from the Atmosphere??
Meteorology Unit I: Energy in Earth’s Processes & The Atmosphere TB Ch. 17 & BFRB P. 228 - 236, 193 - 197 & 170 - 174
Regents Earth Science Mrs. O’Gorman
Name: __________________
What is Weather? In which layer of the Earth does Weather occur? Page 1 of 36
Chapter 26
Meteorology • The study of weather • Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at any given time or place • Much of weather forecasting and prediction can be accomplished by direct observation – LOOK OUT THE WINDOW!! • To predict weather, you must make observations of the clouds, wind, temperature, humidity, air pressure and precipitation
The Atmosphere, Energy in Earth’s Processes, Insolation, Greenhouse Effect, Specific Heat, & Isotherms BFRB 228 – 236, 193 – 197, 170 – 174
ESRT Page 1
Atmospheric Composition • The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of many gases, but it is mostly (99%) nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) (ESRT’s Page 1 bottom) • It also contains (the other 1%) H2O (water vapor), Ar (Argon) dust, CO2 (Carbon Dioxide), CH4 (Methane) and ozone – O3 (a triple atom form of oxygen which absorbs UVC rays from the sun) • As you go higher in the atmosphere, the amount of air above you decreases and thus air pressure (weight of air) decreases!
Page 2 of 36
Structure of the Atmosphere
ESRT’s Page 14 top
• Made up of five layers, each with different characteristics (ESRT’s Page 14 top only shows FOUR layers) • Troposphere- lowest layer (we live in this layer). All of Earth’s weather occurs in the troposphere because this is where all of the water vapor Is located. Temperature decreases as you go higher. • Stratosphere- above the troposphere, has strong winds. Temperature increases as you go higher because of the absorption of UV rays by ozone. • Mesosphere- above the stratosphere. Temperature decreases as you go higher. • Thermosphere- above the mesosphere. Temperature increases as you go higher due to oxygen and nitrogen absorbing solar energy • FYI - Ionosphere- above the thermosphere. This is where the sun’s solar winds get refracted off of the ions to create the Aurora Borealis (NH) and the Aurora Australis (SH)
Ionosphere is up here….
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Page 5 of 36
Notes & Diagrams
Page 6 of 36
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 14
Text Pages 392–399
STUDY GUIDE
Earth’s Atmosphere
In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term in Column II that matches each definition in Column I.
Column II
Column I 1. Layer of atmosphere where weather, clouds, and smog occur
a. air pressure
2. Force of air determined by temperature and distance above sea level
b. ionosphere
3. Naturally occurring gas in the stratosphere that is considered a pollutant in the lower atmosphere
c. nitrogen
4. Layer of the thermosphere that has a high concentration of electrically charged particles
d. ozone e. smog f. stratosphere
5. Most common gas in the atmosphere
g. exosphere
6. Layer of atmosphere that includes the ozone layer 7. Type of pollution that can be formed by car exhaust and burning coal or oil
h. troposphere
8. Layer of atmosphere between the thermosphere and space In the blank, write the term that correctly completes each sentence. Use the information in your textbook.
makes up from 0 to 4 percent of the atmosphere.
9. 10. The
contains 75 percent of the atmospheric gases.
11. The division of Earth’s atmosphere into layers is based on
differences.
12. Cold air is denser than warm air and, therefore, has higher
.
is the only substance that exists as a solid, liquid, and gas in
13. Earth’s atmosphere.
Identify the five main layers of Earth’s atmosphere.
E
Atmosphere
{
D C B A Earth
14. A is the
.
17. D is the
.
15. B is the
.
18. E is the
.
16. C is the
.
Page 7 of 36
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
57
What “drives” Weather?
