Inventory Analysis and Impact Assessment towards Comprehensive ...
P-004
Economic and environmental effects of Induction Melting Furnace analyzed by the LCA method Hidemitsu Oda・ Keiichi Okajima ・Yohji Uchiyama Department of Risk Engineering, Faculty of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan [email protected] Keywords: Induction melting furnace, Cupola furnace, LCA method, CO2 emission, Economic analysis ABSTRACT Recycling of scrap metals is getting important to construct the low carbon society as well as the circulation society of materials. The switch from a cupola furnace to an induction melting furnace is expected to reduce CO2 emission in the manufacturing process of cast iron. Using the LCA process method combined with an input-output analysis, the economic / environmental characteristics of an induction-melting furnace is compared to that of a cupola furnace. The result shows that a life cycle CO2 emission of an induction-melting furnace is much lower than that of a cupola furnace. The economy of an induction-melting furnace is affected mainly by coke price and coke ratio of raw materials for a cupola furnace. １．OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to clarify quantitatively
relations table, industrial statistics, and environmental load data. The direct and indirect CO2 emission from F j can be obtained by the following equation (1):
the advantage of using induction-melting furnaces, which recycles iron scraps by electric heating, over cupola
Gｊ
∑
C B F
1
furnaces from the environmental and economical points of
output analysis.
direct CO2 emission from sector i is C'i , CO2 emission of sector i per production (“emission source unit”)is C i = C ' i / X i , each element of the Leontief inverse matrix is Bij , the final demand of sector i is F j and emission G j . . 3. Economical Comparison of Cupola and Induction
2.
Melting Furnace
view. Specifically, the manufacturing process for iron casting is analyzed using the LCA method, a hybrid approach that combines the process method and the input-
Method of Study
2.1 Definition of Scope
We compared the economy of production using cupola
An LCA is conducted as follows: “defining the
and induction melting furnaces based on the information
objective and scope”, “inventory analysis”, “impact
and data collected from two onsite investigations and some
evaluation”, and “interpretation of results”. This study
listening comprehensive surveys. This section describes the
focuses on the analysis of “inventory” process.
results of the comparison.
2.2 Inventory Analysis
3.1 Economical Comparison of Cupola and Induction
The inventory analysis is the most primary evaluation
Melting Furnaces
method in LCA. There are two types of inventory analysis,
Table 1 shows the result of comparing the life cycle
the process analysis and input-output analysis, and they
cost comporting a cupola with an induction-melting furnace
have their own strengths and limitations. This study
for 12 years, provided that the coke rate for cupola is 15%
combines the use of the two methods for analysis.
and coke unit price is 70 yen/kg. Cupola and induction
Process analysis and Input-Output Analysis The Process analysis method is a bottom up approach to sum up the environmental inventory of each process and/ or materials. On the other hand in an input-output analysis, direct and indirect input energy of and environmental roads are obtained by a top-down manner using an inter-industry
2.3
melting furnaces used are of the same scale of production 4,480 tons of hot iron annually.
P-004
Table 1. Comparison life cycle cost
4. Comparative Analysis by Process Analysis of CO2
cupola① induction furnace② ①－② 24,000,000 38,000,000 -14,000,000 78,539,368 71,999,400 6,539,968 942,472,419 863,992,80 0 78,479,619 966,472,419 901,992,800 64,479,619
life cycle cost ① initial cost(yen) ② running cost (yen/year) ③ running cost for 12 years ①＋③ life cycle cost (yen/12years)
Emissions 4.1 Facility-derived CO2 Emissions Life Cycle CO2 emissions of a facility be broadly
3.2 Economical Analysis of Cupola and Induction Melting Furnace 3.2.1
categorized into facility-derived and operation-derived emissions. The facility-derived emissions from cupola and
Net Present Value
induction melting furnaces are calculated by the material
The economical values of investment and expenses in the
composition data of the respective furnaces obtained
future are changed in comparison to those currently
through listening comprehensive surveys to the spot.（the
generated. Therefore, the future value needs to be
foundry in the Kawaguch city and the fireplace
discounted to current value using the discount rate. If the
manufacturer in the Suzuka city）
expected life is 12 years, the net present value NPV can be
4.2 Operation-derived CO2 Emission
calculated from the following equation (2):
CO2 is also generated by operation and maintenance process during plant life .Given that process-related
NPV
∑
c ） （１＋ｒ） ´
（c
(2)
between cupola furnaces and induction-melting furnaces, it
r: discount rate
was not considered in the comparison.
