Hydrology & Spatial Planning
Hydrology & Spatial Planning
Neil Macdonald1*, Karen Potter1 & Sarah Ward2 1School
of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT 2College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF
Acknowledgement • BHS: Bridging Troubled Waters-Hydrology and Spatial Planning • Acknowledge the presentations and comments of the speakers at the BHS January meeting. • The views expressed in this paper, however, remain those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the BHS or the speakers at the meeting included: – – – – – –
Dave Bayliss (Dwr Cymru Welsh Water) Matt Ellis (Environment Agency); Francis Hesketh (TEP) Iain White (Town Planning, University of Manchester). Professor David Butler, (Water & Engineering at University of Exeter) Professor David Shaw (Civic Design at University of Liverpool)
Structure • Natural disasters • (Old) Disciplines • Planners – hydrologists
• Hydrologists – planners • Future
Worldwide insurance losses Natural catastrophe losses ($bn) - Decadal totals 292.6
300 250
$bn
200 150
98.8
100 23.9
50
6.6
11.3
0 1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Source:
2000-jun08
Munich Re, Oct 2008
Policies / strategies • Approaches & solutions not necessarily confined within traditional disciplinary boundaries • Multi-governance solutions & cross sector policy. • Management of flood risk, water resource management & built and natural environment • Now a number of policies / strategies in place – Securing the Future (DEFRA (2005) – Planning Policy Statements 1 & 25(DCLG, 2006;07) – Flood and Water Management Act (DEFRA, 2010).
Planners
hydrology
• Responsibility for integrating water management issues rising up the agenda in spatial planning • Anticipated development of over ¼ million new properties a year in England (DCLG, 2006b), reveals the significant challenge faced by planners • The challenge is no longer developing policies that are interdisciplinary; but operationalising policies at the project level.
Hydrology
planners (BHS meeting)
• Hydrologists dealing with issues of SuDS; rain water harvesting; green infrastructure and natural approaches to flood risk management, for over 20 years, but not infiltrate mainstream practice. • They are attractive to planning practitioners in meeting multiple objectives; in this regard hydrologists can provide a valuable contribution in developing innovative solutions, providing valuable guidance to future developments
Hydrology
planning
• Greater recognition of the novel approaches to human interaction with water and the water environment are required, which often from a planning perspective will meet multiple objectives (e.g. leisure, recreational and hydrological constraints). • To assess and determine appropriate strategies interdisciplinary approaches will be required, incorporating skills and knowledge from a wide range of agents.
What is rainwater harvesting (RWH)? Direct system
Indirect system (part gravity fed)
• Collection of roof runoff (other catchments can be used); • Stored in a tank;
• Pumped into building; • Used for WCs/garden/laundry Green = reuse of harvested rainwater
Conventional RWH Systems
Basement and above ground RWH tanks in Australia (HauberDavidson, 2007; Waterwall, 2009)
Inside a domestic size RWH storage tank
Installation of a commercial size RWH storage tank
Experimental Innovative RWH Systems
External view and cross-section of the ENVISS Sentinel 450 system
External view and cross-section of the ‘gutter’ storage RWH system (Hardie, 2010)
The ‘ARC’ RWH system under development in the UK (Wherlock, 2009) Innovative ‘plastic bag’ RWH system used in Asia (Dao et al., 2009)
Conclusions • Finding responses to integrated water management goes beyond the boundaries of single disciplines • Consideration of language used is important • As Likens (1998) identifies, “establishing trust, understanding, the ability to communicate – and even friendship – are critical elements to establishing effective teams”
“The last century has been remarkable for an exceedingly rapid growth of towns. In England this growth has produced serious results…Miles and miles of ground, which people not yet elderly can remember as open green fields, are now covered with dense masses of buildings packed together in rows along streets which have been laid out in a perfectly haphazard manner, without any consideration for the common interests of the people.” Raymond Unwin, Town Planning in Practice, 1909.