How is energy transferred to/within/ from the Atmosphere?? Page 8 of 36
Movement of Heat – 3 Ways
Movement of Heat – 3 Ways This is review from Plate Tectonics
• 1) Conduction- the movement of heat from molecule to molecule through contact with each other or other objects – Ex. Touching a hot pot on the stove
• 2) Radiation- the movement of Electromagnetic Energy (heat waves) across a distance through ANY media (including empty space!) – Ex. Warming your hands in front of a fireplace • Earth receives EM energy radiated from the sun at relatively short wavelengths (visible and UV), and Earth reradiates this heat energy at longer wavelengths known as Infrared waves (heat) • Energy received on Earth from the sun is called Insolation (incoming solar radiation)
Movement of Heat – 3 Ways • 3) Convection- the movement of heat in currents due to differences in density • The most effective form of heat transfer in liquids and gases (fluids) – Air gets heated and expands – the molecules move apart - makes it less dense and lighter…it rises! – Colder air – molecules come together - is more dense and heavier so it sinks – It gets heated it rises, it cools it sinks – Just like in the putty-like asthenosphere!!!!!
Page 9 of 36
What is InSolAtion?
CONVECTION CURRENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE DUE TO DENSITY DIFFERENCES!!!!!!!!!
• Insolation is a one word expression for INcoming SOLar radiATION • It is the energy that the Earth receives from the Sun. • The amount of insolation varies with changes in latitude and the angle that the insolation hits the surface of the Earth. • This is due to the variation of Earth’s tilt on its axis in relation to the sun’s rays as it revolves.
Page 10 of 36
In this example, the insolation is In this example, the same amount of insolation is concentrated in a small area. More spread out over a larger area. Less energy per energy per unit area is hitting the surface. unit area is hitting the surface. This would be This would be the Equatorial part of Earth. 45° North or South of the Equator.
Figure 1. A schematic of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing the Sun's energy output in relation to wavelength. Most of the Sun’s radiation is in what part(s) of the EM spectrum?
Page 11 of 36
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 14
Text Pages 402–409
STUDY GUIDE
Energy from the Sun
Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.
heat sun waves sinks space
life lower current campfire surfaces
The
absorb reflects contact environment atmosphere
radiation density conduction temperature convection
is the source of all energy in our atmosphere. When Earth
receives this energy, some energy escapes back into by the
, some is absorbed
, and some is absorbed by land and water . The balance among these three help the atmosphere support . Energy reaches Earth in the form of radiant energy, or . This process is the transfer of energy by
You experience radiation when you sit by a
. and your skin becomes
warm. The molecules of your skin
the energy and you feel
. Heat is the transfer of energy from an object with a higher to an object with a
temperature. Some
radiation isn’t absorbed by the atmosphere or surface objects; it
off
the atmosphere or surface. is the transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one another and heat is transferred through direct
.
is the transfer of heat that occurs because of differences in the air. Because cold air has a higher density than warm air, cold air
—this pushes up the warm air. This rise and fall of air sets
up a circular movement called a convection
. Convection currents and
other processes that transfer energy help provide the
Page 12 of 36
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
we live in.
59
Page 13 of 36
What is the Greenhouse effect? How does it affect climate change? Page 14 of 36
Notes & Diagrams
Page 15 of 36
Greenhouse Effect • Certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor (natural), carbon dioxide (burning of Fossil Fuels, methane (emissions from livestock - lol!), decomposition of sewage), etc.) allow short wavelengths of energy from the sun to enter the atmosphere. The Sun’s shorter wavelengths pass right thru… • Earth’s surface absorbs the shorter wavelengths, heats up and reradiates the heat as infrared (heat) waves, which have longer wavelengths • Most of these longer wavelengths escape back into space, but some of the infrared waves are trapped by these gases and don’t escape, so they become trapped in the atmosphere as heat. • This causes the temperature on Earth to increase. • This is a positive and necessary process that has made our atmosphere warm enough for evolution to occur and humans to be able to live on Earth!
Page 16 of 36
Why we call it the “Greenhouse Effect”
Page 17 of 36
This HUMAN ENHANCED (aka Anthropomorphic or Anthropogenic) Greenhouse Effect is the cause of CLIMATE CHANGE – otherwise known as Global Warming.
