovoltaics (PV) – Materials, Applications and Development of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics. Nanomarkets, LC. (2008)
PV Market Growth Forecast
Worldwide Installed PV Power per Application Area
CAGR = compounded Annual Growth Rate
Source: K Bhargavaharga. In “Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Market Outlook 2008 and Beyond” Ed. Greentech Intelligence (2007)
Source: Paul Maycock & Travis Bradford. In Renewable Energy World (July/August 2007)
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) BIPV Tech.
At present, about 80 percent of all BIPV is based on c-Si technology, although they are the most costly to manufacture and vulnerable to silicon supply shortages. Inorganic thin film (TF) tech (20% BIPV) are forecast to move into first place by 2015, with an estimated 57% of the market. Source: Photovoltaics (PV) – Materials, Applications and Development of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics. Nanomarkets, LC. (2008)
Current BIPV Technologies
Source: R. P. Mertens, Semiconductor technology for the future supply and distribution of sustainable electrical energy in buildings. IMEC (2008)
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics Organic PV
Organic photovoltaics refers to solar cells on the basis of organic semiconductor materials (mostly dyes) or conjugated polymers that can generate electric current from light. The principle according to which both organic and polymer solar cells function is based on a transfer of electrons that is initiated by sunlight, the socalled Donor-Acceptor system Source: Rolf Hug. Organic photovoltaics: solar power from extremely thin tinted films and polymer films (2008).
OSC Bilayer Heterojunction Structure Electron transfer
LUMO
absorption
LUMO
HOMO DONATOR (p)
holes
Cathode
Anode
Substrate
Incoming Light
HOMO ACCEPTOR (n) electrons
Source: Konarka .
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics Dye Sensitized SC
DSSC cells involve a dye that absorbs visible light and injects an electron into the conduction band of an inorganic semionductor such as TiO2. The oxidised dye is re-reduced by an electrolyte giving the required separation of the electron and the hole.
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Structure
Source: G24 Innovations (2008).
Source: wikepedia (2009).
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics Advant. and Tech. Issues
Advantages
Technical Issues
Approaches DSSC • Glass frit sealing (Fraunhofer Inst., Germany) • Quasi-solid electrolyte (SolarPrint, Ireland) • Nanomaterials (Ohio State Univ., USA, Queensland Univ., Australia) Organic PV • O2/H2O Barriers (Vitex Syst. and 3M, USA) • Optical Spacers (UC-Sta. Barbara, USA) • Metallic grid (GE, USA)
R2R processing Low price
Dye Sensitized SC
Organic PV
Plastic (flexible, new form factors, lightweight, robust)
Lifetime
Semitransparent
Reproducibility from module to module
Colored (tinted)
Efficiency
incidence angleindependent
Table 1. Technology transition for PV efficiencies
Technology
2005
2010
2015
Organic tandem SC
6%
9%
14%
DSSC
4%
7%
12%
Source: K.Derbyshire. The Future of Photovoltaics to 2015 (2008).
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics Advant. and Tech. Issues
Main Advantage: Roll-to-Roll Processing (R2R) Roll-to-Roll (R2R)
Solution of Materials and Plastic Substrates
Solar Cells in Rolls Polymers and Nanomaterials
Plastic Substrates
Key Features Continuous processing High throughput Large panels Well stablished tech. (printing industry)
Source: Konarka during the 2009 Flexible displays Conference
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Market Outlook
These organic, third-generation materials will begin to penetrate the market over the next few years and are forecast to account for 8.7 percent ($ 714 Mi) of the total BIPV market by 2015.