Neil Macdonald1*, Karen Potter1 & Sarah Ward2 1School
of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT 2College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF
Acknowledgement • BHS: Bridging Troubled Waters-Hydrology and Spatial Planning • Acknowledge the presentations and comments of the speakers at the BHS January meeting. • The views expressed in this paper, however, remain those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the BHS or the speakers at the meeting included: – – – – – –
Dave Bayliss (Dwr Cymru Welsh Water) Matt Ellis (Environment Agency); Francis Hesketh (TEP) Iain White (Town Planning, University of Manchester). Professor David Butler, (Water & Engineering at University of Exeter) Professor David Shaw (Civic Design at University of Liverpool)
Structure • Natural disasters • (Old) Disciplines • Planners – hydrologists
• Hydrologists – planners • Future
Worldwide insurance losses Natural catastrophe losses ($bn) - Decadal totals 292.6
300 250
$bn
200 150
98.8
100 23.9
50
6.6
11.3
0 1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Source:
2000-jun08
Munich Re, Oct 2008
Policies / strategies • Approaches & solutions not necessarily confined within traditional disciplinary boundaries • Multi-governance solutions & cross sector policy. • Management of flood risk, water resource management & built and natural environment • Now a number of policies / strategies in place – Securing the Future (DEFRA (2005) – Planning Policy Statements 1 & 25(DCLG, 2006;07) – Flood and Water Management Act (DEFRA, 2010).
Planners
hydrology
• Responsibility for integrating water management issues rising up the agenda in spatial planning • Anticipated development of over ¼ million new properties a year in England (DCLG, 2006b), reveals the significant challenge faced by planners • The challenge is no longer developing policies that are interdisciplinary; but operationalising policies at the project level.
Hydrology
planners (BHS meeting)
• Hydrologists dealing with issues of SuDS; rain water harvesting; green infrastructure and natural approaches to flood risk management, for over 20 years, but not infiltrate mainstream practice. • They are attractive to planning practitioners in meeting multiple objectives; in this regard hydrologists can provide a valuable contribution in developing innovative solutions, providing valuable guidance to future developments
Hydrology
planning
• Greater recognition of the novel approaches to human interaction with water and the water environment are required, which often from a planning perspective will meet multiple objectives (e.g. leisure, recreational and hydrological constraints). • To assess and determine appropriate strategies interdisciplinary approaches will be required, incorporating skills and knowledge from a wide range of agents.
What is rainwater harvesting (RWH)? Direct system
Indirect system (part gravity fed)
• Collection of roof runoff (other catchments can be used); • Stored in a tank;
• Pumped into building; • Used for WCs/garden/laundry Green = reuse of harvested rainwater
Conventional RWH Systems
Basement and above ground RWH tanks in Australia (HauberDavidson, 2007; Waterwall, 2009)
Inside a domestic size RWH storage tank
Installation of a commercial size RWH storage tank
Experimental Innovative RWH Systems
External view and cross-section of the ENVISS Sentinel 450 system
External view and cross-section of the ‘gutter’ storage RWH system (Hardie, 2010)
The ‘ARC’ RWH system under development in the UK (Wherlock, 2009) Innovative ‘plastic bag’ RWH system used in Asia (Dao et al., 2009)
Conclusions • Finding responses to integrated water management goes beyond the boundaries of single disciplines • Consideration of language used is important • As Likens (1998) identifies, “establishing trust, understanding, the ability to communicate – and even friendship – are critical elements to establishing effective teams”
“The last century has been remarkable for an exceedingly rapid growth of towns. In England this growth has produced serious results…Miles and miles of ground, which people not yet elderly can remember as open green fields, are now covered with dense masses of buildings packed together in rows along streets which have been laid out in a perfectly haphazard manner, without any consideration for the common interests of the people.” Raymond Unwin, Town Planning in Practice, 1909.