1. Introduction The greenhouse effect is responsible for the Earth’s warm, livable atmosphere. Gases like methane and carbon dioxide trap heat near the surface, keeping the Earth about 33° C (60° F) warmer than it would be without its natural blanket of protective gas. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon, but human activity can enhance its effect and destabilize the climate. 2. Gases Water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, CFCs, ozone and nitrous oxide are all greenhouse gases (GHGs). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important, followed in descending order by methane, CFCs, ozone and nitrous oxide. Climate scientists say human activities that pour enormous volumes of these gases into the atmosphere are raising the planet’s temperature. Some of these activities are the burning of fossil fuels and the deforestation of the Earth. 3. Sun The sun sends energy toward Earth in the form of light and radiation. We experience solar radiation as light and warmth on a sunny day 4. Atmosphere When the sun’s rays strike the atmosphere, some of the radiation is immediately reflected into space. The radiation that gets through the atmosphere heads toward the Earth’s surface. 5. Earth Solar radiation that passes through the Earth’s clear atmosphere is absorbed by the ground, water, plants and other objects. As the sun warms objects, they emit infrared radiation. This is the energy we know as heat. A portion of the solar radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface — particularly areas covered by ice, snow or the ocean — also bounces back into space, where its heat energy dissipates. 6. Heat and gases Molecules of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation and release heat, which raises the temperature of the ground and air and warms the Earth’s surface. Infrared radiation has a longer wavelength than visible light, so it is easier for molecules like carbon dioxide and water vapor to absorb energy and trap the sun’s energy beneath Earth’s atmosphere. 7. Into space Some infrared radiation continues on its path out of the atmosphere and into space.
Page 18 of 36
NAME
DATE
Chapter 16 STUDY GUIDE
CLASS Text Pages 470–475
How Can Global Warming Be Slowed?
Match the words in Column I with the phrases in Column II. Write the letter of the correct phrase in the blank on the left.
Column I
Column II
1. fossil fuels
a. remove carbon dioxide from atmosphere
2. deforestation
b. possible way to reduce global warming
3. burning
c. mass removal of trees
4. plants
d. adds carbon dioxide to atmosphere
5. giant screen
e. gas that contributes to global warming
6. nitrous oxide
f. petroleum, natural gas, and coal
Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
7. What are some of the ways that people can reduce their use of fossil fuels?
8. What are examples of reasons why forests are being cleared in different parts of the world?
9. How can planting vegetation help reduce global warming?
10. Why have some scientists suggested that billions of aluminum balloons should be released into the atmosphere?
68
Page 19 of 36
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Let’s connect Astronomy and Meteorology! What is meant by a substance’s Specific Heat? Page 20 of 36
Notes & Diagrams
Page 21 of 36
Temperature Changes on Earth • Temperature changes with seasonal change occur because the sun’s insolation strikes Earth at different angles (and therefore different intensities) • Where the sun’s rays strike Earth at 90°, the insolation is concentrated in a smaller area. This causes temperatures to be the greatest. • Where the sun’s rays hit Earth at very low angles, the insolation is spread out over a large area. This causes temperatures to be low.
Warmest and Coldest Months • Northern Hemisphere– Maximum sunlight is June 21st, but maximum temperature is in July – there is a lag!!! – Minimum sunlight is December 21st, but minimum temperatures are experienced in January – there is a lag!!! • It takes time for the heat to build up, and for maximum temperatures to be reached • Also, it takes time for heat to dissipate (go away), and for minimum temperatures to be reached
in NYS
Warmest and Coldest Time of Day
As the insolation is absorbed by the Earth, the temperature will continue to increase if absorption exceeds radiation. The earth absorbs more heat than it radiates into the afternoon, therefore the highest temps are not at Solar noon, but later on!
