Gender Stereotypes [Video About reverse Gender Stereotypes at the ...
Nicolas Jeganathan
998878335
CHAPTER 11: Gender Stereotypes [Video About reverse Gender Stereotypes at the Gym] Typical Gender Differences Agentic : Male Artistic: Individual Women Communal: Group Understanding: Women are supposed to be understanding. Leader: Automatically think of men Competitive: Sort of goes with male Abstract thinking: Male Verbal Reasoning: Female Self-Confident: Male Independent: Male Problem Solving: Male Expressive: Women Large Gender Differences Physical attributes: Men are more muscular and generally larger than women. Occupational: Men tend to work in more thinking/ technical things, and sports. Women tend to work in more social environments. Certain Types of Knowledge: Men are better with technical things and sports. Sexual Behaviour: Men masturbate more, number of partners in life, and opinions towards casual sex. Tender-Mindedness (-): Facet of agreeableness; women score less. Some times of aggression: There are large differences between women and men. Medium Gender Differences Aggression (peer, self, physical) Women show more affection Women show more agreeableness Women tend to conform more Science knowledge [More male] Women have higher emotional stability Women have a higher desire for ambition, and status in a mate Men have a desire for a more attractive mate.
Nicolas Jeganathan
998878335
Trivial Differences Self Esteem (over 23): Men are higher on Self-Esteem before 23, after 23 it evens out Extraversion: Activity and Gregariousness Openness: Idea Generation Occupations: Idea-Data Dimensions Guilt, Pride, and Anger are SLIGHTLY more common in males. Knowledge [lit, business, arts] very little difference between men and women Gender Differences in “the Big Five” No Gender Differences In Neuroticism and Impulsiveness Extraversion; Gregariousness Openness; involving ideas
Gender Differences Extraversion: Assertiveness Agreeablenes s: Tendermindedness Neuroticism Sexuality
Possible Gender Differences
Extraversion; overall. Neuroticism; anxiety. Agreeableness; trust. Conscientiousness overall and order of conscientiousness.
Aggression Depends on type, measurement, situation Men are more aggressive when it comes to physical and verbal aggression. Girls; more relational and indirect aggression into adolescence, more. No differences when THEY are being attacked, insulted, (-) evaluated Men are more aggressive in response to frustration Risk-Taking Men typically take more risks that women [in terms of pain, intellect, and physical skill risks, when statistically it’s not going to work out as well] But it varies with types of behaviour. Gender Differences Empathy Self-Report measures feelings in females being higher. Empathy accuracy experiments show few differences Emotions There are no physiological differences Self-Reports emotions conform to gender role expectations o F: Sadness, Depression o M: Pride, Confidence, Excitement No single measure.
Nicolas Jeganathan
998878335
Anxiety Self-Reports Show that women are more anxious Observations say no difference Some studies actually say that men may be more physiologically reactive. Helping and Leadership Witnessed vs. Private Helping Men engage more; when people are watching The level is the same; when no one is watching
Men are more likely to be an autocratic style of leadership. Each have their own merit in certain situations
Influenceability There aren’t many differences Women are slightly more fickle Self Esteem and Self Confidence Age Overestimation and underestimation at the chances of success Men tend to overestimate their success Biological Factors Differences innate and due to biological causes like hormones, genetics, and evolution. o 25 – 38% Genetic o Prenatal hormones in women o Monthly/ Daily fluctuations in hormone levels in women o Oxytocin release in Females under stress Biological Factors: Evolution Gender differences in dating and mating strategies o Women’s period may affect when they want to date o Different mates which they seek, also change the outcome Social Role Theory: Gender differences develop in relation to different roles in society. They are relative to levels of power in society. It mainly focuses on: The Division of Labour; men and women have developed skills and characteristics that have made them fulfill different jobs. Division of Labor: Agentic vs. Communal Skills o Assign someone to a manager/ employee; see how they react different to the role in which they are placed.