c:cost 3.2.2
difference with regard to CO2 emissions are insignificant
Breakeven
Costs
for
Cupola
competing
Table2. Amount of operation-derived CO2 emission ※CO2emission source unit electric 0.37kg-CO2/kWh, Electric product source unit induction furnace 570kWh/t
Induction Melting Furnaces
CO2emission source unit coke 3.25kg-CO2-t/t ,Electric product source unit cupola 22kWh/t
Figure 1 shows the breakeven costs of coke price for
※Ministry of the Environment ‘FY2002 Deliberation on the Calculation Method of Greenhouse Gas Emission’ The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan ‘Environmental Action Plan for the Electricity Utility Industry’
cupola competing economically with induction melting furnaces. The breakeven costs are effected by coke rate in raw materials of cupola and induction-melting furnaces
cupola coke
electric energone year 12 years quantity consumed CO2 emission rCO2 emission rate
coke ratio ％
ｔ
ｋWh
12 15 18
were: cupola at coke rate of 12% with coke unit price in 70-
538 672 806
79 yen range, cupola at coke rate of 15% with coke unit
ｔ-CO2 1,784 2,220 2,657
21,402 26,643 31,884
induction furnace
price in 60-69 yen range, and cupola at coke rate of 18%
coke coke ratio ％
with coke unit price in 40-49 yen range.
ｔ-CO2 98,551 98,551 98,551
electric energone year 12 years quantity consumed CO2 emission rCO2 emission rate ｔ
-
-
ｋWh ｔ-CO2 2,553,372
ｔ-CO2 945
11,337
300 coke ratio: 18％
Table 2 shows the amount of CO2 generated from the
(
250 c d o i 200 s f 150 t f e 100 r 50 m e 0 i n 0 l c -50 l e -100 i o o -150 n f
coke ratio: 15％
operation of cupola furnaces and induction melting
coke ratio: 12％
)
furnaces for 1 year and 12 years, respectively, based on
(
different coke rates. Furthermore, we presumed that CO2
)
-200
emission source unit remains unchanged for 12 years. 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
4.3 Comparison of CO2 Emission effected by Cupola Coke Rate Figure 2 compares the total CO2 emissions of cupola
unit price of coke (yen/kg)
furnaces, i.e. the sum of facility-derived and operationderived CO2 emissions, with those of induction-melting
Fig.1. Breakeven cost for cupola competing inductionmelting furnace
furnaces. Cupola furnaces emit more CO2 gas than induction melting furnace in both facility-derived and
P-004
operation-derived emissions.
where Yi is direct and indirect CO2 emission of an iron
When compared under the same scale of plant capacity
casting sector estimated by the input-output analysis , and
with an expected life of 12 years, the induction-melting
Yp’ is CO2 emission obtained from the input-output
furnace has a 47% CO2 reduction comparing with a cupola
analysis corresponding to process analysis items.
furnace at a coke rate of 12%. The amount of CO2
Consequently, the hybrid environmental load Y is
reduction by an induction-melting furnace increases in proportion to a coke rate of 15% and 64.3% in a coke rate
Y = Yp + Y’
(4)
18% respectively. where Yp is CO2 emission obtained through the process 57.8
induction furnace
11,337 96.3
cupola【12％】
21,402
facility-generated
analysis method.
