ISSN No: 2321-5488
Vol 2 Issue 3 Sept 2014 ORIGINAL ARTICLE
International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Research Directions Editor-in-Chief S.P. Rajguru
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Research Directions Volume 2 | Issue 3 | Sept 2014
Research Article
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HAND GRIP AND SHOULDER GIRDLE STRENGTH AMONG INTERCOLLEGE LEVEL CRICKET, BASEBALL AND SOFTBALL PLAYERS Amandeep Singh1 and Vishaw Gaurav2 1
Ph.D., Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India. 2 Ph.D. , Department of Education, Government of Punjab, India. Abstract: The aim of the study was to compare the hand grip and shoulder girdle strength among cricket, baseball and softball players. A sample of thirty six (N = 36) male intercollege level players (mean ± SD: age 20.53 ± 0.97 years, height 181.33 ± 3.43 cm, weight 74.03 ± 3.95 kg, BMI 22.52 ± 1.40), which includes twelve each cricket, baseball and softball players, who participated in inter-college competitions of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India, was selected. All the participants were informed about aim and methodology of the study and they volunteered to participate in this study. All the participants were assessed for height, weight, hand grip strength and shoulder girdle strength. The height of the subjects was measured with anthropometric rod to the nearest 0.5 cm. The weight of subjects was measured by using portable weighing machine to the nearest 0.5 kg. A calibrated hand grip dynamometer with adjustable grip was used to measure right & left hand grip strength in kg whereas shoulder girdle strength was measured by medicine ball throw. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out the significance of differences with regard to hand grip strength and shoulder girdle strength among inter-college level cricket, baseball and softball players. Scheffe's post-hoc test (SPHT) was applied to see the direction and significance of differences where 'F' value found statistically significant. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Significant differences were found between inter- college level cricket, baseball and softball players with regard to hand grip strength (p? 0.05) and shoulder girdle strength (p? 0.05) respectively. While comparing the means, it revealed that baseball players had better right & left hand grip strength as well as shoulder girdle strength than their counterparts; cricket and softball players.
KEY WORDS: Hand grip, shoulder girdle, strength, cricket, baseball, softball. INTRODUCTION: Cricket, baseball and softball are physically demanding sports comprised of several specialism requiring different skills and types of fitness. These sports require excellent eye-to-hand coordination, upper extremity power, hand grip strength and the coordinated movements of the hips, shoulders, arms and wrists. These sports entail bating, throwing, fielding, pitching, running and hitting. Cricket is a game of endurance as well as strength. For bowling, throwing the ball during fielding and batting, use of forearm strength is essential (Koley & Yadav, 2009). Baseball pitching is a complex, highly skilled, repetitive task in which the subjects throwing shoulder to maximal stresses (Cook et al., 1987). Softball is a direct descendant of baseball.
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HAND GRIP AND SHOULDER GIRDLE STRENGTH AMONG INTER-..........
It requires speed, strength and endurence (Terbizan et al.1996). Hand grip strength is the result of forceful flexion of all finger joints with the maximum voluntary force that the subject is able to exert under normal biokinetic conditions (Richards et al., 1996; Bohannon, 1997). Grip strength determines the handedness of an individual. It is often used as an indicator of the overall physical strength (Foo, 2007). Many studies describe upper extremity characteristics of baseball players (Barnes & Tullos, 1978; King et al., 1969; Torg et al., 1972; Tullos et al., 1972) and reports related to morphological/anthropometric characteristics and hand grip strength of softball players are available (Werner et al.,2006; Koley & Kumaar, 2011). The grip strength is measured in several sports disciplines and its importance to success is clearly identified. The most common method of assessment for grip strength is the use of a handheld dynamometer (Ramkumar & Chittibabu, 2012). The estimation of hand grip strength is of immense importance in sports like wrestling, tennis, badminton, cricket, handball, basketball, baseball and softball, where sufficient degree of grip strength is necessary to be successful. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the hand grip strength of collegelevel cricket, baseball and softball players. MATERIALS & METHODS Subjects: A sample of thirty six (N = 36) male inter-college level players (mean ± SD: age 20.53 ± 0.97 years, height 181.33 ± 3.43 cm, weight 74.03 ± 3.95 kg, BMI 22.52 ± 1.40), which includes twelve each cricket, baseball and softball players, who participated in inter-college competitions of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India, was selected. All the participants were informed about the aim and methodology of the study and they volunteered to participate in this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the subjects. Methodology: Height, Weight and BMI: Height measurements were taken by using the standard anthropometric rod (HG-72, Nexgen ergonomics, Canada) to the nearest 0.5 cm. Full attentions given make sure that players’ body was fully upright and their mandible was parallel to the ground. Taken values recorded as ‘cm’. The subject’s weights were measured with portable weighing machine to the nearest 0.5 kg. During measurements players were on bare feet and with underwear and measurements recorded as ‘kg’. BMI was calculated by the formula of; Body Mass Index = Weight/Height2. Hand Grip Strength Test: A calibrated hand dynamometer with adjustable grip was used. Subjects were asked to hold the dynamometer alternatively in right and then in left hand, at their side without touching the rest of the body, and squeeze it forcefully keeping the instrument held in line with the forearm during the duration of the test. Subjects were required to squeeze gradually and continuously for at least 2 seconds. The best result was the score recorded in kilograms. Medicine Ball Put test: Shoulder girdle strength was measured by medicine ball throw. The test involved throwing a 2 kg medicine ball in the horizontal direction as far as possible. The participant was asked to hold the medicine ball in one hand close to the point, where the shoulder joins the neck and stand between the two restraining lines to put the ball down the course. Three trials were given and the best was taken as the score of the test. The distance was measured in meters. Statistical analyses: Values are presented as mean values and SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. Following the detection of a significant mean effect, Scheffe’s post-hoc analysis was performed to locate where specific mean differences were laid. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 16.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HAND GRIP AND SHOULDER GIRDLE STRENGTH AMONG INTER-..........
