Improving Forest Inventory and Analysis
Improving Forest Inventory and Analysis Patrick Wong…not a forester.
Improving Forest Inventory and Analysis
---------------------------------What is Forest Inventory?
Answer: for GIS…start with a base map + forest polygon/attributes; or …a practise in thematic mapping; a gigantic learned photo interpretation and feature transferring/plotting exercise…
Thematic mapping – plotting special features on base maps Universal obstacle – base maps are: absent; old; …or sub-standard?
Air Photo 101
Photo Control
Pre-marked control point
P.U.G. [post-marked] image point
Map feature point
Stereoscopic Photo Interpretation
“Frame Camera” (FC) Scale = f/H-h, or f/subject distance Result: Displacement
Photogrammetry 101 : “Frame Camera” Short focal length
Long Focal Length
Flying Height/Air Base (H/B) = focal length/image base (f/b) or B/H = b/f
Mapping
Inventory Mapping – the Old-fashioned Way 1. Field reconnaissance …dead-reckoning air/ground calls. 2. Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos …maximum magnification ~3.5X 3. Annotating/inking polygons/features onto contact print …using rapid-o-graph pen 4. Approximate tree height and other measurements …using step-wedges, parallax bar, dot grids… 5. Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps …using Kail Plotter, epidiascope, zoom transfer-scope, camera lucida… 6. 2D digitizing of map manuscript …using CAD systems 7. Geo-processing 2D CAD files …Result: 2D GIS…at best
In 1957, Analytical Photogrammetry happened… a “frame” became the “bundle”
Film plane Lens
Perspective centre (X0 Y0 Z0)
Image space (x’ y’)
Terrain
Terrain space (X Y)
“Frame Camera” κ (kappa)
φ (phi)
P
What caused image parallax?
ω (omega)
“Frame Camera” (FC)
What is “modern” geo-referencing? (-x, y)
Geo-referencing
(-x, -y)
Fiducial Marks
=
Interior Orientation Optical Principal Point (0,0)
(x, y)
+
Exterior Orientation [X0, Y0, Z0; κ, φ, ω]
(x, -y)
…then, in 1992 ISPRS Congress, digital photogrammetry erupted…
Digital Photogrammetry products of
I.S.M. International Systemap Corp. Vancouver ∙ Canada
SysImage Digital Orthophoto System 1991 Digital image Analytical Photogrammetry DiAP System…DiAP Σ 1992 DiAP–Viewer, or DiAP Δ 1999
a Photogrammetric Workstation …the inside The Restitution System
– equations; no space rods, guide rails, cams…
The Stereo Viewing System
– monitor/LCD eyewear; no prisms, lenses, mirrors…
The Input System
– scroll-mouse; or 3D mouse, hand-wheels/foot-disc…
The Output System
– CAD systems; no pantographs, co-ordinatographs…
The Graphic User Interface (GUI)
– Windows OS; no command lines, keypads…
…the results Replicated all instruments still in used Eliminated all secretarial support Automated many repetitive tasks Eliminated stereo plotter “calibration” Eliminated the “afternoon shift” Reduced office rent Unconfined to “dungeons” Destroyed industry strategic balance Upset established “authorities”
…then in 2005, PurVIEW proclaimed…
what’s in PurVIEW? Restitution Stereo Viewing Input Output GUI
bypassed, using geo-referenced imagery 1,680 x 1,050 @ 120Hz…or higher scroll-mouse via Virtual-Z ™ Geodatabase-direct ArcMap
a product of
I.S.M. International Systemap Corp. Vancouver ∙ Canada
www.myPurVIEW.com
PurVIEW
x
Integration with other system
Geometry of digital photogrammetry
x x
State of the Art…and Technology in Aerial Base Mapping 1952 – 1995…
1992 – present
2006 – present
Mapping Processes
Analogue/Analytical
Digital
Post-digital
Control pre-marking
Field visitation
Field visitation
Control survey
Traversing/levelling
GPS observation
Aerial Imaging
Film imaging
Film imaging + kGPS
- Film processing
Chemical processing
Chemical processing
- Image reproduction
Photo-reproduction
Image Scanning
Aerial Triangulation
PUG/Comparator/Adjustment
Model orientation
Stereo plotter – trial & error
Terrain Modeling
Stereo plotter – mass point
Auto-correlation, RADAR…
Feature Plotting
Stereo plotter – pencil, CAD
Workstation CAD digitizing
Map fair-drawing
Drafting – inking, scribing
Map reproduction
Photo/litho reproduction
Ortho-projection
Optical rectifier/projector
Ortho-mosaic’ing
Controlled cut & paste
Ortho-composite
Complex photo-reproduction
IMU digital Imaging
Workstation – automated
CAD or GIS
Workstation + CAD
RADAR/LiDAR Arc-PurVIEW
Image Server
Workflow in extracting PurVIEW Source Data Traditional Methods
Aerial Imaging
Scanning
Aerial Triangulation
Photogrammetric DEM
Survey Control
Geo-referencing metadata
PurVIEW operation
Orthophoto processing
Other applications
1
“Photogrammetry is finished upon successful orientation of a stereo model …thereafter, only image interpretation and graphic documentation thereof remain… still requiring human experience and imagination…” Frank 2002, before edited by GIM for publication.
…what else is happening? Commercial Remote Sensing Digital aerial cameras Film archives Aerial [LiDAR or RADAR] DEM
pixel from 0.5m, not 60m! pixel from 0.03 ~ 0.6m scanned achieved 1st Order accuracy
Mapping
CAD- or GIS-direct
Orthophoto
digital by-product.