• The coldest hour is usually just before sunrise, since the Earth has been cooling off all night – there is a lag!!!! • The warmest time is later in the afternoon (after solar noon), since the Earth is still receiving more heat than it is losing – there is a lag!!!
Page 22 of 36
Why is there a Daily and Seasonal Lag between the time of maximum intensity of insolation and highest temperatures?
Heating of Water and Land
• Water and land heat up and cool off at different rates because they have different properties. • This is due to their different heat capacities AKA SPECIFIC HEAT (P. 1 of ESRT’s) • Land needs very little energy to heat up (low heat capacity) – This allows land to heat up quickly, and also to cool down quickly
• Water needs more energy to heat up (high heat capacity)
– This allows water to heat up slowly and to cool off slowly – WATER IS STUBBORN!!! It takes a long time to heat up and a long time to cool down…
ESRT Page 1 Liquid water has the highest specific heat value What is specific heat? What is a Joule/gram ●⁰C ?
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin
How Does Water’s High Specific Heat Affect Weather & Climate?
How do the specific heats of land and water affect the rate at which they heat up and cool down?
• Air temperature and other weather conditions of different locations are affected by how near or far they are from water (oceans) due to heat capacity • VIF - Water has a mitigating effect to extremes of temperature and climate • For example, a coastal city may have a average annual high of 75° and an average annual low of 40°. (35° range) • An inland city may have an average annual high of 82° and an average annual low of 33°. (49° range) • The coastal city is near the water, so the water’s temperature doesn’t change as quickly as the land’s temperature due to water’s high specific heat.
Page 23 of 36
Case study of an inland vs. a coastal city’s climate
The Rules of Absorber and Reflectors
• Dark colors absorb energy well, and light colors reflect energy well (think...dark color clothes in winter, light colors clothes in summer) • Rough surfaces absorb energy well, while smooth surfaces reflect energy well (think…a mirror is smooth and reflects your image really well.) • VIF – The best ABSORBERS make the best EMITTERS of energy. • This is why radiators (heaters) are often black in color!!!
Smooth Surfaces reflect Better than rough surfaces, therefore rough surfaces will absorb more insolation than smooth surfaces and will become hotter.
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Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review Section: Temperature 1. Define temperature in terms of kinetic energy.
2. Explain the difference between total and average molecular kinetic energy of a gas contained in a box.
3. Explain how a liquid thermometer measures temperature.
4. Convert the following temperatures as indicated.
_________________________________
a. What is 16°C on the Farenheit scale?
_________________________________
b. What is 95°F on the Celsius scale?
_________________________________
c. What is 30°C on the Kelvin scale?
_________________________________
d. What is 100 K on the Celsius scale?
5. Predict what will happen if a block of hot iron is placed in a glass of cool water.
6. Evaluate the following newspaper headline. Is it realistic? Explain. Scientists Create a Thermometer to Measure Temperatures Below 0 Kelvin
7. Explain why a metal door should not be built to fit tightly to the frame of a door, especially in a region where the weather gets hot.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum
1 Page 27 of 36
Heat and Temperature
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review Section: Energy Transfer 1. Explain why a ceramic bowl will keep oatmeal hot longer than a stainless steel bowl.
2. Explain which method of heat transfer can take place if two objects at different temperatures are placed without touching each other in a vaccum.
3. Calculate how much energy must be transferred as heat in each of the following situations. Use the following equation:
energy (specific heat) mass (temperature change) a. A 100 kg tank of water is warmed from 10°C to 25°C; specific heat 4180 J/kg K