operation-generated
5.1 Direct and indirect CO2 emissions of Cast and
Wrought Products
96.3
cupola【15％】
26,643
Direct and indirect CO2 emission for the final goods
96.3
cupola【18％】
31,884
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
can be calculated from the aforementioned equation
35,000
(1)of
ｔCO2
the inter-industry analysis, However, cast and wrought products are intermediate goods which are mostly Fig. 2. Amount of CO2 generated by cupola under different coke rates
consumed at the “Automotive components and accessories
5. Hybrid Analysis Method of CO2 Emissions by Input-
division” the “Other general machinery, appliances and
Output Analysis
components division”,etc. Therefore the CO2 emission as
In this section the CO2 Emissions of iron cast is analyzed by an input-output method in order to calculate CO2 emissions generated by industrial activities that are left unevaluated by the process method, Figure 3 shows.
③=①-②'
table in order to estimate the CO2 emissions that reflects the
environmental loads excluding prosess analysis items
actual state as intermediate goods. In this method , if the weighted average basic unit of the cast and wrought products is C
②+③ Hybrid environmental loads
Estimation
of
CO2 emissions intermediate goods are obtained by a
and Wrought sectors from other sectors in the inter-industry
②'=environmental loads obtained from input-output analysis corresponding to process analysis items
Fig.3.
intermediate goods. In this study the direct and indirect
weighted method with division of investment to the Cast
① Estimation of direct and indirect environmental loads ② Direct environmental loads of prosesss analysis items
final goods is estimated higher than that of item
, the CO2 emission of the cast and
wrought product C be evaluated by expression (5).
environmental
Loads
by
Cｊ
∑
Ci B F
(5)
Estimated by Hybrid method The CO2 emissions excluding the effect of process analysis items can be calculated from the following equation (3):
5.2 Derivation of CO2 Emission from Cupola and Induction-Melting Furnaces The values of Yi obtained by the input-output analysis include the environmental load obtained through the
Y’ = Yi – Yp’
(3)
process analysis method. We need to calculate CO2 emission excluding the effect of process analysis items
P-004
from the equation (3). Cast and wrought products consist of
initial cost (facility cost) accounts for only a small share of
93 items on the inter-industry relations table. The
the total cost. In terms of life cycle CO2
environmental load for 9 items estimated by using the
induction melting furnace proved its superiority vis-à-vis
process analysis method should be excluded for cupola
the copula furnace. No significant difference between the
furnaces, and 11 items for induction-melting furnaces.
two difference types of furnace was observed in facility-
Five items are categorized as cast and wrought products in the inter-industry relations table, out of which 2 items,
emission , the
derived CO2 emissions. The difference is mainly effected by the operation-derived CO2 emissions.
cast-iron pipes and iron castings are produced by both culpa
From the environmental measures of life cycle CO2
and induction-melting furnaces. Estimating the percentage
reductions induction-melting furnaces would be expected to
of these two items that account for 63% of the whole of
be diffused and expanded to the market.
cast and wrought products from the appendix table of the
References
inter-industry relations table, we multiplied Y’ by 0.63.
1)
Complied by Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Furthermore, provided that the production ratio from
Communications (2004) ‘Inter-industry Relations
cupola and induction-melting furnace is 6:4, we multiplied
Table for 2000’, National Federation of Statistical
the relevant value for copula by 0.6 and the relevant value
Associations (in Japanese)
for induction-melting furnace by 0.4 to distribute and
2)
estimate the respective environmental loads.
Society’, The Society for the Promotion of the
In order to correspond to the production scale (4480t) used in the process analysis method, we multiplied the CO2
Uchiyama Yohji (2003) ‘Energy Engineering and
University of the Air (in Japanese) 3)
Uchiyama Yohji and Keita Hagiwara (2005) ‘Analysis
source unit per production by 4480t. This value was further
of the Environmental Load and Marginal Cost of Co-
multiplied by 12 to calculate the CO2 generation for an
generation System”, Journal of the Japan Institute of
expected life of 12 years. This is the estimated CO2
Energy, pp 84, 760-766.
emission obtained by input-output analysis excluding the
4)
‘Investigative Research on Measures for Raw Material
CO2 generation obtained by the process analysis method.