…what will be next? No aerial triangulation No prints & diapositives No manual terrain modeling Mapping via PurVIEW Orthophoto in Image Server
geo-referenced in-camera only image files RADAR or LiDAR showers geodatabase-direct on-the-fly
Workflow Next Method
IMU-Digital LiDAR / RADAR Geo-referenced DEM Imaging PurVIEW operation
Orthophoto processing
Other applications
State of the Art…and Technology in Forest Inventory Mapping
Inventory Mapping
… to 1991
1992 – 1999
1999 – 2004
2005 – now
Analogue
CAD
DiAP-Viewer
PurVIEW
Reconnaissance
Air/Ground Calls
GPS-assisted
Photo Interpretation
Stereoscope
Stereoscope
Polygon Delineation
Contact Print Ink
Contact Print Ink
GPS-direct
GPS-direct
DiAP-Viewer CAD-direct
PurVIEW geodatabasedirect
GPS-guided
Tree Height Measurement
Parallax Bar
Parallax Bar
Polygon transfer to maps
Kail Plotter, etc…
Map post-digitizing
IGDS
Mono-restitution CAD-direct
Field verification
Air/ground Plots
GPS-assisted
GPS-guided
Slope/Elevation/Aspect
Estimation
TIN-derivation
TIN-derivation
Growth/Yield
Speculation
Speculation
Speculation
Other analysis
Speculation
Speculation
Measurable
ArcGIS
Old Mapping Method…
x
Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos Inking polygons/features onto contact print Approximate object height measurements Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps 2D digitizing of map manuscript
Geo-processing the 2D CAD files
x
Old Field Method… Air/ground calls/plots by “dead reckoning”
New Method: Training/Test Sets by GPS
British Columbia Ministry of Forests - Forest Cover [2D] FC-1 Digitized Maps
3D geodatabase-direct
Other issues also resolved: Projection: - ArcGIS converts NAD-27 into NAD-83, Albers… - PurVIEW dynamically projects model control coordinates into mapping coordinates 2D v. 3D: Virtual-Z dynamically converts 2D mapping into 3D Field use: Hardcopy in anaglyph stereo
Forest Cover Mapping – BC MoFR
How does it work?
Software & Hardware
…or Anaglyph Viewing
x
Supported imagery any
frame-by-frame or line-by-line digital/digitized imagery with Interior/Exterior Orientation parameters in various file formats or RPC
Scanned film imagery
RC, RMK, LMK…
Digital Frame Cameras
UCD, UCXP; DMC; RMKD
Digital Aerial Scanners
ADS 40/50/80…
Space-borne imagery
Ikonos, Cartosat, GeoEye…
Supported DEM: LiDAR, RADAR, Photogrammetric LiDAR
10m Photogrammetric
RADAR
Bare-earth view – USA
Virtual raised relief map or imagery
Source Data Direct Read
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
begin model 1924 left_photo: 1924 right_photo:1925 atmospheric_flag: off earth_curve_flag: off left_lens_flag: on right_lens_flag: on RO_parametersL: 0 0 302.922 0 0 0 RO_parametersR: 87.21076105757685 -2.940220899132825 302.4904826401843 -0.6699756189427558 0.6436907917340337 0.1415827980869817 RO_num_iters: 3 RO_num_DOF: 12 RO_sum_red: 12.00000066089669 RO_apost_std_dev: 4.742505457690576 RO_obs: 19192449 1 0 -9.216800693402989e-005 -0.002734271138771133 8.551566415345879e-005 0.002738851744873322 -0.9749844831867812 0.9749844831867813 0.9749844831867811 0.9749844831867812 5.476006353762177 0.3483692236982312 RO_obs: 19192428 1 0 0.0002328277081160169 0.007098046778593414 -0.0002014343900262903 -0.007113466448173839 2.430296506541687 2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 14.21814656572591 0.3885515790451946 RO_obs: 19192418 1 0 1.526978272194305e-005 0.0004708773369041355 -1.279666230225846e-005 -0.000471878137023175 0.1586137835047162 0.1586137835047162 -0.1586137835047163 -0.1586137835047163 0.9431731595821653 0.3942913542599571 RO_obs: 18182468 1 0 -0.0001278557566773672 -0.004002488104144476 0.0001025353575472848 0.004011595491733687 -1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 8.017394585975994 0.2814665688993043 RO_obs: 18182488 1 0 3.621915965691522e-005 0.001124260080160922 -2.978500497034786e-005 -0.001126718539415711 0.3912660151180373 0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 2.251946112929718 0.370116273140884 RO_obs: 19192549 1 0 -7.417047265638079e-005 -0.002205626436423284 6.819548481762894e-005 0.002202307449033387 -0.7848074916366772 0.784807491636677 0.7848074916366771 0.7848074916366771 4.410232329980433 0.3481735119741868 RO_obs: 19192528 1 0 2.318306448730062e-006 7.041224682025476e-005 -2.018723176533091e-006 -7.030655590539735e-005 0.02432269248579993 0.02432269248579992 -0.02432269248579993 -0.02432269248579993 0.140785621661132 0.3718737492347906 RO_obs: 19192518 1 0 0.0001441297830182669 0.004468916590124374 -0.0001184916148850902 -0.004463047898119873 1.609075668395108 1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395109 8.935824506887602 0.3469080003654929 RO_obs: 18182568 1 0 -3.865958942755112e-005 -0.001210894256457925 3.085146708600071e-005 0.001209731224089844 -0.498020155814113 0.4980201558141131 0.498020155814113 0.498020155814113 2.421623320017948 0.2612633349476267 RO_obs: 18182588 1 0 -9.299892924718622e-005 -0.002861291820779107 7.823516087257402e-005 0.002859779070693429 -0.9274633070482584 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482586 5.723632872474744 0.4200850171890429 RO_obs: 20202418 1 0 0.0001002102831521049 0.00284826593292838 -0.0001025394345719465 -0.002854702639955032 1.18394128580688 1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 5.706571474303379 0.2617731727522797 RO_obs: 19192468 1 0 -0.0001182674082637609 -0.003405971557833327 0.0001175743411503378 0.003411873342722822 -1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837803 6.821922780184937 0.3827278586812221 RO_obs: 19192488 1 0 -2.913310644684703e-005 -0.0008326614879674102 2.944278982253082e-005 0.0008340579248123766 -0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 1.667748403255347 0.3691405513991309 RO_obs: 19192568 1 0 7.038386289217967e-005 0.002032762568693572 -6.930041020500175e-005 -0.002029570345026974 0.6994051380068653 0.6994051380068653 -0.6994051380068654 -0.6994051380068654 4.064733742577483 0.3769388515383017
“Frame Camera”
Z(I DMC
Vexcel UCD
Leica ADS-40/50/80 (AS)
[Ir, B, G, R, P] Backward [Ir, B, G, R, P1, P2] Nadir
[P] Forward
Leica ADS-40/50/80 (AS)
Leica ADS-40(52)
Space-borne Imagery Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC)
IKONOS
AND, finally… coordinate transformation on-the-fly ●
●
Source Data Shopping
Available meta-data Quality Geo-referencing
X0, Y0, Z0 κ, φ, ω
kGPS or IMU ~15cm
1~1.5 GSD, if @ 10cm
via IMU ± ½ arc-min.