RESULTS Table: 1 Demographic Characteristics of Inter-College Level Cricket, Baseball and Softball Players. Sports
Age (yrs)
Height (cm)
Weight (Kg)
BMI
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Cricket
20.50
1.00
181.42
3.55
74.00
4.26
22.49
1.58
Baseball
20.50
0.90
182.25
3.17
74.50
2.71
22.44
1.08
Softball
20.58
1.00
180.33
3.58
73.58
4.89
22.62
1.53
Total
20.53
0.97
181.33
3.43
74.03
3.95
22.52
1.40
Groups
Table: 2 Mean and SD values of Right & Left Hand grip Strength and Shoulder Girdle Strength of Inter-College Level Cricket, Baseball and Softball Players. Sports Groups Variables
Cricket
Baseball
Softball
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Right Hand grip Strength
37.19
0.42
38.86
0.85
37.05
0.39
Left Hand grip Strength
36.22
0.53
37.17
0.88
36.34
0.34
Shoulder Girdle Strength
10.35
0.65
11.10
0.74
9.96
0.55
Table 1 depicts the demographic characteristics inter-college level Cricket, Baseball and Softball players. Table 2 showed that while comparing the means, it revealed that baseball players had better right & left hand grip strength as well as shoulder girdle strength than their counterparts; cricket and softball players. Table: 3. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) among Inter-College Level Cricket, Baseball and Softball Players with regards to Right & Left Hand grip Strength and Shoulder Girdle. Variables Right Hand grip Strength
Left Hand grip Strength
Shoulder Girdle Strength
Source of variance
Sum of Squares 24.140
df 2
Mean Square 12.070
Within Groups
11.635
33
.353
Total
35.775
35
Between Groups
6.542
2
3.271
Within Groups
112.960
33
.393
Total
19.503
35
Between Groups
Between Groups
8.077
2
4.039
Within Groups
14.059
33
.426
Total
22.136
35
*Significant at .05 level of Confidence
F-value
Sig.
34.23
0.000
8.33
0.001
9.48
0.001
F.05 (2, 33) = 3.28
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HAND GRIP AND SHOULDER GIRDLE STRENGTH AMONG INTER-..........
It is evident from table-3 of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results that significant differences were found between inter- college level cricket, baseball and softball players with regard to right hand grip strength (p? 0.05), left hand grip strength (p? 0.05) and shoulder girdle strength (p? 0.05) respectively. Table: 4. Comparison of Mean Values of Post-Hoc Test (Scheffe's) among Inter-College Level Cricket, Baseball and Softball Players with regards to Right & Left Hand grip Strength and Shoulder Girdle. Variables Right Hand grip Strength
Cricket 37.19 37.19
Sports Groups Baseball 38.86 38.86
Left Hand grip Strength
36.22 36.22
10.35 10.35
37.05 37.05
1.67* 0.14 1.81*
Sig. 0.00 0.85 0.00
36.34 36.34
0.95* 0.12* 0.83*
0.00 0.00 0.00
9.96 9.96
0.75* 0.39 1.14*
0.03 0.35 0.00
37.17 37.17
Shoulder Girdle Strength
Mean Difference Softball
11.10 11.10
*Significant at .05 level of Confidence Since the obtained F-values were found significant, therefore, the Post-hoc test (Scheffe's) was applied to see the direction and significance of difference between paired means of inter-college level cricket, baseball and softball players with regard to right hand grip strength, left hand grip strength and shoulder girdle strength. The results of Post-hoc test (Scheffe's) have been presented in table-4. A glance at table-4 showed that baseball players have exhibited statistically significant (p? 0.05) differences with cricket and softball players on right hand grip strength, left hand grip strength and shoulder girdle strength. Cricket players have also exhibited statistically significant (p? 0.05) differences with softball players on left hand grip strength. However, cricket and softball players have shown statistically insignificant (p? 0.05) differences with regard to right hand grip strength and shoulder girdle strength. DISCUSSION The findings of the present study revealed that there was a significant difference in hand grip and shoulder girdle strength of cricket, baseball and softball players. Baseball players showed better right & left hand grip strength than cricket and softball players. In baseball players, hand grip strength was reported to be higher than in cricket and softball players, showing biomechanical advantages in the game. In fact, hand grip strength reflects overall physical strength of an athlete (Foo, 2007). Regarding the hand grip strength of the players of other sports events, it was reported that the hand grip strength values of Indian inter-university male Kabaddi players were higher in comparison to those of Indian footballers and hockey players of the same sex (De et al., 1982). The results of the present study are in line of those reported by a previous study (Ko et al., 2002) that the flexor angular strength of baseball players was ranked 2nd out of 19 sport events as they recorded 43.7±7.6 kg, and extensor angular strength was ranked 5th out of 20 sport events as they recorded 80.3±12.0 kg indicating that baseball players required a high level of muscular strength (Ko et al., 2002). The results of the present study do not in line of those reported by (Koley & Yadav, 2009). They suggested that, male cricket players had the higher mean value for hand grip strength (35.86 ± 7.07 kg) as compared to controls (32.39 ± 7.91 kg).On the other hand, the findings of the present study showed that baseball players showed better shoulder girdle strength than cricket and softball players. The overhead throwing motion is used in numerous sports including cricket, football and baseball. Among these sports, the baseball is unique in the demands placed upon the shoulder (Brumitt et al., 2005). CONCLUSION It is concluded that significant differences were found between inter- college level cricket, baseball
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HAND GRIP AND SHOULDER GIRDLE STRENGTH AMONG INTER-..........