Nicolas Jeganathan
998878335
o
De-individuation: Put people in a scenario where they are all completely equal. Same job, same clothes, same look etc. See how they react. Social Constructionism: Gender differences persist because these support the current social order. o This isn’t necessarily a bad thing o It just means it doesn’t have any biological basis o Nonetheless it still exists
Gender Designations Feminine Sex-Typed: Feminine Masculine Sex-Typed: Masculine Androgynous: Characteristics of both Undifferentiated: Characteristics of neither; lacking in both. Cross Sex-Typed: Man who is Feminine, Woman who is Masculine [Video of Transgendered Man; Originally female, wants to becomes a man. He’s also a homosexual]
998878335
CHAPTER 11: Gender Stereotypes [Video About reverse Gender Stereotypes at the Gym] Typical Gender Differences Agentic : Male Artistic: Individual Women Communal: Group Understanding: Women are supposed to be understanding. Leader: Automatically think of men Competitive: Sort of goes with male Abstract thinking: Male Verbal Reasoning: Female Self-Confident: Male Independent: Male Problem Solving: Male Expressive: Women Large Gender Differences Physical attributes: Men are more muscular and generally larger than women. Occupational: Men tend to work in more thinking/ technical things, and sports. Women tend to work in more social environments. Certain Types of Knowledge: Men are better with technical things and sports. Sexual Behaviour: Men masturbate more, number of partners in life, and opinions towards casual sex. Tender-Mindedness (-): Facet of agreeableness; women score less. Some times of aggression: There are large differences between women and men. Medium Gender Differences Aggression (peer, self, physical) Women show more affection Women show more agreeableness Women tend to conform more Science knowledge [More male] Women have higher emotional stability Women have a higher desire for ambition, and status in a mate Men have a desire for a more attractive mate.
Nicolas Jeganathan
998878335
Trivial Differences Self Esteem (over 23): Men are higher on Self-Esteem before 23, after 23 it evens out Extraversion: Activity and Gregariousness Openness: Idea Generation Occupations: Idea-Data Dimensions Guilt, Pride, and Anger are SLIGHTLY more common in males. Knowledge [lit, business, arts] very little difference between men and women Gender Differences in “the Big Five” No Gender Differences In Neuroticism and Impulsiveness Extraversion; Gregariousness Openness; involving ideas
Gender Differences Extraversion: Assertiveness Agreeablenes s: Tendermindedness Neuroticism Sexuality
Possible Gender Differences
Extraversion; overall. Neuroticism; anxiety. Agreeableness; trust. Conscientiousness overall and order of conscientiousness.
Aggression Depends on type, measurement, situation Men are more aggressive when it comes to physical and verbal aggression. Girls; more relational and indirect aggression into adolescence, more. No differences when THEY are being attacked, insulted, (-) evaluated Men are more aggressive in response to frustration Risk-Taking Men typically take more risks that women [in terms of pain, intellect, and physical skill risks, when statistically it’s not going to work out as well] But it varies with types of behaviour. Gender Differences Empathy Self-Report measures feelings in females being higher. Empathy accuracy experiments show few differences Emotions There are no physiological differences Self-Reports emotions conform to gender role expectations o F: Sadness, Depression o M: Pride, Confidence, Excitement No single measure.
Nicolas Jeganathan
998878335
Anxiety Self-Reports Show that women are more anxious Observations say no difference Some studies actually say that men may be more physiologically reactive. Helping and Leadership Witnessed vs. Private Helping Men engage more; when people are watching The level is the same; when no one is watching
Men are more likely to be an autocratic style of leadership. Each have their own merit in certain situations
Influenceability There aren’t many differences Women are slightly more fickle Self Esteem and Self Confidence Age Overestimation and underestimation at the chances of success Men tend to overestimate their success Biological Factors Differences innate and due to biological causes like hormones, genetics, and evolution. o 25 – 38% Genetic o Prenatal hormones in women o Monthly/ Daily fluctuations in hormone levels in women o Oxytocin release in Females under stress Biological Factors: Evolution Gender differences in dating and mating strategies o Women’s period may affect when they want to date o Different mates which they seek, also change the outcome Social Role Theory: Gender differences develop in relation to different roles in society. They are relative to levels of power in society. It mainly focuses on: The Division of Labour; men and women have developed skills and characteristics that have made them fulfill different jobs. Division of Labor: Agentic vs. Communal Skills o Assign someone to a manager/ employee; see how they react different to the role in which they are placed.
Nicolas Jeganathan
998878335
o
De-individuation: Put people in a scenario where they are all completely equal. Same job, same clothes, same look etc. See how they react. Social Constructionism: Gender differences persist because these support the current social order. o This isn’t necessarily a bad thing o It just means it doesn’t have any biological basis o Nonetheless it still exists
Gender Designations Feminine Sex-Typed: Feminine Masculine Sex-Typed: Masculine Androgynous: Characteristics of both Undifferentiated: Characteristics of neither; lacking in both. Cross Sex-Typed: Man who is Feminine, Woman who is Masculine [Video of Transgendered Man; Originally female, wants to becomes a man. He’s also a homosexual]