1 part in 10,800 of 90°
via AT DEM
RADAR
±1m
LiDAR
±15cm
Photogrammetric
± 1% “grad” from 10,000m from 1,000m
1 part in 10,000 of 90° 1 part per 10,000 1 part per 6,600
1st-Order
1 per 6,000
2nd-Order
1 per 4,800
Heterogeneous Integration by default (Geo-referencing AT metadata) ESRI Business Partner products: BAE SOCET SET, Inpho Match-AT (also resold by DAT/EM) PCI; Non- ESRI–compatible photogrammetric workstations: § KLT-Atlas, § Boeing/Autometric SoftPlotter. Leica/ERDAS/Intergraph: § LPS-Orima: outputs proprietary binary files, also SOCET SET files § Intergraph ImageStation (ISAT)…now a Leica sister company.
Typical Frame Camera stereo-model meta-data file • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
begin model 1924 left_photo: 1924 right_photo: 1925 atmospheric_flag: off earth_curve_flag: off left_lens_flag: on right_lens_flag: on RO_parametersL: 0 0 302.922 0 0 0 RO_parametersR: 87.21076105757685 -2.940220899132825 302.4904826401843 -0.6699756189427558 0.6436907917340337 0.1415827980869817 RO_num_iters: 3 RO_num_DOF: 12 RO_sum_red: 12.00000066089669 RO_apost_std_dev: 4.742505457690576 RO_obs: 19192449 1 0 -9.216800693402989e-005 -0.002734271138771133 8.551566415345879e-005 0.002738851744873322 -0.9749844831867812 0.9749844831867813 0.9749844831867811 0.9749844831867812 5.476006353762177 0.3483692236982312 RO_obs: 19192428 1 0 0.0002328277081160169 0.007098046778593414 -0.0002014343900262903 -0.007113466448173839 2.430296506541687 2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 14.21814656572591 0.3885515790451946 RO_obs: 19192418 1 0 1.526978272194305e-005 0.0004708773369041355 -1.279666230225846e-005 -0.000471878137023175 0.1586137835047162 0.1586137835047162 -0.1586137835047163 -0.1586137835047163 0.9431731595821653 0.3942913542599571 RO_obs: 18182468 1 0 -0.0001278557566773672 -0.004002488104144476 0.0001025353575472848 0.004011595491733687 -1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 8.017394585975994 0.2814665688993043 RO_obs: 18182488 1 0 3.621915965691522e-005 0.001124260080160922 -2.978500497034786e-005 -0.001126718539415711 0.3912660151180373 0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 2.251946112929718 0.370116273140884 RO_obs: 19192549 1 0 -7.417047265638079e-005 -0.002205626436423284 6.819548481762894e-005 0.002202307449033387 -0.7848074916366772 0.784807491636677 0.7848074916366771 0.7848074916366771 4.410232329980433 0.3481735119741868 RO_obs: 19192528 1 0 2.318306448730062e-006 7.041224682025476e-005 -2.018723176533091e-006 -7.030655590539735e-005 0.02432269248579993 0.02432269248579992 -0.02432269248579993 -0.02432269248579993 0.140785621661132 0.3718737492347906 RO_obs: 19192518 1 0 0.0001441297830182669 0.004468916590124374 -0.0001184916148850902 -0.004463047898119873 1.609075668395108 1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395109 8.935824506887602 0.3469080003654929 RO_obs: 18182568 1 0 -3.865958942755112e-005 -0.001210894256457925 3.085146708600071e-005 0.001209731224089844 -0.498020155814113 0.4980201558141131 0.498020155814113 0.498020155814113 2.421623320017948 0.2612633349476267 RO_obs: 18182588 1 0 -9.299892924718622e-005 -0.002861291820779107 7.823516087257402e-005 0.002859779070693429 -0.9274633070482584 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482586 5.723632872474744 0.4200850171890429 RO_obs: 20202418 1 0 0.0001002102831521049 0.00284826593292838 -0.0001025394345719465 -0.002854702639955032 1.18394128580688 1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 5.706571474303379 0.2617731727522797 RO_obs: 19192468 1 0 -0.0001182674082637609 -0.003405971557833327 0.0001175743411503378 0.003411873342722822 -1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837803 6.821922780184937 0.3827278586812221 RO_obs: 19192488 1 0 -2.913310644684703e-005 -0.0008326614879674102 2.944278982253082e-005 0.0008340579248123766 -0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 1.667748403255347 0.3691405513991309 RO_obs: 19192568 1 0 7.038386289217967e-005 0.002032762568693572 -6.930041020500175e-005 -0.002029570345026974 0.6994051380068653 0.6994051380068653 -0.6994051380068654 -0.6994051380068654 4.064733742577483 0.3769388515383017
“RPC” • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LINE_OFF: +005000.00 pixels SAMP_OFF: +005000.00 pixels LAT_OFF: +24.61560000 degrees LONG_OFF: -101.43730000 degrees HEIGHT_OFF: +2395.000 meters LINE_SCALE: +005001.00 pixels SAMP_SCALE: +005001.00 pixels LAT_SCALE: +00.04600000 degrees LONG_SCALE: +000.05030000 degrees HEIGHT_SCALE: +0747.000 meters LINE_NUM_COEFF_1: +1.030324040486937E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_2: +1.806315262669138E-02 LINE_NUM_COEFF_3: -1.019060432009551E+00 LINE_NUM_COEFF_4: +6.648449785992906E-02 LINE_NUM_COEFF_5: -2.331100461592361E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_6: +8.769596902043321E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_7: +1.375570693342427E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_8: -1.468399048346219E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_9: +5.703399246782981E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_10: -1.226613143284226E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_11: +1.577423543808047E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_12: -2.490411434190130E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_13: -7.062981729517195E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_14: -3.135787647537088E-08 LINE_NUM_COEFF_15: -7.790425173363112E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_16: +6.380555501522290E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_17: -9.836708602583833E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_18: +5.021992515463427E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_19: -8.448845700616180E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_20: +1.015174042812033E-07 LINE_DEN_COEFF_1: +1.000000000000000E+00 LINE_DEN_COEFF_2: +2.212832526975384E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_3: -5.599305983296421E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_4: -4.312298442342292E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_5: +5.655276824407152E-06 LINE_DEN_COEFF_6: -7.782144773107029E-06 LINE_DEN_COEFF_7: +1.330672367505108E-05