Fenestration
Façade
windows, sky-light, spandrels, other visual glass
Curtain wall, other building claddings
Source: Peng Wang - e Chinese Academy of Sciences and Michael Gräztel - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Source: Konarka and Arch Aluminum & Glass
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
Konarka Country: USA and Germany Technology: R2R Plastic OPV Market: BIPV (joint with Arch Aluminum & Glass) and CE (consuming electronics) Goal: mass production in 2011
Semitransparent flexible OPV for façade and wallpaper
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
Dye Sol Country: Autralia Technology: Screen printing to produce DSSC on glass and Steel Market: BIPV (Façade) Goal: in production
DSSC tile
DSSC BIPV panel
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
G24 Innovations Limited Country: Wales, UK Technology: R2R Plastic DSSC Market: at first CE (consuming electronics) but has potential for BIPV Goal: mass production in 2009
DSSC based charging multi adapter
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
Fraunhofer Institute Country: Germany Technology: Screen printing to produce DSSC on glass Market: BIPV (Façade) Goal: joint development with industry German
DSSC Façade BIPV panel prototype
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
Global Photonics Country: United States Technology: Flexible Small molecule OPV by evaporation Market: BIPV and CE Goal: no data
Flexible OPV™ panel solar cell with research partners Flexible OPV™ solar cell
Conclusions 1. Building integrated PV (BIPV) is expected to grow substantially from $528.5 million in 2008 to about $8.2 billion by 2015 2. Wide-scale adoption of BIPV is still hampered by high costs compared to conventional building materials 3. The so-called 3rd gen. PV (OPV and DSSC) are attactive for BIPV because the flexibility, semitransparency, low cost and colour option 4. Lifetime and efficiency still remain a issue for widespread application of OPV and DSSC in BIPV 5. Many develepments on encapsulation, nanomaterials and production processes are underway worldwide and it is forecast 3rd generation PV represents $ 714 Mi in BIPV market by 2015.
Thank you!
Fernando Ely Full Technologist [email protected] Tel.: +55 19 3746-6045 - Fax: +55 19 3746-6028 www.cti.gov.br
Summary 3rd Gen. PV
BIPV
OPV/DSSC in BIPV
Definition
Organic PV (OPV)
Market Outlook
Market
Dye Sensitized SC (DSSC)
Applications
Technologies
Advantages and Techical Issues
Players
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) BIPV
BIPV products are distinguished from conventional PV by the fact that they form an integral part of the construction of a building. A BIPV product is both an energy generating and a building construction material. Source: Massachusetts Small Renewables Initiative, Solicitation No. 2007-SRI2-01
BIPV: an embedded source of energy in houses and commercial buildings. Integration
Fenestration windows, sky-light, spandrels, other visual glass
Building at the Hong Kong Science Park
Roof
Façade
Flat or sloped by retro-fit or new construction
Source: Yacht roof from www.humboldt.edu
Source: www.inhabitat.com
Curtain wall, other building claddings
GreenPix, a zero-carbon LED display and photovoltaic system integrated in Beijing
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) BIPV Market The BIPV market is still in the very early stages of maturity, hence there is little specifica data about market. However, BIPV is expected to grow substantially, from $528.5 million in 2008 to about $8.2 billion by 2015. Source: Photovoltaics (PV) – Materials, Applications and Development of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics. Nanomarkets, LC. (2008)
PV Market Growth Forecast
Worldwide Installed PV Power per Application Area
CAGR = compounded Annual Growth Rate
Source: K Bhargavaharga. In “Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Market Outlook 2008 and Beyond” Ed. Greentech Intelligence (2007)
Source: Paul Maycock & Travis Bradford. In Renewable Energy World (July/August 2007)
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) BIPV Tech.
At present, about 80 percent of all BIPV is based on c-Si technology, although they are the most costly to manufacture and vulnerable to silicon supply shortages. Inorganic thin film (TF) tech (20% BIPV) are forecast to move into first place by 2015, with an estimated 57% of the market. Source: Photovoltaics (PV) – Materials, Applications and Development of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics. Nanomarkets, LC. (2008)
Current BIPV Technologies
Source: R. P. Mertens, Semiconductor technology for the future supply and distribution of sustainable electrical energy in buildings. IMEC (2008)
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics Organic PV
Organic photovoltaics refers to solar cells on the basis of organic semiconductor materials (mostly dyes) or conjugated polymers that can generate electric current from light. The principle according to which both organic and polymer solar cells function is based on a transfer of electrons that is initiated by sunlight, the socalled Donor-Acceptor system Source: Rolf Hug. Organic photovoltaics: solar power from extremely thin tinted films and polymer films (2008).
OSC Bilayer Heterojunction Structure Electron transfer
LUMO
absorption
LUMO
HOMO DONATOR (p)
holes
Cathode
Anode
Substrate
Incoming Light
HOMO ACCEPTOR (n) electrons
Source: Konarka .