b. 100 kg of steam is raised from 120°C to 135°C; specific heat 1870 J/kg K
4. Explain why steam (gas) has a lower specific heat than water (liquid).
5. Describe the method of heat transfer involved when you mix hot water with cold water to make lukewarm water.
6. Determine which is the best type of skillet. Some people prefer a heavy cast iron skillet while others prefer a thin stainless steel one. (Hint: Think about how each skillet conducts heat.)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum
2 Page 28 of 36
Heat and Temperature
Test what you know about the Atmosphere & Energy in Earth’s Processes!! Page 29 of 36
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Page 36 of 36
Regents Earth Science Mrs. O’Gorman
Name: __________________
What is Weather? In which layer of the Earth does Weather occur? Page 1 of 36
Chapter 26
Meteorology • The study of weather • Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at any given time or place • Much of weather forecasting and prediction can be accomplished by direct observation – LOOK OUT THE WINDOW!! • To predict weather, you must make observations of the clouds, wind, temperature, humidity, air pressure and precipitation
The Atmosphere, Energy in Earth’s Processes, Insolation, Greenhouse Effect, Specific Heat, & Isotherms BFRB 228 – 236, 193 – 197, 170 – 174
ESRT Page 1
Atmospheric Composition • The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of many gases, but it is mostly (99%) nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) (ESRT’s Page 1 bottom) • It also contains (the other 1%) H2O (water vapor), Ar (Argon) dust, CO2 (Carbon Dioxide), CH4 (Methane) and ozone – O3 (a triple atom form of oxygen which absorbs UVC rays from the sun) • As you go higher in the atmosphere, the amount of air above you decreases and thus air pressure (weight of air) decreases!
Page 2 of 36
Structure of the Atmosphere
ESRT’s Page 14 top
• Made up of five layers, each with different characteristics (ESRT’s Page 14 top only shows FOUR layers) • Troposphere- lowest layer (we live in this layer). All of Earth’s weather occurs in the troposphere because this is where all of the water vapor Is located. Temperature decreases as you go higher. • Stratosphere- above the troposphere, has strong winds. Temperature increases as you go higher because of the absorption of UV rays by ozone. • Mesosphere- above the stratosphere. Temperature decreases as you go higher. • Thermosphere- above the mesosphere. Temperature increases as you go higher due to oxygen and nitrogen absorbing solar energy • FYI - Ionosphere- above the thermosphere. This is where the sun’s solar winds get refracted off of the ions to create the Aurora Borealis (NH) and the Aurora Australis (SH)
Ionosphere is up here….
Page 3 of 36
Page 4 of 36
Page 5 of 36
Notes & Diagrams
Page 6 of 36
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 14
Text Pages 392–399
STUDY GUIDE
Earth’s Atmosphere
In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term in Column II that matches each definition in Column I.
Column II
Column I 1. Layer of atmosphere where weather, clouds, and smog occur
a. air pressure
2. Force of air determined by temperature and distance above sea level
b. ionosphere
3. Naturally occurring gas in the stratosphere that is considered a pollutant in the lower atmosphere
c. nitrogen
4. Layer of the thermosphere that has a high concentration of electrically charged particles
d. ozone e. smog f. stratosphere
5. Most common gas in the atmosphere
g. exosphere
6. Layer of atmosphere that includes the ozone layer 7. Type of pollution that can be formed by car exhaust and burning coal or oil
h. troposphere
8. Layer of atmosphere between the thermosphere and space In the blank, write the term that correctly completes each sentence. Use the information in your textbook.
makes up from 0 to 4 percent of the atmosphere.
9. 10. The
contains 75 percent of the atmospheric gases.
11. The division of Earth’s atmosphere into layers is based on
differences.
12. Cold air is denser than warm air and, therefore, has higher
.
is the only substance that exists as a solid, liquid, and gas in
13. Earth’s atmosphere.
Identify the five main layers of Earth’s atmosphere.
E
Atmosphere
{
D C B A Earth
14. A is the
.
17. D is the
.
15. B is the
.
18. E is the
.
16. C is the
.
Page 7 of 36
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
57
What “drives” Weather?