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LINE_OFF: +005000.00 pixels SAMP_OFF: +005000.00 pixels LAT_OFF: +24.61560000 degrees LONG_OFF: -101.43730000 degrees HEIGHT_OFF: +2395.000 meters LINE_SCALE: +005001.00 pixels SAMP_SCALE: +005001.00 pixels LAT_SCALE: +00.04600000 degrees LONG_SCALE: +000.05030000 degrees HEIGHT_SCALE: +0747.000 meters LINE_NUM_COEFF_1: +9.693771848586271E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_2: +1.806486366746527E-02 LINE_NUM_COEFF_3: -1.019049471259863E+00 LINE_NUM_COEFF_4: -2.895807427845248E-02 LINE_NUM_COEFF_5: -4.040764489077493E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_6: -1.396053711395637E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_7: +1.944843057440099E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_8: -1.130125598918517E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_9: -5.546782426457077E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_10: +6.358293825145087E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_11: -1.507533375375395E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_12: -7.530457301559698E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_13: -4.480681607870567E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_14: +2.561572674602523E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_15: -4.408171438680323E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_16: +1.650436086860782E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_17: -1.230472720972256E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_18: +4.913216033668152E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_19: +1.915693289437321E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_20: -4.247006484070904E-08 LINE_DEN_COEFF_1: +1.000000000000000E+00 LINE_DEN_COEFF_2: +4.086220749098909E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_3: +5.440554179367067E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_4: -4.785200534247517E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_5: +4.378224454068469E-05 LINE_DEN_COEFF_6: -8.018136936822684E-06 LINE_DEN_COEFF_7: -1.249423873247631E-05
Source Data quality & Mapping Specifications or How good is good enough?
Old specifications summarized… Horizontal accuracy – within ½ mm at plotting scale… Vertical accuracy – within ½ contour interval… Plotting scale 1:
Contour Interval
500
0.5 m
1: 1,000
1.0 m
1: 2,000
2.0 m
1: 5,000
5.0 m
1:10,000
10.0 m
1:20,000
20.0 m
1:50,000
50.0 m
…specifications modernized Map scale
X/Y/Z
1: 500 1: 1,000 1: 2,000 1: 5,000 1: 10,000 1: 20,000 1: 50,000
± 0.25 m ± 0.50 m ± 1.00 m ± 2.50 m ± 5.00 m ± 10.0 m ± 25.0 m
Specifications modernized… but @ what imagery GSD? Map scale
X/Y/Z
GSD
1:
500
± 0.25 m
5 cm
1: 1,000
± 0.5 m
10 cm
1: 2,000
± 1.0 m
20 cm
1: 5,000
± 2.5 m
50 cm
1: 10,000
±5m
1m
1: 20,000
± 10 m
2m
1: 50,000
± 25 m
5m
Specifications distilled… Map scale
X/Y/Z
GSD
DEM
1:
500
± 0.25 m
0.05 m
0.25 m
1: 1,000
± 0.5 m
0.1 m
0.5 m
1: 2,000
± 1.0 m
0.2 m
1m
1: 5,000
± 2.5 m
0.5 m
2.5 m
1: 10,000
±5m
1m
5m
1: 20,000
± 10 m
2m
10 m
1: 50,000
± 25 m
5m
25 m
x f/b =
…and where does inventory mapping fit? Map scale 1: 500 1: 1,000 1: 2,000 1: 5,000 1: 10,000 1: 20,000 1: 50,000
X/Y/Z ± 0.25 m ± 0.50 m ± 1.00 m ± 2.50 m ± 5.00 m ± 10.0 m ± 25.0 m
Forest Inventory Mapping
Map scale 1: 20,000
X/Y/Z ± 20.0 m
What size GSD?
Map Scale
Contour Interval
Positional Accuracy X
Y
Z
Image Tree Height GSD Accuracy
1:500
0.5m
0.25m
0.25m
0.25m
5cm 25cm
1:1000
1.0m
0.50m
0.50m
0.50m
10cm 50cm
1:2000
2.0m
1.0m
1.0m
1.0m
1:5000
5.0m
2.5m
2.5m
2.5m
1:10000
10.0m
5m
5m
5m
1:20000
20.0m
10m
10m
10m
2m 10m
1:50000
50.0m
25m
25m
25m
5m 25m
20cm 1m 0.5m 2.5m 1m 5m
What else?
Synthetic Stereo Image Model from RADAR or LiDAR Data…
or ortho-mosaics
dSIM view of a 25 photo prthophoto mosaic… tone, color balanced…
dynamic Synthetic Image Model (dSIM)
Multiple Dataset Attachment and dSIM Configuration
Multiple Datasets
dSIM on-the-fly - Exaggeration Factor manually applied for orthophoto/DEM without ‘Model Source’ metadata.
toggles between Primary/Secondary datasets
PurVIEW-Standard: Mouse-digitizes to nearest monitor pixel
Upgrades…
PurVIEW–X, or MX : Dynamic panning [fixed cursor, moving image], digitizes in user-selectable terrain coordinate units
beyond next… Last inventory polygons stereo-superimposed on new imagery is “Training Set”
Next inventory needs only:
Update harvested areas… Update hydrography and access; Adjust polygon/stand boundaries; Re-estimate stand mixture; Re-measure tree height-class; Re-measure tree crown closure; Auto-calculate tree age-class; S/E/A might not have changed…
and beyond beyond next… image models
viewable on-demand
D.E.M.
coverage everywhere
professional purview
review legacy data models QA new mapping delivery update, upgrade, retrofit …geodatabase-direct ortho-on-the-fly
…no excuses.
shaky grounds… Mapping : Hardcopy to softcopy Surveying : Optical to electronic Photogrammetry : Cast iron to silicon chip Imaging 4 Film to digital Choices: retrain…re-qualify; …or redundancy or retirement
Arc/PurVIEW a new era of Data Model self-updating, -upgrading or -retrofitting …geodatabase direct
[email protected]
Improving Forest Inventory and Analysis
---------------------------------What is Forest Inventory?
