Japanese Activities for Bio (H2) Energy
Japanese Activities for Bio (H2) Energy INPEX CORPORATION (Worldwide Oil & Gas Exploration and Production Company) Coordinator, New Business Planning Group, New Business Planning Unit, Corporate Strategy & Planning Division EOR Group, Technology Development & Support Unit, Technical Division Guest researcher, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC)/AIST Expert, Annex 21 (BioHydrogen), HIA/IEA Guest Lecturer, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
Sep. 17, 2010, Cyprus Island Tatsuki Wakayama (Ph.D), INPEX Corp., AIST [email protected] [email protected]
From 2010/Apr./01 KRI Inc. → is subsidize Osaka Gas. LNG/NG/Elec. supplier in Kansai area
INPEX Corp.
Worldwide Oil&/Gas Exploration Chief stockholder (about 30%) is METI. Also Minister of METI has the veto. INPEX is LNG/NG/OIL/Elec. supplier/developer in the Kanto area/the world
Nihon Univ.→Kubota/RITE/AIST→AIST →KRI inc.→INPEX Corp.
What’s INPEX
Grow up to semi-major!!
What’s INPEX
Grow up to semi-major!!
BioHydrogen in INPEX
Gas & Oil
BioHydrogen in INPEX
CO2
NG
CH4 CO2
Crude oil, H2O
Ace., H2
A kind of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery method (MEOR), but, at least it’s under 55 bar, 55ºC
BioHydrogen in INPEX ③CH4 pro. from Ace.
Alkane
(CnH2n+2)
CH4 + CO2
(CH3COOH) ②H2 pro. from
①H2 pro. from
Ace.
Alkane
H2 + （CO2）
④CH4 pro. from
CH4
H2
①
ＣnＨ2n+2 +
nＨ２Ｏ
②
ＣＨ３ＣＯＯＨ
→
n/2ＣＨ３ＣＯＯＨ
+ 2Ｈ２Ｏ
→
(n+1
4Ｈ２ + ２ＣＯ２
③ ＣＨ３ＣＯＯＨ
→ ＣＨ４ + ＣＯ２
④
→ ＣＨ４+ ２Ｈ２０
4Ｈ２ + ＣＯ２
+
BioHydrogen in INPEX
In 2010/Sep./17
t-CO2= ca.13.21 EUR (ca.1,418 JPY) 1st. Period 40 EUR, 2nd period 100 EUR
In 2010/Sep./17
72.8 USD/bbl (2010/04/21) WTI-NY/MEX
New Our Government
CO2 Reduction Reference Year Realization Year
京都議定書 自由民主党 民主党 the Liberal Democratic Kyoto Protocol Democratic Party of Party Japan (COP-3) -6% -15% -25% (-14%) 1990 2005 1990 2012
2020
2020
CO2 reduction and fixation are required hardly.
Approved it on1st. To end of June RPS(Renewable portfolio standard) Law
of July
From 1st. of July Energy supply structure advancement law ○ (Feed in Tariff48JPY/kWh)
Electric supplier
○
Gas Supplier
×
○
Oil supplier
×
○
All Energy supplier must buy a new energy with constant percentage
Import a biomass
Several energy supplier started import a biomasss from Asian countries
8% of Primary Energy!? Supply of primary energy (Interm of Crude oil) M kL Distribution ratio (%) Oil LPG Coal NG Nuclear Hydro Geo thermal New energy
Result of 1990
Result of 2000
Target in 2010
Target in 2030
512
588
569
608
53 4 17 10 10 4 0 2
47 3 18 13 13 3 0 2
41 3 18 14 15 4 0 5
37 4 17 16 15 3 0 8
8% of Primary Energy by New Energy
From 2010/Jan./15 Team minus 6% → Challenge 25
6 challenges and 25 actions
Trend of Energy Consumption Primary Energy Industry Trans- Household, Consumption (Mtoe) 600 Hydro (1.5%) Nuclear (13.8%) LNG (13.2%)
Elec. LNG
Mtoe
Oil (47.8%)
portation Commercial
160
Oil
LNG Oil
Coal (21.8%)
0 1971
2004
Energy Consumption for Generate Electricity (GWh) 1,200,00 Renewable (9.4%) 0 Water
Nuclear (27.9%) LNG (28.3%)
0 1971
Oil (13.3%) Coal (28.3%)
2005
0
Elec.