How is energy transferred to/within/ from the Atmosphere?? Page 8 of 36
Movement of Heat – 3 Ways
Movement of Heat – 3 Ways This is review from Plate Tectonics
• 1) Conduction- the movement of heat from molecule to molecule through contact with each other or other objects – Ex. Touching a hot pot on the stove
• 2) Radiation- the movement of Electromagnetic Energy (heat waves) across a distance through ANY media (including empty space!) – Ex. Warming your hands in front of a fireplace • Earth receives EM energy radiated from the sun at relatively short wavelengths (visible and UV), and Earth reradiates this heat energy at longer wavelengths known as Infrared waves (heat) • Energy received on Earth from the sun is called Insolation (incoming solar radiation)
Movement of Heat – 3 Ways • 3) Convection- the movement of heat in currents due to differences in density • The most effective form of heat transfer in liquids and gases (fluids) – Air gets heated and expands – the molecules move apart - makes it less dense and lighter…it rises! – Colder air – molecules come together - is more dense and heavier so it sinks – It gets heated it rises, it cools it sinks – Just like in the putty-like asthenosphere!!!!!
Page 9 of 36
What is InSolAtion?
CONVECTION CURRENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE DUE TO DENSITY DIFFERENCES!!!!!!!!!
• Insolation is a one word expression for INcoming SOLar radiATION • It is the energy that the Earth receives from the Sun. • The amount of insolation varies with changes in latitude and the angle that the insolation hits the surface of the Earth. • This is due to the variation of Earth’s tilt on its axis in relation to the sun’s rays as it revolves.
Page 10 of 36
In this example, the insolation is In this example, the same amount of insolation is concentrated in a small area. More spread out over a larger area. Less energy per energy per unit area is hitting the surface. unit area is hitting the surface. This would be This would be the Equatorial part of Earth. 45° North or South of the Equator.
Figure 1. A schematic of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing the Sun's energy output in relation to wavelength. Most of the Sun’s radiation is in what part(s) of the EM spectrum?
Page 11 of 36
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 14
Text Pages 402–409
STUDY GUIDE
Energy from the Sun
Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.
heat sun waves sinks space
life lower current campfire surfaces
The
absorb reflects contact environment atmosphere
radiation density conduction temperature convection
is the source of all energy in our atmosphere. When Earth
receives this energy, some energy escapes back into by the
, some is absorbed
, and some is absorbed by land and water . The balance among these three help the atmosphere support . Energy reaches Earth in the form of radiant energy, or . This process is the transfer of energy by
You experience radiation when you sit by a
. and your skin becomes
warm. The molecules of your skin
the energy and you feel
. Heat is the transfer of energy from an object with a higher to an object with a
temperature. Some
radiation isn’t absorbed by the atmosphere or surface objects; it
off
the atmosphere or surface. is the transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one another and heat is transferred through direct
.
is the transfer of heat that occurs because of differences in the air. Because cold air has a higher density than warm air, cold air
—this pushes up the warm air. This rise and fall of air sets
up a circular movement called a convection
. Convection currents and
other processes that transfer energy help provide the
Page 12 of 36
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
we live in.
59
Page 13 of 36
What is the Greenhouse effect? How does it affect climate change? Page 14 of 36
Notes & Diagrams
Page 15 of 36
Greenhouse Effect • Certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor (natural), carbon dioxide (burning of Fossil Fuels, methane (emissions from livestock - lol!), decomposition of sewage), etc.) allow short wavelengths of energy from the sun to enter the atmosphere. The Sun’s shorter wavelengths pass right thru… • Earth’s surface absorbs the shorter wavelengths, heats up and reradiates the heat as infrared (heat) waves, which have longer wavelengths • Most of these longer wavelengths escape back into space, but some of the infrared waves are trapped by these gases and don’t escape, so they become trapped in the atmosphere as heat. • This causes the temperature on Earth to increase. • This is a positive and necessary process that has made our atmosphere warm enough for evolution to occur and humans to be able to live on Earth!
Page 16 of 36
Why we call it the “Greenhouse Effect”
Page 17 of 36
This HUMAN ENHANCED (aka Anthropomorphic or Anthropogenic) Greenhouse Effect is the cause of CLIMATE CHANGE – otherwise known as Global Warming.