Issues on Castings’ / Reference: ‘High-frequency
Figure 4 illustrates the CO2 emissions estimated from a
induction furnace’ (in Japanese)
combination of the summation method and input-output analysis for copula and induction-melting furnaces. The
5)
11336
21402
1613 96.3
33593
5,000
Survey
fa cility-genera ted
31884
1613 96.3 0
Demand
Japanese)
indirect influence (12yrs)
26644
1613 96.3
cupola 【18％】
Power
opera tion-genera ted (12yrs)
28353 cupola 【15％】
Electric
224denryoku.pdf (last viewed: October1, 2008) (in
fa cility+opera tion+indirect (12yrs)
23111 cupola 【12％】
of
(Price)’ www.meti.go.jp/kohosys/press/0004823/0/031
13007 1613 57.8
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy ‘FY2003 Summary
values are equivalent to the values for Y in equation (4). induction furna ce
Japan Industrial Policy Research Institute (2007)
6)
Ministry of the Environment ‘FY2002 Deliberation on the Calculation Method of Green house Gas
10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 tCO2
Fig. 4. CO2 emissions calculated from the Hybrid
Emission’ www.env.go.jp/earth/ondanka/santeiho/kent
method (for 12 years)
o/h1408/index.html (last viewed: October1, 2008) (in
6. Conclusion
Japanese)
There is approximately a 14 million yen difference of
7)
The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan
the initial costs between cupola and induction-melting
‘Environmental Action Plan for the Electricity Utility
furnaces under the same scale of production capacity.
Industry’
Nevertheless, as observed in the 12-year expected life,
viewed: October1, 2008)
www.fepc.or.jp/env/report/2007.pdf
(last
Economic and environmental effects of Induction Melting Furnace analyzed by the LCA method Hidemitsu Oda・ Keiichi Okajima ・Yohji Uchiyama Department of Risk Engineering, Faculty of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan [email protected] Keywords: Induction melting furnace, Cupola furnace, LCA method, CO2 emission, Economic analysis ABSTRACT Recycling of scrap metals is getting important to construct the low carbon society as well as the circulation society of materials. The switch from a cupola furnace to an induction melting furnace is expected to reduce CO2 emission in the manufacturing process of cast iron. Using the LCA process method combined with an input-output analysis, the economic / environmental characteristics of an induction-melting furnace is compared to that of a cupola furnace. The result shows that a life cycle CO2 emission of an induction-melting furnace is much lower than that of a cupola furnace. The economy of an induction-melting furnace is affected mainly by coke price and coke ratio of raw materials for a cupola furnace. １．OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to clarify quantitatively
relations table, industrial statistics, and environmental load data. The direct and indirect CO2 emission from F j can be obtained by the following equation (1):
the advantage of using induction-melting furnaces, which recycles iron scraps by electric heating, over cupola
Gｊ
∑
C B F
1
furnaces from the environmental and economical points of
output analysis.
direct CO2 emission from sector i is C'i , CO2 emission of sector i per production (“emission source unit”)is C i = C ' i / X i , each element of the Leontief inverse matrix is Bij , the final demand of sector i is F j and emission G j . . 3. Economical Comparison of Cupola and Induction
2.
Melting Furnace
view. Specifically, the manufacturing process for iron casting is analyzed using the LCA method, a hybrid approach that combines the process method and the input-
Method of Study
2.1 Definition of Scope
We compared the economy of production using cupola
An LCA is conducted as follows: “defining the
and induction melting furnaces based on the information
objective and scope”, “inventory analysis”, “impact
and data collected from two onsite investigations and some
evaluation”, and “interpretation of results”. This study
listening comprehensive surveys. This section describes the
focuses on the analysis of “inventory” process.
results of the comparison.