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics Dye Sensitized SC
DSSC cells involve a dye that absorbs visible light and injects an electron into the conduction band of an inorganic semionductor such as TiO2. The oxidised dye is re-reduced by an electrolyte giving the required separation of the electron and the hole.
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Structure
Source: G24 Innovations (2008).
Source: wikepedia (2009).
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics Advant. and Tech. Issues
Advantages
Technical Issues
Approaches DSSC • Glass frit sealing (Fraunhofer Inst., Germany) • Quasi-solid electrolyte (SolarPrint, Ireland) • Nanomaterials (Ohio State Univ., USA, Queensland Univ., Australia) Organic PV • O2/H2O Barriers (Vitex Syst. and 3M, USA) • Optical Spacers (UC-Sta. Barbara, USA) • Metallic grid (GE, USA)
R2R processing Low price
Dye Sensitized SC
Organic PV
Plastic (flexible, new form factors, lightweight, robust)
Lifetime
Semitransparent
Reproducibility from module to module
Colored (tinted)
Efficiency
incidence angleindependent
Table 1. Technology transition for PV efficiencies
Technology
2005
2010
2015
Organic tandem SC
6%
9%
14%
DSSC
4%
7%
12%
Source: K.Derbyshire. The Future of Photovoltaics to 2015 (2008).
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics Advant. and Tech. Issues
Main Advantage: Roll-to-Roll Processing (R2R) Roll-to-Roll (R2R)
Solution of Materials and Plastic Substrates
Solar Cells in Rolls Polymers and Nanomaterials
Plastic Substrates
Key Features Continuous processing High throughput Large panels Well stablished tech. (printing industry)
Source: Konarka during the 2009 Flexible displays Conference
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Market Outlook
These organic, third-generation materials will begin to penetrate the market over the next few years and are forecast to account for 8.7 percent ($ 714 Mi) of the total BIPV market by 2015.
Fenestration
Façade
windows, sky-light, spandrels, other visual glass
Curtain wall, other building claddings
Source: Peng Wang - e Chinese Academy of Sciences and Michael Gräztel - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Source: Konarka and Arch Aluminum & Glass
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
Konarka Country: USA and Germany Technology: R2R Plastic OPV Market: BIPV (joint with Arch Aluminum & Glass) and CE (consuming electronics) Goal: mass production in 2011
Semitransparent flexible OPV for façade and wallpaper
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
Dye Sol Country: Autralia Technology: Screen printing to produce DSSC on glass and Steel Market: BIPV (Façade) Goal: in production
DSSC tile
DSSC BIPV panel
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
G24 Innovations Limited Country: Wales, UK Technology: R2R Plastic DSSC Market: at first CE (consuming electronics) but has potential for BIPV Goal: mass production in 2009
DSSC based charging multi adapter
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
Fraunhofer Institute Country: Germany Technology: Screen printing to produce DSSC on glass Market: BIPV (Façade) Goal: joint development with industry German
DSSC Façade BIPV panel prototype
OPV and DSSC in BIPV Players The companys and research intututes listed below are the more involved with OPV and DSSC cells for BIPV.
Global Photonics Country: United States Technology: Flexible Small molecule OPV by evaporation Market: BIPV and CE Goal: no data
Flexible OPV™ panel solar cell with research partners Flexible OPV™ solar cell
Conclusions 1. Building integrated PV (BIPV) is expected to grow substantially from $528.5 million in 2008 to about $8.2 billion by 2015 2. Wide-scale adoption of BIPV is still hampered by high costs compared to conventional building materials 3. The so-called 3rd gen. PV (OPV and DSSC) are attactive for BIPV because the flexibility, semitransparency, low cost and colour option 4. Lifetime and efficiency still remain a issue for widespread application of OPV and DSSC in BIPV 5. Many develepments on encapsulation, nanomaterials and production processes are underway worldwide and it is forecast 3rd generation PV represents $ 714 Mi in BIPV market by 2015.
Thank you!
Fernando Ely Full Technologist [email protected] Tel.: +55 19 3746-6045 - Fax: +55 19 3746-6028 www.cti.gov.br