1. Introduction The greenhouse effect is responsible for the Earth’s warm, livable atmosphere. Gases like methane and carbon dioxide trap heat near the surface, keeping the Earth about 33° C (60° F) warmer than it would be without its natural blanket of protective gas. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon, but human activity can enhance its effect and destabilize the climate. 2. Gases Water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, CFCs, ozone and nitrous oxide are all greenhouse gases (GHGs). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important, followed in descending order by methane, CFCs, ozone and nitrous oxide. Climate scientists say human activities that pour enormous volumes of these gases into the atmosphere are raising the planet’s temperature. Some of these activities are the burning of fossil fuels and the deforestation of the Earth. 3. Sun The sun sends energy toward Earth in the form of light and radiation. We experience solar radiation as light and warmth on a sunny day 4. Atmosphere When the sun’s rays strike the atmosphere, some of the radiation is immediately reflected into space. The radiation that gets through the atmosphere heads toward the Earth’s surface. 5. Earth Solar radiation that passes through the Earth’s clear atmosphere is absorbed by the ground, water, plants and other objects. As the sun warms objects, they emit infrared radiation. This is the energy we know as heat. A portion of the solar radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface — particularly areas covered by ice, snow or the ocean — also bounces back into space, where its heat energy dissipates. 6. Heat and gases Molecules of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation and release heat, which raises the temperature of the ground and air and warms the Earth’s surface. Infrared radiation has a longer wavelength than visible light, so it is easier for molecules like carbon dioxide and water vapor to absorb energy and trap the sun’s energy beneath Earth’s atmosphere. 7. Into space Some infrared radiation continues on its path out of the atmosphere and into space.
Page 18 of 36
NAME
DATE
Chapter 16 STUDY GUIDE
CLASS Text Pages 470–475
How Can Global Warming Be Slowed?
Match the words in Column I with the phrases in Column II. Write the letter of the correct phrase in the blank on the left.
Column I
Column II
1. fossil fuels
a. remove carbon dioxide from atmosphere
2. deforestation
b. possible way to reduce global warming
3. burning
c. mass removal of trees
4. plants
d. adds carbon dioxide to atmosphere
5. giant screen
e. gas that contributes to global warming
6. nitrous oxide
f. petroleum, natural gas, and coal
Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
7. What are some of the ways that people can reduce their use of fossil fuels?
8. What are examples of reasons why forests are being cleared in different parts of the world?
9. How can planting vegetation help reduce global warming?
10. Why have some scientists suggested that billions of aluminum balloons should be released into the atmosphere?
68
Page 19 of 36
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Let’s connect Astronomy and Meteorology! What is meant by a substance’s Specific Heat? Page 20 of 36
Notes & Diagrams
Page 21 of 36
Temperature Changes on Earth • Temperature changes with seasonal change occur because the sun’s insolation strikes Earth at different angles (and therefore different intensities) • Where the sun’s rays strike Earth at 90°, the insolation is concentrated in a smaller area. This causes temperatures to be the greatest. • Where the sun’s rays hit Earth at very low angles, the insolation is spread out over a large area. This causes temperatures to be low.
Warmest and Coldest Months • Northern Hemisphere– Maximum sunlight is June 21st, but maximum temperature is in July – there is a lag!!! – Minimum sunlight is December 21st, but minimum temperatures are experienced in January – there is a lag!!! • It takes time for the heat to build up, and for maximum temperatures to be reached • Also, it takes time for heat to dissipate (go away), and for minimum temperatures to be reached
in NYS
Warmest and Coldest Time of Day
As the insolation is absorbed by the Earth, the temperature will continue to increase if absorption exceeds radiation. The earth absorbs more heat than it radiates into the afternoon, therefore the highest temps are not at Solar noon, but later on!