Oil
Coal
Left:1973, Right: 2004 Hydro (7.3%) Geothermal (0.3%) Wind (0.2%) Biomass (1.5%) Others (0.3%)
Energy consumption for household and transportation increased remarkably these 30 years. As for household, the % of electricity and gas increased. Contrary, In transportation still use oil mainly. Therefore, CO2 reduction in the field of transportation is the whole problem Japan, and NG shear is low with industrial business a home use (It’s my business!).
The Target for Transportation Japanese government decided already the target. It are Bio Et-OH (3%), ETBE (7%), BDF (5%). Biofuel for fuel of transportation in FY2010 is target 5 M KL (In term of Crude Oil) Fuel type
Source
Bio diesel
Waste oil, rape seed oil, palm oil etc.
Bio Et-OH
Sugar cane, cone, rise, etc.
Biogas
Sludge, garbege, manure etc
Target Deisel vehicle Max. 2.0 B L(5%) Gasolin vehicle Max. 1.8 B L(3%) CNG vehicle Max. 20 M Nm3
From 2008/Mar./05
From 2008/Mar./05
Cool Earth 50 PJ
Bio-H2 Activities in Japan Hokkaido Univ. Osaka Univ.
GRRG/NIAS
RICE/AIST Kyoto Univ. Oita Univ. Hiroshima Univ. Kumamoto Univ.
IEU/AIST MBI Tohoku Univ. Nihon Univ. Tokyo Univ. Waseda Univ. Kajima Corp.
Yokohama Univ.
Nishihara Inc.
BioHydrogen Co. Ltd.Sapporo Beer Hiroshima Kokusai Sojo Univ. Gakuin Univ. Mie Univ. Neo-Morgan Inc.
Past NEDO Project PJ title: The technology development of safety use for H2 PJ, Common basic technology development about hydrogen PJ, International joint research PJ, Research and development of practical use / high efficacy hydrogen production from organic wastewater with microorganism PJ period: FY 2007-2008 PJ members: AIST, Wageningen Univ., Mie Univ. Nihon Univ. System: 2 stage system Source: Wastewater from Poteto (starch) industries Bacteria: Pyrococcus furiosus DSM3638 in 1 ste.stage Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV in 2nd.stage
3.5 mol-H2/mol-glucose in 1st. step， 0.6 mol-H2/mol-glucose in 2nd. step， 4.1 mol-H2/mol-glucose in totally
Ministry of Environment PJ title: Technological development for an anti-global warming PJ, The technological development which relates to biogasification and biohydrogenation of food waste. PJ period: FY 2007-2009 PJ members: Hiroshima Univ., Takaki Bakery, Ltd., Sapporo Breweries, Ltd., Shimadzu Corp., Hiroshima Pref. System: 2 stage system (5 m3-1st., 30 m3-2nd.) Source: Waste bread, dough and food waste Abs.: The system of the pilot plant scale that put a waste bread dough disposed by Takaki Bakery’s Chiyoda factory of Kitahiroshima-cho, Hiroshima pref. into 2 stage reactor. Also, efficiency of total energy recovery is examined
145 Nm3-H2/d and 514 Nm3-CH4/d from 2.67 t/d of waste Bread
Ministry of Environment
Budget of the project 2007FY (from Nov.) 0.5-0.6M USD
Start to construct the pilot plant (H2-CH4)
2008FY(0.5-0.6M USD)
Working of the pilot plant using waste bread
2009FY(0.5-0.6M USD)
Long term stability and evaluation based on LCA
JST Project PY title: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Development original seeds PJ, Creation a venture from University PJ, High efficacy and high speed hydrogen production from biomass by new hydrogen production bacteria. PJ period: FY2007-2009 (Max. 150 M JPY) PJ members: Yokohama Univ. and etc. System: 1 stage Bacteria: HN001 strain PJ Abs.: In PJ, examination of a pilot plant (1 t/d) which aimed for development of a biohydrogen production system to use HN001 strain having potential of 2.5 mol-H2/mol-glucose is carried out. Garbage of raw produce, it is fermented high speed in 50 ℃. In addition, FS of 100 t/d scale is going to be carried out.