2.2 Inventory Analysis
3.1 Economical Comparison of Cupola and Induction
The inventory analysis is the most primary evaluation
Melting Furnaces
method in LCA. There are two types of inventory analysis,
Table 1 shows the result of comparing the life cycle
the process analysis and input-output analysis, and they
cost comporting a cupola with an induction-melting furnace
have their own strengths and limitations. This study
for 12 years, provided that the coke rate for cupola is 15%
combines the use of the two methods for analysis.
and coke unit price is 70 yen/kg. Cupola and induction
Process analysis and Input-Output Analysis The Process analysis method is a bottom up approach to sum up the environmental inventory of each process and/ or materials. On the other hand in an input-output analysis, direct and indirect input energy of and environmental roads are obtained by a top-down manner using an inter-industry
2.3
melting furnaces used are of the same scale of production 4,480 tons of hot iron annually.
P-004
Table 1. Comparison life cycle cost
4. Comparative Analysis by Process Analysis of CO2
cupola① induction furnace② ①－② 24,000,000 38,000,000 -14,000,000 78,539,368 71,999,400 6,539,968 942,472,419 863,992,80 0 78,479,619 966,472,419 901,992,800 64,479,619
life cycle cost ① initial cost(yen) ② running cost (yen/year) ③ running cost for 12 years ①＋③ life cycle cost (yen/12years)
Emissions 4.1 Facility-derived CO2 Emissions Life Cycle CO2 emissions of a facility be broadly
3.2 Economical Analysis of Cupola and Induction Melting Furnace 3.2.1
categorized into facility-derived and operation-derived emissions. The facility-derived emissions from cupola and
Net Present Value
induction melting furnaces are calculated by the material
The economical values of investment and expenses in the
composition data of the respective furnaces obtained
future are changed in comparison to those currently
through listening comprehensive surveys to the spot.（the
generated. Therefore, the future value needs to be
foundry in the Kawaguch city and the fireplace
discounted to current value using the discount rate. If the
manufacturer in the Suzuka city）
expected life is 12 years, the net present value NPV can be
4.2 Operation-derived CO2 Emission
calculated from the following equation (2):
CO2 is also generated by operation and maintenance process during plant life .Given that process-related
NPV
∑
c ） （１＋ｒ） ´
（c
(2)
between cupola furnaces and induction-melting furnaces, it
r: discount rate
was not considered in the comparison.
c:cost 3.2.2
difference with regard to CO2 emissions are insignificant
Breakeven
Costs
for
Cupola
competing
Table2. Amount of operation-derived CO2 emission ※CO2emission source unit electric 0.37kg-CO2/kWh, Electric product source unit induction furnace 570kWh/t
Induction Melting Furnaces
CO2emission source unit coke 3.25kg-CO2-t/t ,Electric product source unit cupola 22kWh/t
Figure 1 shows the breakeven costs of coke price for
※Ministry of the Environment ‘FY2002 Deliberation on the Calculation Method of Greenhouse Gas Emission’ The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan ‘Environmental Action Plan for the Electricity Utility Industry’
cupola competing economically with induction melting furnaces. The breakeven costs are effected by coke rate in raw materials of cupola and induction-melting furnaces
cupola coke
electric energone year 12 years quantity consumed CO2 emission rCO2 emission rate
coke ratio ％
ｔ
ｋWh
12 15 18
were: cupola at coke rate of 12% with coke unit price in 70-
538 672 806
79 yen range, cupola at coke rate of 15% with coke unit
ｔ-CO2 1,784 2,220 2,657
21,402 26,643 31,884
induction furnace
price in 60-69 yen range, and cupola at coke rate of 18%
coke coke ratio ％
with coke unit price in 40-49 yen range.