Answer: for GIS…start with a base map + forest polygon/attributes; or …a practise in thematic mapping; a gigantic learned photo interpretation and feature transferring/plotting exercise…
Thematic mapping – plotting special features on base maps Universal obstacle – base maps are: absent; old; …or sub-standard?
Air Photo 101
Photo Control
Pre-marked control point
P.U.G. [post-marked] image point
Map feature point
Stereoscopic Photo Interpretation
“Frame Camera” (FC) Scale = f/H-h, or f/subject distance Result: Displacement
Photogrammetry 101 : “Frame Camera” Short focal length
Long Focal Length
Flying Height/Air Base (H/B) = focal length/image base (f/b) or B/H = b/f
Mapping
Inventory Mapping – the Old-fashioned Way 1. Field reconnaissance …dead-reckoning air/ground calls. 2. Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos …maximum magnification ~3.5X 3. Annotating/inking polygons/features onto contact print …using rapid-o-graph pen 4. Approximate tree height and other measurements …using step-wedges, parallax bar, dot grids… 5. Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps …using Kail Plotter, epidiascope, zoom transfer-scope, camera lucida… 6. 2D digitizing of map manuscript …using CAD systems 7. Geo-processing 2D CAD files …Result: 2D GIS…at best
In 1957, Analytical Photogrammetry happened… a “frame” became the “bundle”
Film plane Lens
Perspective centre (X0 Y0 Z0)
Image space (x’ y’)
Terrain
Terrain space (X Y)
“Frame Camera” κ (kappa)
φ (phi)
P
What caused image parallax?
ω (omega)
“Frame Camera” (FC)
What is “modern” geo-referencing? (-x, y)
Geo-referencing
(-x, -y)
Fiducial Marks
=
Interior Orientation Optical Principal Point (0,0)
(x, y)
+
Exterior Orientation [X0, Y0, Z0; κ, φ, ω]
(x, -y)
…then, in 1992 ISPRS Congress, digital photogrammetry erupted…
Digital Photogrammetry products of
I.S.M. International Systemap Corp. Vancouver ∙ Canada
SysImage Digital Orthophoto System 1991 Digital image Analytical Photogrammetry DiAP System…DiAP Σ 1992 DiAP–Viewer, or DiAP Δ 1999
a Photogrammetric Workstation …the inside The Restitution System
– equations; no space rods, guide rails, cams…
The Stereo Viewing System
– monitor/LCD eyewear; no prisms, lenses, mirrors…
The Input System
– scroll-mouse; or 3D mouse, hand-wheels/foot-disc…
The Output System
– CAD systems; no pantographs, co-ordinatographs…
The Graphic User Interface (GUI)
– Windows OS; no command lines, keypads…
…the results Replicated all instruments still in used Eliminated all secretarial support Automated many repetitive tasks Eliminated stereo plotter “calibration” Eliminated the “afternoon shift” Reduced office rent Unconfined to “dungeons” Destroyed industry strategic balance Upset established “authorities”
…then in 2005, PurVIEW proclaimed…
what’s in PurVIEW? Restitution Stereo Viewing Input Output GUI
bypassed, using geo-referenced imagery 1,680 x 1,050 @ 120Hz…or higher scroll-mouse via Virtual-Z ™ Geodatabase-direct ArcMap
a product of
I.S.M. International Systemap Corp. Vancouver ∙ Canada
www.myPurVIEW.com
PurVIEW
x
Integration with other system
Geometry of digital photogrammetry
x x
State of the Art…and Technology in Aerial Base Mapping 1952 – 1995…
1992 – present
2006 – present
Mapping Processes
Analogue/Analytical
Digital
Post-digital
Control pre-marking
Field visitation
Field visitation
Control survey
Traversing/levelling
GPS observation
Aerial Imaging
Film imaging
Film imaging + kGPS
- Film processing
Chemical processing
Chemical processing
- Image reproduction
Photo-reproduction
Image Scanning
Aerial Triangulation
PUG/Comparator/Adjustment
Model orientation
Stereo plotter – trial & error
Terrain Modeling
Stereo plotter – mass point
Auto-correlation, RADAR…
Feature Plotting
Stereo plotter – pencil, CAD
Workstation CAD digitizing
Map fair-drawing
Drafting – inking, scribing
Map reproduction
Photo/litho reproduction
Ortho-projection
Optical rectifier/projector
Ortho-mosaic’ing
Controlled cut & paste
Ortho-composite
Complex photo-reproduction
IMU digital Imaging
Workstation – automated
CAD or GIS
Workstation + CAD
RADAR/LiDAR Arc-PurVIEW
Image Server
Workflow in extracting PurVIEW Source Data Traditional Methods
Aerial Imaging
Scanning
Aerial Triangulation
Photogrammetric DEM
Survey Control
Geo-referencing metadata
PurVIEW operation
Orthophoto processing
Other applications
1
“Photogrammetry is finished upon successful orientation of a stereo model …thereafter, only image interpretation and graphic documentation thereof remain… still requiring human experience and imagination…” Frank 2002, before edited by GIM for publication.
…what else is happening? Commercial Remote Sensing Digital aerial cameras Film archives Aerial [LiDAR or RADAR] DEM
pixel from 0.5m, not 60m! pixel from 0.03 ~ 0.6m scanned achieved 1st Order accuracy
Mapping
CAD- or GIS-direct
Orthophoto
digital by-product.