2.5 mol-H2/mol-glucose in the plan
JST Project
Nihon University PY title: Research and development about the environmental improvement that used microorganism consortium. PJ period: FY2008 PJ members: Nihon Univ., Russia Academic Science, KRI Inc. System: 1 stage (mixed cultivation) Bacteria: Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV Rhizopus oryzae NBRC 4707
Over 8 mol-H2/mol-glucose
Sapporo Breweries Ltd. (2009/Mar.24)
Sapporo, Petroleo Brasileiro SA, and Ergostech Renewable Energy Solutions will start production at a pilot plant near Sao Paulo and begin production in October, with the aim of bringing down the manufacturing cost of the hydrogen to around 40 yen per cu. meter within 10 years. The pilot program will cost an estimated $2.5 million and will run for four years. If it gets on track, Petrobras plans to commercialize the business and Sapporo Breweries will sell production equipment based on the technology.
Petrobras plans $2.8 billion capital spending in the next few years
Ministry of Environment
Algal Application in Japan Okinawa Elec. Power
Nara Woman’s Univ.
Nihon Univ. Tsukuba Univ. NIES
Kobe Univ. Osaka Univ. Hiroshima Univ.
Keio Univ. Neo-Morgan Inc. Chubu Elec. Power
Tokyo Univ. Euglena Co., Ltd.
J-Power KRI Inc. Sojo Univ.
Kansai Elec. Power
Waseda Univ.
Denso Corp. Yamaha Corp. Tokushima Univ. Kansai Univ.
RITE
CRIEPI
Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.. NITE
Major Research National Project Private Project Denso Corp. Keio Univ.
Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) Tsukuba Univ. Institute for Applied Optics Tokyo Institute of Technology
http://www.iab.keio.ac.jp/en/content/view/308/132/
Sponsored by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
Budget : Max. 400M JPY／ 5 years (2008-2012) http://www.co2-crest.jst.go.jp/en/kadai/index.html http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~makoto/
Application Research for Algae FY representation
Research Institute 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ??
45M J PY
Makoto Watanabe Tsukuba Univ.
400M J PY 2.5M J PY
Taira Enomoto
Kobe Univ.
Muneo Honda
Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Bioengineering
Mitsuru EÇá ÇÇâ ÇÉ Ç ïà
Kinki Univ.
Shinichi Motoda
Tokyo Univ. of Marine Science and Technology
Toru SATO
Tokyo Univ.
3.3M J PY
Hiroshi Inomata
Tokyo Univ.
3.2M J PY
Shigeru Okada
Tokyo Univ.
4M J PY
Masaki Ota
Tokyo Univ.
Hideo Tanaka
Tsukuba Univ.
Ken Furuya
Tokyo Univ.
0.5M J PY
4.7M J PY 3.5M J PY
application
1M J PY 16M J PY 3.3M J PY
Others are lot!
Big Fund from the MAFF 0.22 B JPY in FY22 FY22〜23 ①CO2 accumulation using advanced biomass utilization Chuo Univ., Kyoto Univ., Denso, Micro algae corp.,Chubu Univ., Toyota, Toyota Saga Univ., Ochanomizu Univ. ②Development of Bio carbon hydrate production technology Toyama Univ., Micro Energy ③Development of Biooil production technology Tokyo Univ.
How about Biohydrogen through CO2 Fixation by Microalgae?