ｔ-CO2 98,551 98,551 98,551
electric energone year 12 years quantity consumed CO2 emission rCO2 emission rate ｔ
-
-
ｋWh ｔ-CO2 2,553,372
ｔ-CO2 945
11,337
300 coke ratio: 18％
Table 2 shows the amount of CO2 generated from the
(
250 c d o i 200 s f 150 t f e 100 r 50 m e 0 i n 0 l c -50 l e -100 i o o -150 n f
coke ratio: 15％
operation of cupola furnaces and induction melting
coke ratio: 12％
)
furnaces for 1 year and 12 years, respectively, based on
(
different coke rates. Furthermore, we presumed that CO2
)
-200
emission source unit remains unchanged for 12 years. 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
4.3 Comparison of CO2 Emission effected by Cupola Coke Rate Figure 2 compares the total CO2 emissions of cupola
unit price of coke (yen/kg)
furnaces, i.e. the sum of facility-derived and operationderived CO2 emissions, with those of induction-melting
Fig.1. Breakeven cost for cupola competing inductionmelting furnace
furnaces. Cupola furnaces emit more CO2 gas than induction melting furnace in both facility-derived and
P-004
operation-derived emissions.
where Yi is direct and indirect CO2 emission of an iron
When compared under the same scale of plant capacity
casting sector estimated by the input-output analysis , and
with an expected life of 12 years, the induction-melting
Yp’ is CO2 emission obtained from the input-output
furnace has a 47% CO2 reduction comparing with a cupola
analysis corresponding to process analysis items.
furnace at a coke rate of 12%. The amount of CO2
Consequently, the hybrid environmental load Y is
reduction by an induction-melting furnace increases in proportion to a coke rate of 15% and 64.3% in a coke rate
Y = Yp + Y’
(4)
18% respectively. where Yp is CO2 emission obtained through the process 57.8
induction furnace
11,337 96.3
cupola【12％】
21,402
facility-generated
analysis method.
operation-generated
5.1 Direct and indirect CO2 emissions of Cast and
Wrought Products
96.3
cupola【15％】
26,643
Direct and indirect CO2 emission for the final goods
96.3
cupola【18％】
31,884
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
can be calculated from the aforementioned equation
35,000
(1)of
ｔCO2
the inter-industry analysis, However, cast and wrought products are intermediate goods which are mostly Fig. 2. Amount of CO2 generated by cupola under different coke rates
consumed at the “Automotive components and accessories
5. Hybrid Analysis Method of CO2 Emissions by Input-
division” the “Other general machinery, appliances and
Output Analysis
components division”,etc. Therefore the CO2 emission as
In this section the CO2 Emissions of iron cast is analyzed by an input-output method in order to calculate CO2 emissions generated by industrial activities that are left unevaluated by the process method, Figure 3 shows.
③=①-②'
table in order to estimate the CO2 emissions that reflects the
environmental loads excluding prosess analysis items
actual state as intermediate goods. In this method , if the weighted average basic unit of the cast and wrought products is C
②+③ Hybrid environmental loads
Estimation
of
CO2 emissions intermediate goods are obtained by a
and Wrought sectors from other sectors in the inter-industry
②'=environmental loads obtained from input-output analysis corresponding to process analysis items
Fig.3.
intermediate goods. In this study the direct and indirect
weighted method with division of investment to the Cast
① Estimation of direct and indirect environmental loads ② Direct environmental loads of prosesss analysis items
final goods is estimated higher than that of item
, the CO2 emission of the cast and
wrought product C be evaluated by expression (5).