…what will be next? No aerial triangulation No prints & diapositives No manual terrain modeling Mapping via PurVIEW Orthophoto in Image Server
geo-referenced in-camera only image files RADAR or LiDAR showers geodatabase-direct on-the-fly
Workflow Next Method
IMU-Digital LiDAR / RADAR Geo-referenced DEM Imaging PurVIEW operation
Orthophoto processing
Other applications
State of the Art…and Technology in Forest Inventory Mapping
Inventory Mapping
… to 1991
1992 – 1999
1999 – 2004
2005 – now
Analogue
CAD
DiAP-Viewer
PurVIEW
Reconnaissance
Air/Ground Calls
GPS-assisted
Photo Interpretation
Stereoscope
Stereoscope
Polygon Delineation
Contact Print Ink
Contact Print Ink
GPS-direct
GPS-direct
DiAP-Viewer CAD-direct
PurVIEW geodatabasedirect
GPS-guided
Tree Height Measurement
Parallax Bar
Parallax Bar
Polygon transfer to maps
Kail Plotter, etc…
Map post-digitizing
IGDS
Mono-restitution CAD-direct
Field verification
Air/ground Plots
GPS-assisted
GPS-guided
Slope/Elevation/Aspect
Estimation
TIN-derivation
TIN-derivation
Growth/Yield
Speculation
Speculation
Speculation
Other analysis
Speculation
Speculation
Measurable
ArcGIS
Old Mapping Method…
x
Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos Inking polygons/features onto contact print Approximate object height measurements Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps 2D digitizing of map manuscript
Geo-processing the 2D CAD files
x
Old Field Method… Air/ground calls/plots by “dead reckoning”
New Method: Training/Test Sets by GPS
British Columbia Ministry of Forests - Forest Cover [2D] FC-1 Digitized Maps
3D geodatabase-direct
Other issues also resolved: Projection: - ArcGIS converts NAD-27 into NAD-83, Albers… - PurVIEW dynamically projects model control coordinates into mapping coordinates 2D v. 3D: Virtual-Z dynamically converts 2D mapping into 3D Field use: Hardcopy in anaglyph stereo
Forest Cover Mapping – BC MoFR
How does it work?
Software & Hardware
…or Anaglyph Viewing
x
Supported imagery any
frame-by-frame or line-by-line digital/digitized imagery with Interior/Exterior Orientation parameters in various file formats or RPC
Scanned film imagery
RC, RMK, LMK…
Digital Frame Cameras
UCD, UCXP; DMC; RMKD
Digital Aerial Scanners
ADS 40/50/80…
Space-borne imagery
Ikonos, Cartosat, GeoEye…
Supported DEM: LiDAR, RADAR, Photogrammetric LiDAR
10m Photogrammetric
RADAR
Bare-earth view – USA
Virtual raised relief map or imagery
Source Data Direct Read
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
begin model 1924 left_photo: 1924 right_photo:1925 atmospheric_flag: off earth_curve_flag: off left_lens_flag: on right_lens_flag: on RO_parametersL: 0 0 302.922 0 0 0 RO_parametersR: 87.21076105757685 -2.940220899132825 302.4904826401843 -0.6699756189427558 0.6436907917340337 0.1415827980869817 RO_num_iters: 3 RO_num_DOF: 12 RO_sum_red: 12.00000066089669 RO_apost_std_dev: 4.742505457690576 RO_obs: 19192449 1 0 -9.216800693402989e-005 -0.002734271138771133 8.551566415345879e-005 0.002738851744873322 -0.9749844831867812 0.9749844831867813 0.9749844831867811 0.9749844831867812 5.476006353762177 0.3483692236982312 RO_obs: 19192428 1 0 0.0002328277081160169 0.007098046778593414 -0.0002014343900262903 -0.007113466448173839 2.430296506541687 2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 14.21814656572591 0.3885515790451946 RO_obs: 19192418 1 0 1.526978272194305e-005 0.0004708773369041355 -1.279666230225846e-005 -0.000471878137023175 0.1586137835047162 0.1586137835047162 -0.1586137835047163 -0.1586137835047163 0.9431731595821653 0.3942913542599571 RO_obs: 18182468 1 0 -0.0001278557566773672 -0.004002488104144476 0.0001025353575472848 0.004011595491733687 -1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 8.017394585975994 0.2814665688993043 RO_obs: 18182488 1 0 3.621915965691522e-005 0.001124260080160922 -2.978500497034786e-005 -0.001126718539415711 0.3912660151180373 0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 2.251946112929718 0.370116273140884 RO_obs: 19192549 1 0 -7.417047265638079e-005 -0.002205626436423284 6.819548481762894e-005 0.002202307449033387 -0.7848074916366772 0.784807491636677 0.7848074916366771 0.7848074916366771 4.410232329980433 0.3481735119741868 RO_obs: 19192528 1 0 2.318306448730062e-006 7.041224682025476e-005 -2.018723176533091e-006 -7.030655590539735e-005 0.02432269248579993 0.02432269248579992 -0.02432269248579993 -0.02432269248579993 0.140785621661132 0.3718737492347906 RO_obs: 19192518 1 0 0.0001441297830182669 0.004468916590124374 -0.0001184916148850902 -0.004463047898119873 1.609075668395108 1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395109 8.935824506887602 0.3469080003654929 RO_obs: 18182568 1 0 -3.865958942755112e-005 -0.001210894256457925 3.085146708600071e-005 0.001209731224089844 -0.498020155814113 0.4980201558141131 0.498020155814113 0.498020155814113 2.421623320017948 0.2612633349476267 RO_obs: 18182588 1 0 -9.299892924718622e-005 -0.002861291820779107 7.823516087257402e-005 0.002859779070693429 -0.9274633070482584 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482586 5.723632872474744 0.4200850171890429 RO_obs: 20202418 1 0 0.0001002102831521049 0.00284826593292838 -0.0001025394345719465 -0.002854702639955032 1.18394128580688 1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 5.706571474303379 0.2617731727522797 RO_obs: 19192468 1 0 -0.0001182674082637609 -0.003405971557833327 0.0001175743411503378 0.003411873342722822 -1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837803 6.821922780184937 0.3827278586812221 RO_obs: 19192488 1 0 -2.913310644684703e-005 -0.0008326614879674102 2.944278982253082e-005 0.0008340579248123766 -0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 1.667748403255347 0.3691405513991309 RO_obs: 19192568 1 0 7.038386289217967e-005 0.002032762568693572 -6.930041020500175e-005 -0.002029570345026974 0.6994051380068653 0.6994051380068653 -0.6994051380068654 -0.6994051380068654 4.064733742577483 0.3769388515383017
“Frame Camera”
Z(I DMC
Vexcel UCD
Leica ADS-40/50/80 (AS)
[Ir, B, G, R, P] Backward [Ir, B, G, R, P1, P2] Nadir
[P] Forward
Leica ADS-40/50/80 (AS)
Leica ADS-40(52)
Space-borne Imagery Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC)
IKONOS
AND, finally… coordinate transformation on-the-fly ●
●
Source Data Shopping
Available meta-data Quality Geo-referencing
X0, Y0, Z0 κ, φ, ω
kGPS or IMU ~15cm
1~1.5 GSD, if @ 10cm
via IMU ± ½ arc-min.