Big Fund from NEDO/METI
②Dev. of Bio fuel production technology using a MicroAlage 0.182 B JPY in FY22, 30 M JPY/PJ 3. Bio fuel pro. by modified diatom Kochi Univ., Kyoto Univ., Tokyo Univ., Euglena corp. 4. Bio fuel pro. By co-culture of microalgae JFE Engineering, Tsukuba Univ. 5. Carbon Hydrate pro. By Microalgae Tokyo Univ. , Tokyo gas 6. Bio Jet fuel pro. By Microalgae JX Nippon oil $ energy, Euglena corp., Hitachi Plant Technology, Keio Univ.
How about Biohydrogen through CO2 Fixation by Microalgae?
Biological activities in INPEX CAPEX
OPEX
PV
1 B JPY/MW/ha
0 JPY？
NaS
0.25 B JPY/MW
Algae
0.15 B JPY/0.51.0BBD/ha
0.04 B JPY/ha
At least, Oil price >40 MJPY/159*365
Sep. 17, 2010, Cyprus Island Tatsuki Wakayama (Ph.D), INPEX Corp., AIST [email protected] [email protected]
From 2010/Apr./01 KRI Inc. → is subsidize Osaka Gas. LNG/NG/Elec. supplier in Kansai area
INPEX Corp.
Worldwide Oil&/Gas Exploration Chief stockholder (about 30%) is METI. Also Minister of METI has the veto. INPEX is LNG/NG/OIL/Elec. supplier/developer in the Kanto area/the world
Nihon Univ.→Kubota/RITE/AIST→AIST →KRI inc.→INPEX Corp.
What’s INPEX
Grow up to semi-major!!
What’s INPEX
Grow up to semi-major!!
BioHydrogen in INPEX
Gas & Oil
BioHydrogen in INPEX
CO2
NG
CH4 CO2
Crude oil, H2O
Ace., H2
A kind of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery method (MEOR), but, at least it’s under 55 bar, 55ºC
BioHydrogen in INPEX ③CH4 pro. from Ace.
Alkane
(CnH2n+2)
CH4 + CO2
(CH3COOH) ②H2 pro. from
①H2 pro. from
Ace.
Alkane
H2 + （CO2）
④CH4 pro. from
CH4
H2
①
ＣnＨ2n+2 +
nＨ２Ｏ
②
ＣＨ３ＣＯＯＨ
→
n/2ＣＨ３ＣＯＯＨ
+ 2Ｈ２Ｏ
→
(n+1
4Ｈ２ + ２ＣＯ２
③ ＣＨ３ＣＯＯＨ
→ ＣＨ４ + ＣＯ２
④
→ ＣＨ４+ ２Ｈ２０
4Ｈ２ + ＣＯ２
+
BioHydrogen in INPEX
In 2010/Sep./17
t-CO2= ca.13.21 EUR (ca.1,418 JPY) 1st. Period 40 EUR, 2nd period 100 EUR
In 2010/Sep./17
72.8 USD/bbl (2010/04/21) WTI-NY/MEX
New Our Government
CO2 Reduction Reference Year Realization Year
京都議定書 自由民主党 民主党 the Liberal Democratic Kyoto Protocol Democratic Party of Party Japan (COP-3) -6% -15% -25% (-14%) 1990 2005 1990 2012
2020
2020
CO2 reduction and fixation are required hardly.
Approved it on1st. To end of June RPS(Renewable portfolio standard) Law
of July
From 1st. of July Energy supply structure advancement law ○ (Feed in Tariff48JPY/kWh)
Electric supplier
○
Gas Supplier
×
○
Oil supplier
×
○
All Energy supplier must buy a new energy with constant percentage
Import a biomass
Several energy supplier started import a biomasss from Asian countries
8% of Primary Energy!? Supply of primary energy (Interm of Crude oil) M kL Distribution ratio (%) Oil LPG Coal NG Nuclear Hydro Geo thermal New energy
Result of 1990
Result of 2000
Target in 2010
Target in 2030
512
588
569
608
53 4 17 10 10 4 0 2
47 3 18 13 13 3 0 2
41 3 18 14 15 4 0 5
37 4 17 16 15 3 0 8
8% of Primary Energy by New Energy
From 2010/Jan./15 Team minus 6% → Challenge 25
6 challenges and 25 actions
Trend of Energy Consumption Primary Energy Industry Trans- Household, Consumption (Mtoe) 600 Hydro (1.5%) Nuclear (13.8%) LNG (13.2%)
Elec. LNG
Mtoe
Oil (47.8%)
portation Commercial
160
Oil
LNG Oil
Coal (21.8%)
0 1971
2004
Energy Consumption for Generate Electricity (GWh) 1,200,00 Renewable (9.4%) 0 Water
Nuclear (27.9%) LNG (28.3%)
0 1971
Oil (13.3%) Coal (28.3%)
2005
0
Elec.