• The coldest hour is usually just before sunrise, since the Earth has been cooling off all night – there is a lag!!!! • The warmest time is later in the afternoon (after solar noon), since the Earth is still receiving more heat than it is losing – there is a lag!!!
Page 22 of 36
Why is there a Daily and Seasonal Lag between the time of maximum intensity of insolation and highest temperatures?
Heating of Water and Land
• Water and land heat up and cool off at different rates because they have different properties. • This is due to their different heat capacities AKA SPECIFIC HEAT (P. 1 of ESRT’s) • Land needs very little energy to heat up (low heat capacity) – This allows land to heat up quickly, and also to cool down quickly
• Water needs more energy to heat up (high heat capacity)
– This allows water to heat up slowly and to cool off slowly – WATER IS STUBBORN!!! It takes a long time to heat up and a long time to cool down…
ESRT Page 1 Liquid water has the highest specific heat value What is specific heat? What is a Joule/gram ●⁰C ?
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin
How Does Water’s High Specific Heat Affect Weather & Climate?
How do the specific heats of land and water affect the rate at which they heat up and cool down?
• Air temperature and other weather conditions of different locations are affected by how near or far they are from water (oceans) due to heat capacity • VIF - Water has a mitigating effect to extremes of temperature and climate • For example, a coastal city may have a average annual high of 75° and an average annual low of 40°. (35° range) • An inland city may have an average annual high of 82° and an average annual low of 33°. (49° range) • The coastal city is near the water, so the water’s temperature doesn’t change as quickly as the land’s temperature due to water’s high specific heat.
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Case study of an inland vs. a coastal city’s climate
The Rules of Absorber and Reflectors
• Dark colors absorb energy well, and light colors reflect energy well (think...dark color clothes in winter, light colors clothes in summer) • Rough surfaces absorb energy well, while smooth surfaces reflect energy well (think…a mirror is smooth and reflects your image really well.) • VIF – The best ABSORBERS make the best EMITTERS of energy. • This is why radiators (heaters) are often black in color!!!
Smooth Surfaces reflect Better than rough surfaces, therefore rough surfaces will absorb more insolation than smooth surfaces and will become hotter.
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Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review Section: Temperature 1. Define temperature in terms of kinetic energy.
2. Explain the difference between total and average molecular kinetic energy of a gas contained in a box.
3. Explain how a liquid thermometer measures temperature.
4. Convert the following temperatures as indicated.
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a. What is 16°C on the Farenheit scale?
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b. What is 95°F on the Celsius scale?
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c. What is 30°C on the Kelvin scale?
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d. What is 100 K on the Celsius scale?
5. Predict what will happen if a block of hot iron is placed in a glass of cool water.
6. Evaluate the following newspaper headline. Is it realistic? Explain. Scientists Create a Thermometer to Measure Temperatures Below 0 Kelvin
7. Explain why a metal door should not be built to fit tightly to the frame of a door, especially in a region where the weather gets hot.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum
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Heat and Temperature
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review Section: Energy Transfer 1. Explain why a ceramic bowl will keep oatmeal hot longer than a stainless steel bowl.
2. Explain which method of heat transfer can take place if two objects at different temperatures are placed without touching each other in a vaccum.
3. Calculate how much energy must be transferred as heat in each of the following situations. Use the following equation:
energy (specific heat) mass (temperature change) a. A 100 kg tank of water is warmed from 10°C to 25°C; specific heat 4180 J/kg K
b. 100 kg of steam is raised from 120°C to 135°C; specific heat 1870 J/kg K
4. Explain why steam (gas) has a lower specific heat than water (liquid).
5. Describe the method of heat transfer involved when you mix hot water with cold water to make lukewarm water.
6. Determine which is the best type of skillet. Some people prefer a heavy cast iron skillet while others prefer a thin stainless steel one. (Hint: Think about how each skillet conducts heat.)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum
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Heat and Temperature
Test what you know about the Atmosphere & Energy in Earth’s Processes!! Page 29 of 36
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