1 part in 10,800 of 90°
via AT DEM
RADAR
±1m
LiDAR
±15cm
Photogrammetric
± 1% “grad” from 10,000m from 1,000m
1 part in 10,000 of 90° 1 part per 10,000 1 part per 6,600
1st-Order
1 per 6,000
2nd-Order
1 per 4,800
Heterogeneous Integration by default (Geo-referencing AT metadata) ESRI Business Partner products: BAE SOCET SET, Inpho Match-AT (also resold by DAT/EM) PCI; Non- ESRI–compatible photogrammetric workstations: § KLT-Atlas, § Boeing/Autometric SoftPlotter. Leica/ERDAS/Intergraph: § LPS-Orima: outputs proprietary binary files, also SOCET SET files § Intergraph ImageStation (ISAT)…now a Leica sister company.
Typical Frame Camera stereo-model meta-data file • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
begin model 1924 left_photo: 1924 right_photo: 1925 atmospheric_flag: off earth_curve_flag: off left_lens_flag: on right_lens_flag: on RO_parametersL: 0 0 302.922 0 0 0 RO_parametersR: 87.21076105757685 -2.940220899132825 302.4904826401843 -0.6699756189427558 0.6436907917340337 0.1415827980869817 RO_num_iters: 3 RO_num_DOF: 12 RO_sum_red: 12.00000066089669 RO_apost_std_dev: 4.742505457690576 RO_obs: 19192449 1 0 -9.216800693402989e-005 -0.002734271138771133 8.551566415345879e-005 0.002738851744873322 -0.9749844831867812 0.9749844831867813 0.9749844831867811 0.9749844831867812 5.476006353762177 0.3483692236982312 RO_obs: 19192428 1 0 0.0002328277081160169 0.007098046778593414 -0.0002014343900262903 -0.007113466448173839 2.430296506541687 2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 14.21814656572591 0.3885515790451946 RO_obs: 19192418 1 0 1.526978272194305e-005 0.0004708773369041355 -1.279666230225846e-005 -0.000471878137023175 0.1586137835047162 0.1586137835047162 -0.1586137835047163 -0.1586137835047163 0.9431731595821653 0.3942913542599571 RO_obs: 18182468 1 0 -0.0001278557566773672 -0.004002488104144476 0.0001025353575472848 0.004011595491733687 -1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 8.017394585975994 0.2814665688993043 RO_obs: 18182488 1 0 3.621915965691522e-005 0.001124260080160922 -2.978500497034786e-005 -0.001126718539415711 0.3912660151180373 0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 2.251946112929718 0.370116273140884 RO_obs: 19192549 1 0 -7.417047265638079e-005 -0.002205626436423284 6.819548481762894e-005 0.002202307449033387 -0.7848074916366772 0.784807491636677 0.7848074916366771 0.7848074916366771 4.410232329980433 0.3481735119741868 RO_obs: 19192528 1 0 2.318306448730062e-006 7.041224682025476e-005 -2.018723176533091e-006 -7.030655590539735e-005 0.02432269248579993 0.02432269248579992 -0.02432269248579993 -0.02432269248579993 0.140785621661132 0.3718737492347906 RO_obs: 19192518 1 0 0.0001441297830182669 0.004468916590124374 -0.0001184916148850902 -0.004463047898119873 1.609075668395108 1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395109 8.935824506887602 0.3469080003654929 RO_obs: 18182568 1 0 -3.865958942755112e-005 -0.001210894256457925 3.085146708600071e-005 0.001209731224089844 -0.498020155814113 0.4980201558141131 0.498020155814113 0.498020155814113 2.421623320017948 0.2612633349476267 RO_obs: 18182588 1 0 -9.299892924718622e-005 -0.002861291820779107 7.823516087257402e-005 0.002859779070693429 -0.9274633070482584 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482586 5.723632872474744 0.4200850171890429 RO_obs: 20202418 1 0 0.0001002102831521049 0.00284826593292838 -0.0001025394345719465 -0.002854702639955032 1.18394128580688 1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 5.706571474303379 0.2617731727522797 RO_obs: 19192468 1 0 -0.0001182674082637609 -0.003405971557833327 0.0001175743411503378 0.003411873342722822 -1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837803 6.821922780184937 0.3827278586812221 RO_obs: 19192488 1 0 -2.913310644684703e-005 -0.0008326614879674102 2.944278982253082e-005 0.0008340579248123766 -0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 1.667748403255347 0.3691405513991309 RO_obs: 19192568 1 0 7.038386289217967e-005 0.002032762568693572 -6.930041020500175e-005 -0.002029570345026974 0.6994051380068653 0.6994051380068653 -0.6994051380068654 -0.6994051380068654 4.064733742577483 0.3769388515383017
“RPC” • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LINE_OFF: +005000.00 pixels SAMP_OFF: +005000.00 pixels LAT_OFF: +24.61560000 degrees LONG_OFF: -101.43730000 degrees HEIGHT_OFF: +2395.000 meters LINE_SCALE: +005001.00 pixels SAMP_SCALE: +005001.00 pixels LAT_SCALE: +00.04600000 degrees LONG_SCALE: +000.05030000 degrees HEIGHT_SCALE: +0747.000 meters LINE_NUM_COEFF_1: +1.030324040486937E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_2: +1.806315262669138E-02 LINE_NUM_COEFF_3: -1.019060432009551E+00 LINE_NUM_COEFF_4: +6.648449785992906E-02 LINE_NUM_COEFF_5: -2.331100461592361E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_6: +8.769596902043321E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_7: +1.375570693342427E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_8: -1.468399048346219E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_9: +5.703399246782981E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_10: -1.226613143284226E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_11: +1.577423543808047E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_12: -2.490411434190130E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_13: -7.062981729517195E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_14: -3.135787647537088E-08 LINE_NUM_COEFF_15: -7.790425173363112E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_16: +6.380555501522290E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_17: -9.836708602583833E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_18: +5.021992515463427E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_19: -8.448845700616180E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_20: +1.015174042812033E-07 LINE_DEN_COEFF_1: +1.000000000000000E+00 LINE_DEN_COEFF_2: +2.212832526975384E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_3: -5.599305983296421E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_4: -4.312298442342292E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_5: +5.655276824407152E-06 LINE_DEN_COEFF_6: -7.782144773107029E-06 LINE_DEN_COEFF_7: +1.330672367505108E-05