Oil
Coal
Left:1973, Right: 2004 Hydro (7.3%) Geothermal (0.3%) Wind (0.2%) Biomass (1.5%) Others (0.3%)
Energy consumption for household and transportation increased remarkably these 30 years. As for household, the % of electricity and gas increased. Contrary, In transportation still use oil mainly. Therefore, CO2 reduction in the field of transportation is the whole problem Japan, and NG shear is low with industrial business a home use (It’s my business!).
The Target for Transportation Japanese government decided already the target. It are Bio Et-OH (3%), ETBE (7%), BDF (5%). Biofuel for fuel of transportation in FY2010 is target 5 M KL (In term of Crude Oil) Fuel type
Source
Bio diesel
Waste oil, rape seed oil, palm oil etc.
Bio Et-OH
Sugar cane, cone, rise, etc.
Biogas
Sludge, garbege, manure etc
Target Deisel vehicle Max. 2.0 B L(5%) Gasolin vehicle Max. 1.8 B L(3%) CNG vehicle Max. 20 M Nm3
From 2008/Mar./05
From 2008/Mar./05
Cool Earth 50 PJ
Bio-H2 Activities in Japan Hokkaido Univ. Osaka Univ.
GRRG/NIAS
RICE/AIST Kyoto Univ. Oita Univ. Hiroshima Univ. Kumamoto Univ.
IEU/AIST MBI Tohoku Univ. Nihon Univ. Tokyo Univ. Waseda Univ. Kajima Corp.
Yokohama Univ.
Nishihara Inc.
BioHydrogen Co. Ltd.Sapporo Beer Hiroshima Kokusai Sojo Univ. Gakuin Univ. Mie Univ. Neo-Morgan Inc.
Past NEDO Project PJ title: The technology development of safety use for H2 PJ, Common basic technology development about hydrogen PJ, International joint research PJ, Research and development of practical use / high efficacy hydrogen production from organic wastewater with microorganism PJ period: FY 2007-2008 PJ members: AIST, Wageningen Univ., Mie Univ. Nihon Univ. System: 2 stage system Source: Wastewater from Poteto (starch) industries Bacteria: Pyrococcus furiosus DSM3638 in 1 ste.stage Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV in 2nd.stage
3.5 mol-H2/mol-glucose in 1st. step， 0.6 mol-H2/mol-glucose in 2nd. step， 4.1 mol-H2/mol-glucose in totally
Ministry of Environment PJ title: Technological development for an anti-global warming PJ, The technological development which relates to biogasification and biohydrogenation of food waste. PJ period: FY 2007-2009 PJ members: Hiroshima Univ., Takaki Bakery, Ltd., Sapporo Breweries, Ltd., Shimadzu Corp., Hiroshima Pref. System: 2 stage system (5 m3-1st., 30 m3-2nd.) Source: Waste bread, dough and food waste Abs.: The system of the pilot plant scale that put a waste bread dough disposed by Takaki Bakery’s Chiyoda factory of Kitahiroshima-cho, Hiroshima pref. into 2 stage reactor. Also, efficiency of total energy recovery is examined
145 Nm3-H2/d and 514 Nm3-CH4/d from 2.67 t/d of waste Bread
Ministry of Environment
Budget of the project 2007FY (from Nov.) 0.5-0.6M USD
Start to construct the pilot plant (H2-CH4)
2008FY(0.5-0.6M USD)
Working of the pilot plant using waste bread
2009FY(0.5-0.6M USD)
Long term stability and evaluation based on LCA
JST Project PY title: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Development original seeds PJ, Creation a venture from University PJ, High efficacy and high speed hydrogen production from biomass by new hydrogen production bacteria. PJ period: FY2007-2009 (Max. 150 M JPY) PJ members: Yokohama Univ. and etc. System: 1 stage Bacteria: HN001 strain PJ Abs.: In PJ, examination of a pilot plant (1 t/d) which aimed for development of a biohydrogen production system to use HN001 strain having potential of 2.5 mol-H2/mol-glucose is carried out. Garbage of raw produce, it is fermented high speed in 50 ℃. In addition, FS of 100 t/d scale is going to be carried out.