environmental
Loads
by
Cｊ
∑
Ci B F
(5)
Estimated by Hybrid method The CO2 emissions excluding the effect of process analysis items can be calculated from the following equation (3):
5.2 Derivation of CO2 Emission from Cupola and Induction-Melting Furnaces The values of Yi obtained by the input-output analysis include the environmental load obtained through the
Y’ = Yi – Yp’
(3)
process analysis method. We need to calculate CO2 emission excluding the effect of process analysis items
P-004
from the equation (3). Cast and wrought products consist of
initial cost (facility cost) accounts for only a small share of
93 items on the inter-industry relations table. The
the total cost. In terms of life cycle CO2
environmental load for 9 items estimated by using the
induction melting furnace proved its superiority vis-à-vis
process analysis method should be excluded for cupola
the copula furnace. No significant difference between the
furnaces, and 11 items for induction-melting furnaces.
two difference types of furnace was observed in facility-
Five items are categorized as cast and wrought products in the inter-industry relations table, out of which 2 items,
emission , the
derived CO2 emissions. The difference is mainly effected by the operation-derived CO2 emissions.
cast-iron pipes and iron castings are produced by both culpa
From the environmental measures of life cycle CO2
and induction-melting furnaces. Estimating the percentage
reductions induction-melting furnaces would be expected to
of these two items that account for 63% of the whole of
be diffused and expanded to the market.
cast and wrought products from the appendix table of the
References
inter-industry relations table, we multiplied Y’ by 0.63.
1)
Complied by Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Furthermore, provided that the production ratio from
Communications (2004) ‘Inter-industry Relations
cupola and induction-melting furnace is 6:4, we multiplied
Table for 2000’, National Federation of Statistical
the relevant value for copula by 0.6 and the relevant value
Associations (in Japanese)
for induction-melting furnace by 0.4 to distribute and
2)
estimate the respective environmental loads.
Society’, The Society for the Promotion of the
In order to correspond to the production scale (4480t) used in the process analysis method, we multiplied the CO2
Uchiyama Yohji (2003) ‘Energy Engineering and
University of the Air (in Japanese) 3)
Uchiyama Yohji and Keita Hagiwara (2005) ‘Analysis
source unit per production by 4480t. This value was further
of the Environmental Load and Marginal Cost of Co-
multiplied by 12 to calculate the CO2 generation for an
generation System”, Journal of the Japan Institute of
expected life of 12 years. This is the estimated CO2
Energy, pp 84, 760-766.
emission obtained by input-output analysis excluding the
4)
‘Investigative Research on Measures for Raw Material
CO2 generation obtained by the process analysis method.
Issues on Castings’ / Reference: ‘High-frequency
Figure 4 illustrates the CO2 emissions estimated from a
induction furnace’ (in Japanese)
combination of the summation method and input-output analysis for copula and induction-melting furnaces. The
5)
11336
21402
1613 96.3
33593
5,000
Survey
fa cility-genera ted
31884
1613 96.3 0
Demand
Japanese)
indirect influence (12yrs)
26644
1613 96.3
cupola 【18％】
Power
opera tion-genera ted (12yrs)
28353 cupola 【15％】
Electric
224denryoku.pdf (last viewed: October1, 2008) (in
fa cility+opera tion+indirect (12yrs)
23111 cupola 【12％】
of
(Price)’ www.meti.go.jp/kohosys/press/0004823/0/031
13007 1613 57.8
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy ‘FY2003 Summary
values are equivalent to the values for Y in equation (4). induction furna ce
Japan Industrial Policy Research Institute (2007)
6)
Ministry of the Environment ‘FY2002 Deliberation on the Calculation Method of Green house Gas
10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 tCO2
Fig. 4. CO2 emissions calculated from the Hybrid
Emission’ www.env.go.jp/earth/ondanka/santeiho/kent
method (for 12 years)
o/h1408/index.html (last viewed: October1, 2008) (in
6. Conclusion
Japanese)
There is approximately a 14 million yen difference of
7)
The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan
the initial costs between cupola and induction-melting
‘Environmental Action Plan for the Electricity Utility
furnaces under the same scale of production capacity.
Industry’
Nevertheless, as observed in the 12-year expected life,
viewed: October1, 2008)
www.fepc.or.jp/env/report/2007.pdf
(last
