How do you solve a problem like Xanthoparmelia?
Po st er s. C
Po st er s. C
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F1 00 0
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ht
ed .
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Figure 3. Phylogeny of Xanthoparmelia tasmanica s.l. (shaded clades) and selected other species of Xanthoparmelia based on a weighted maximum parsimony analysis of ITS sequence data. Support was evaluated using maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap proportions (BP) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (B-PP). BP’s and B-PP’s >50% are displayed at each node in the following order: MP-BP/ML-BP/B-PP. Branches with MP-BP >70% are emboldened.
yr ig
ht
st er 2mm
ot
METHODS
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pr
Morphological, chemical, and ITS sequence data were collected using standard methods outlined by Lendemer & Hodkinson (2009, 2010). Weighted maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were run as outlined by Hodkinson & Lendemer (2010).
ig
yr
op
te
d.
st er
s.
F1
C
00
0
ec
Po s
te
te
d.
rs
F1
.C
00
0
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Figure 1. Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale [Australasian]
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Analyses of morphology and chemistry revealed no features clearly distinguishing Australasian and American populations. However, all phylogenetic methods strongly supported the nonmonophyly of X. tasmanica s. lat.
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Po s
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Figure 2. Xanthoparmelia hypofusca (Gyelnik) Hodkinson & Lendemer [American]
James C. Lendemer
Institute of Systematic Botany New York Botanical Garden Bronx, NY 10458-5126 [email protected]
DISCUSSION
Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data strongly support the hypothesis that there are two distinct, geographically-defined, distantly related species contained within the morphologically and chemically homogenous taxon known as ‘X. tasmanica.’ Since the type of X. tasmanica is Australian, American populations must be assigned a different name. Fortunately, the name Parmelia hypofusca Gyelnik (with a type from Mexico) is available for this taxon after being combined into Xanthoparmelia. The term ‘semicryptic species’ is used to refer to X. tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale s. str. and Xanthoparmelia hypofusca (Gyelnik) Hodkinson & Lendemer since the two species can seemingly only be differentiated based on geography (Vondrák et al. 2009).
REFERENCES
Hodkinson, B. P., and J. C. Lendemer. 2010. Molecular analyses reveal semi-cryptic species in Xanthoparmelia tasmanica. Bibliotheca Lichenologica: in press. Lendemer, J. C., and B. P. Hodkinson. 2010. A new perspective on Punctelia subrudecta in North America: previously-rejected morphological characters corroborate molecular phylogenetic evidence and provide insight into an old problem. The Lichenologist 42(4): 405-421. Lendemer, J. C., and B. P. Hodkinson. 2009. The Wisdom of Fools: new molecular and morphological insights into the North American apodetiate species of Cladonia. Opuscula Philolichenum 7: 79-100. Thell, A., T. Feuerer, J. A. Elix, and I. Kärnefelt. 2006. A contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of Xanthoparmelia (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 797-807. Thell, A., J. A. Elix, and U. Søchting. 2009. Xanthoparmelia lineola s.l. in Australia and North America. Bibliotheca lichenologica 99: 393-404. Vondrák, J., P. Říha, U. Arup, and U. Søchting. 2009. The taxonomy of the Caloplaca citrina group (Teloschistaceae) in the Black Sea region; with contributions to the cryptic species concept in lichenology. The Lichenologist 41: 571-604.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
RESULTS
00
Po
10 00
pr ot
ec t
op
C s.
st er
Po
2mm
op yr ec Po op ig te s ht yr te d. ig pr rs F1 ht . ot C 00 pr ec op ot 0 te y e P d. r op ct i o g ed st F1 ht yr e ig .F 00 pr rs ht . o 10 0 C t pr e Po 00 op ct ot ed st yr ec Po er ig .F te s s ht te d. 1 00 pr rs F
d.
F1 00 0
Molecular analyses reveal semi-cryptic species in an Australasian-American ‘disjunct’ taxon
It has been previously demonstrated that the main core of Xanthoparmelia s. str. contains within it a single large, specious clade that is restriced to Australasia (Thell et al. 2006). Several species have been listed as ‘exceptions’ to this rule [e.g., Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale] because they have been shown to belong to this clade, but presumably live in both Australasia and other parts of the world. However, recent research supports the notion that these ‘exceptions’ may simply represent pairs of unrelated species that have converged upon similar morphological and chemical features (Thell et al. 2009). Using ITS sequence data, we tested the hypothesis that the morphologically and chemically identical populations of ‘X. tasmanica’ found in Australasia and the Americas represent two different species that are geographicallydefined and only distantly related.
yr ig ht pr ot ec te d.
op yr ig ht pr ot ec te d.
How do you solve a problem like Xanthoparmelia?
Po st er s. C
Department of Biology Duke University Durham, NC 27708-0338 [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
op
C
op yr ig
Po s
F1 00 0
Brendan P. Hodkinson
The authors would like to thank Jolanta Miadlikowska, François Lutzoni, Tami McDonald, Richard C. Harris, Sarah Hodkinson, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (WPC), Duke University (DUKE), and the New York Botanical Garden (NY).