and softball players with regard to hand grip strength and shoulder girdle strength respectively. Baseball players had better right & left hand grip strength as well as shoulder girdle strength than their counterparts; cricket and softball players. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sincere thanks to Coaches who extended their enthusiastic co-operation in collecting the necessary data and to all those players without whom this research was not possible. We acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this paper. We are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this paper has been reviewed and discussed. REFERENCES 1.Barnes, D.A. & Tullos, H.S. (1978) An analysis of 100 symptomatic baseball players. Am. J. Sports Med., 6: 62-67. 2.Bohannon, R.W. (1997) Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by handheld dynamometer from adults aged 20 to 79 years. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab., 78, 26-32. 3.Brumitt, R.J., Meira, E.& Davidson ,G. (2005) In-Season Functional Shoulder Training for High School Baseball Pitchers. Natl. Strength Conditioning Assoc., 27 (1): 26–32. 4.Cook, E.E., Gray, V.L., Savinar-Nogue, E. & Medeiros, J. (1987) Shoulder Antagonistic Strength Ratios: A Comparison between College-Level Baseball Pitchers and Nonpitchers. J. Ortho. Sports. Phys. Ther.,8(9): 451-461. 5.De, A. K., Dasgupta, P. K., Panda, B. K., & Bhattacharya, A. K. (1982) Physical efficiency tests on Indian male “Kabaddi” inter-university players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 16 (1):33-36. 6.Foo, L. H. (2007) Influence of body composition, muscle strength, diet and physical activity on total body and forearm bone mass in Chinese adolescent girls. British Journal of Nutrition, 98: 1281-1287. 7.King, J.W., Brelsford, H.J., Tullos, H.S. (1969) Analysis of the pitching arm of the professional baseball pitcher. Clin. Orthop., 67: 116-123. 8.Ko, B.G., Ku, H.M., Park, D.H.et al (2002) Development of Basic Sports Aptitude Diagnosis Inventory for athlete's selection. Korea Institute of Sport Science Annual Report. (Korean). 9.Koley, S. & B. Kumaar, S.B.(2011) Correlations of hand grip strength with selected hand-anthropometric variables in university softball players.Biomedical Human Kinetics, 3, 91 – 95 10.Koley, S., & Yadav, M. K. (2009) An association of hand grip strength with some anthropometric variables in Indian cricket players. FACTA UNIVERSITATIS, Series: Physical Education and Sports, 7(2):113123. 11.Ramkumar, B. & Chittibabu B. (2012) Evaluation of dominant and non dominant hand grip strength among cricket, handball and volleyball players International Journal of Physical Education Sports and Yogic Sciences 2(1): 41- 43. 12.Richards, L., Olson, B., & Palmiter-Thomas, P.(1996) How forearm position affects grip strength. Am J Occup Therap., 50, 133-139. 13.Terbizan,D.J.,Waldera,M., Seljevold, P., Schwigert, D.J.(1996) Physiological characteristics of masters women fast pitch softball players. J Str. Cond.Res. 10:157-160. 14.Torg, J.S., Pollack, H. & Sweterlitsch, P. (1972) The effect of competitive pitching on the shoulders and elbows of preadolescent baseball players. Pediatrics, 49: 267-272. 15.Tullos, H.S., Erwin, W.D., Woods, G.W., Wubasch, D.C., Cooley, D.A. & King, J.W. (1972) Unusual lesions of the pitching arm. Clin. Orthop., 88: 169-182. 16.Werner, S.L., Deryk, G.J., Guido, J.A. & Brunet, M.E. (2006) Kinematics and kinetics of elite windmill softball pitching. Am.J Sports Med. 34:597-603.
Amandeep Singh Ph.D., Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
Vishaw Gaurav Ph.D. , Department of Education, Government of Punjab, India.
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