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LINE_OFF: +005000.00 pixels SAMP_OFF: +005000.00 pixels LAT_OFF: +24.61560000 degrees LONG_OFF: -101.43730000 degrees HEIGHT_OFF: +2395.000 meters LINE_SCALE: +005001.00 pixels SAMP_SCALE: +005001.00 pixels LAT_SCALE: +00.04600000 degrees LONG_SCALE: +000.05030000 degrees HEIGHT_SCALE: +0747.000 meters LINE_NUM_COEFF_1: +9.693771848586271E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_2: +1.806486366746527E-02 LINE_NUM_COEFF_3: -1.019049471259863E+00 LINE_NUM_COEFF_4: -2.895807427845248E-02 LINE_NUM_COEFF_5: -4.040764489077493E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_6: -1.396053711395637E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_7: +1.944843057440099E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_8: -1.130125598918517E-04 LINE_NUM_COEFF_9: -5.546782426457077E-03 LINE_NUM_COEFF_10: +6.358293825145087E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_11: -1.507533375375395E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_12: -7.530457301559698E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_13: -4.480681607870567E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_14: +2.561572674602523E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_15: -4.408171438680323E-07 LINE_NUM_COEFF_16: +1.650436086860782E-05 LINE_NUM_COEFF_17: -1.230472720972256E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_18: +4.913216033668152E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_19: +1.915693289437321E-06 LINE_NUM_COEFF_20: -4.247006484070904E-08 LINE_DEN_COEFF_1: +1.000000000000000E+00 LINE_DEN_COEFF_2: +4.086220749098909E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_3: +5.440554179367067E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_4: -4.785200534247517E-03 LINE_DEN_COEFF_5: +4.378224454068469E-05 LINE_DEN_COEFF_6: -8.018136936822684E-06 LINE_DEN_COEFF_7: -1.249423873247631E-05
Source Data quality & Mapping Specifications or How good is good enough?
Old specifications summarized… Horizontal accuracy – within ½ mm at plotting scale… Vertical accuracy – within ½ contour interval… Plotting scale 1:
Contour Interval
500
0.5 m
1: 1,000
1.0 m
1: 2,000
2.0 m
1: 5,000
5.0 m
1:10,000
10.0 m
1:20,000
20.0 m
1:50,000
50.0 m
…specifications modernized Map scale
X/Y/Z
1: 500 1: 1,000 1: 2,000 1: 5,000 1: 10,000 1: 20,000 1: 50,000
± 0.25 m ± 0.50 m ± 1.00 m ± 2.50 m ± 5.00 m ± 10.0 m ± 25.0 m
Specifications modernized… but @ what imagery GSD? Map scale
X/Y/Z
GSD
1:
500
± 0.25 m
5 cm
1: 1,000
± 0.5 m
10 cm
1: 2,000
± 1.0 m
20 cm
1: 5,000
± 2.5 m
50 cm
1: 10,000
±5m
1m
1: 20,000
± 10 m
2m
1: 50,000
± 25 m
5m
Specifications distilled… Map scale
X/Y/Z
GSD
DEM
1:
500
± 0.25 m
0.05 m
0.25 m
1: 1,000
± 0.5 m
0.1 m
0.5 m
1: 2,000
± 1.0 m
0.2 m
1m
1: 5,000
± 2.5 m
0.5 m
2.5 m
1: 10,000
±5m
1m
5m
1: 20,000
± 10 m
2m
10 m
1: 50,000
± 25 m
5m
25 m
x f/b =
…and where does inventory mapping fit? Map scale 1: 500 1: 1,000 1: 2,000 1: 5,000 1: 10,000 1: 20,000 1: 50,000
X/Y/Z ± 0.25 m ± 0.50 m ± 1.00 m ± 2.50 m ± 5.00 m ± 10.0 m ± 25.0 m
Forest Inventory Mapping
Map scale 1: 20,000
X/Y/Z ± 20.0 m
What size GSD?
Map Scale
Contour Interval
Positional Accuracy X
Y
Z
Image Tree Height GSD Accuracy
1:500
0.5m
0.25m
0.25m
0.25m
5cm 25cm
1:1000
1.0m
0.50m
0.50m
0.50m
10cm 50cm
1:2000
2.0m
1.0m
1.0m
1.0m
1:5000
5.0m
2.5m
2.5m
2.5m
1:10000
10.0m
5m
5m
5m
1:20000
20.0m
10m
10m
10m
2m 10m
1:50000
50.0m
25m
25m
25m
5m 25m
20cm 1m 0.5m 2.5m 1m 5m
What else?
Synthetic Stereo Image Model from RADAR or LiDAR Data…
or ortho-mosaics
dSIM view of a 25 photo prthophoto mosaic… tone, color balanced…
dynamic Synthetic Image Model (dSIM)
Multiple Dataset Attachment and dSIM Configuration
Multiple Datasets
dSIM on-the-fly - Exaggeration Factor manually applied for orthophoto/DEM without ‘Model Source’ metadata.
toggles between Primary/Secondary datasets
PurVIEW-Standard: Mouse-digitizes to nearest monitor pixel
Upgrades…
PurVIEW–X, or MX : Dynamic panning [fixed cursor, moving image], digitizes in user-selectable terrain coordinate units
beyond next… Last inventory polygons stereo-superimposed on new imagery is “Training Set”
Next inventory needs only:
Update harvested areas… Update hydrography and access; Adjust polygon/stand boundaries; Re-estimate stand mixture; Re-measure tree height-class; Re-measure tree crown closure; Auto-calculate tree age-class; S/E/A might not have changed…
and beyond beyond next… image models
viewable on-demand
D.E.M.
coverage everywhere
professional purview
review legacy data models QA new mapping delivery update, upgrade, retrofit …geodatabase-direct ortho-on-the-fly
…no excuses.
shaky grounds… Mapping : Hardcopy to softcopy Surveying : Optical to electronic Photogrammetry : Cast iron to silicon chip Imaging 4 Film to digital Choices: retrain…re-qualify; …or redundancy or retirement
Arc/PurVIEW a new era of Data Model self-updating, -upgrading or -retrofitting …geodatabase direct
[email protected]