Po st er s. C
F1 00 0
ed .
ec t
F1 00 0
pr ot
ht
ed .
yr ig
s. C
op
pr ot ec te d
yr ig
.F
ht
Figure 3. Phylogeny of Xanthoparmelia tasmanica s.l. (shaded clades) and selected other species of Xanthoparmelia based on a weighted maximum parsimony analysis of ITS sequence data. Support was evaluated using maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap proportions (BP) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (B-PP). BP’s and B-PP’s >50% are displayed at each node in the following order: MP-BP/ML-BP/B-PP. Branches with MP-BP >70% are emboldened.
yr ig
ht
st er 2mm
ot
METHODS
ht
pr
Morphological, chemical, and ITS sequence data were collected using standard methods outlined by Lendemer & Hodkinson (2009, 2010). Weighted maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were run as outlined by Hodkinson & Lendemer (2010).
ig
yr
op
te
d.
st er
s.
F1
C
00
0
ec
Po s
te
te
d.
rs
F1
.C
00
0
op
Figure 1. Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale [Australasian]
Po
ec
Analyses of morphology and chemistry revealed no features clearly distinguishing Australasian and American populations. However, all phylogenetic methods strongly supported the nonmonophyly of X. tasmanica s. lat.
rs
te
Po s
10 .F ed
ct
te ro
.C
00
ot pr ht ig
yr
Figure 2. Xanthoparmelia hypofusca (Gyelnik) Hodkinson & Lendemer [American]
James C. Lendemer
Institute of Systematic Botany New York Botanical Garden Bronx, NY 10458-5126 [email protected]
DISCUSSION
Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data strongly support the hypothesis that there are two distinct, geographically-defined, distantly related species contained within the morphologically and chemically homogenous taxon known as ‘X. tasmanica.’ Since the type of X. tasmanica is Australian, American populations must be assigned a different name. Fortunately, the name Parmelia hypofusca Gyelnik (with a type from Mexico) is available for this taxon after being combined into Xanthoparmelia. The term ‘semicryptic species’ is used to refer to X. tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale s. str. and Xanthoparmelia hypofusca (Gyelnik) Hodkinson & Lendemer since the two species can seemingly only be differentiated based on geography (Vondrák et al. 2009).
REFERENCES
Hodkinson, B. P., and J. C. Lendemer. 2010. Molecular analyses reveal semi-cryptic species in Xanthoparmelia tasmanica. Bibliotheca Lichenologica: in press. Lendemer, J. C., and B. P. Hodkinson. 2010. A new perspective on Punctelia subrudecta in North America: previously-rejected morphological characters corroborate molecular phylogenetic evidence and provide insight into an old problem. The Lichenologist 42(4): 405-421. Lendemer, J. C., and B. P. Hodkinson. 2009. The Wisdom of Fools: new molecular and morphological insights into the North American apodetiate species of Cladonia. Opuscula Philolichenum 7: 79-100. Thell, A., T. Feuerer, J. A. Elix, and I. Kärnefelt. 2006. A contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of Xanthoparmelia (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 797-807. Thell, A., J. A. Elix, and U. Søchting. 2009. Xanthoparmelia lineola s.l. in Australia and North America. Bibliotheca lichenologica 99: 393-404. Vondrák, J., P. Říha, U. Arup, and U. Søchting. 2009. The taxonomy of the Caloplaca citrina group (Teloschistaceae) in the Black Sea region; with contributions to the cryptic species concept in lichenology. The Lichenologist 41: 571-604.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
RESULTS
00
Po
10 00
pr ot
ec t
op
C s.
st er
Po
2mm
op yr ec Po op ig te s ht yr te d. ig pr rs F1 ht . ot C 00 pr ec op ot 0 te y e P d. r op ct i o g ed st F1 ht yr e ig .F 00 pr rs ht . o 10 0 C t pr e Po 00 op ct ot ed st yr ec Po er ig .F te s s ht te d. 1 00 pr rs F
d.
F1 00 0
Molecular analyses reveal semi-cryptic species in an Australasian-American ‘disjunct’ taxon
It has been previously demonstrated that the main core of Xanthoparmelia s. str. contains within it a single large, specious clade that is restriced to Australasia (Thell et al. 2006). Several species have been listed as ‘exceptions’ to this rule [e.g., Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale] because they have been shown to belong to this clade, but presumably live in both Australasia and other parts of the world. However, recent research supports the notion that these ‘exceptions’ may simply represent pairs of unrelated species that have converged upon similar morphological and chemical features (Thell et al. 2009). Using ITS sequence data, we tested the hypothesis that the morphologically and chemically identical populations of ‘X. tasmanica’ found in Australasia and the Americas represent two different species that are geographicallydefined and only distantly related.
yr ig ht pr ot ec te d.
op yr ig ht pr ot ec te d.
How do you solve a problem like Xanthoparmelia?
Po st er s. C
Department of Biology Duke University Durham, NC 27708-0338 [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
op
C
op yr ig
Po s
F1 00 0
Brendan P. Hodkinson
The authors would like to thank Jolanta Miadlikowska, François Lutzoni, Tami McDonald, Richard C. Harris, Sarah Hodkinson, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (WPC), Duke University (DUKE), and the New York Botanical Garden (NY).