2.5 mol-H2/mol-glucose in the plan
JST Project
Nihon University PY title: Research and development about the environmental improvement that used microorganism consortium. PJ period: FY2008 PJ members: Nihon Univ., Russia Academic Science, KRI Inc. System: 1 stage (mixed cultivation) Bacteria: Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV Rhizopus oryzae NBRC 4707
Over 8 mol-H2/mol-glucose
Sapporo Breweries Ltd. (2009/Mar.24)
Sapporo, Petroleo Brasileiro SA, and Ergostech Renewable Energy Solutions will start production at a pilot plant near Sao Paulo and begin production in October, with the aim of bringing down the manufacturing cost of the hydrogen to around 40 yen per cu. meter within 10 years. The pilot program will cost an estimated $2.5 million and will run for four years. If it gets on track, Petrobras plans to commercialize the business and Sapporo Breweries will sell production equipment based on the technology.
Petrobras plans $2.8 billion capital spending in the next few years
Ministry of Environment
Algal Application in Japan Okinawa Elec. Power
Nara Woman’s Univ.
Nihon Univ. Tsukuba Univ. NIES
Kobe Univ. Osaka Univ. Hiroshima Univ.
Keio Univ. Neo-Morgan Inc. Chubu Elec. Power
Tokyo Univ. Euglena Co., Ltd.
J-Power KRI Inc. Sojo Univ.
Kansai Elec. Power
Waseda Univ.
Denso Corp. Yamaha Corp. Tokushima Univ. Kansai Univ.
RITE
CRIEPI
Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.. NITE
Major Research National Project Private Project Denso Corp. Keio Univ.
Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) Tsukuba Univ. Institute for Applied Optics Tokyo Institute of Technology
http://www.iab.keio.ac.jp/en/content/view/308/132/
Sponsored by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
Budget : Max. 400M JPY／ 5 years (2008-2012) http://www.co2-crest.jst.go.jp/en/kadai/index.html http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~makoto/
Application Research for Algae FY representation
Research Institute 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ??
45M J PY
Makoto Watanabe Tsukuba Univ.
400M J PY 2.5M J PY
Taira Enomoto
Kobe Univ.
Muneo Honda
Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Bioengineering
Mitsuru EÇá ÇÇâ ÇÉ Ç ïà
Kinki Univ.
Shinichi Motoda
Tokyo Univ. of Marine Science and Technology
Toru SATO
Tokyo Univ.
3.3M J PY
Hiroshi Inomata
Tokyo Univ.
3.2M J PY
Shigeru Okada
Tokyo Univ.
4M J PY
Masaki Ota
Tokyo Univ.
Hideo Tanaka
Tsukuba Univ.
Ken Furuya
Tokyo Univ.
0.5M J PY
4.7M J PY 3.5M J PY
application
1M J PY 16M J PY 3.3M J PY
Others are lot!
Big Fund from the MAFF 0.22 B JPY in FY22 FY22〜23 ①CO2 accumulation using advanced biomass utilization Chuo Univ., Kyoto Univ., Denso, Micro algae corp.,Chubu Univ., Toyota, Toyota Saga Univ., Ochanomizu Univ. ②Development of Bio carbon hydrate production technology Toyama Univ., Micro Energy ③Development of Biooil production technology Tokyo Univ.
How about Biohydrogen through CO2 Fixation by Microalgae?
Big Fund from NEDO/METI
②Dev. of Bio fuel production technology using a MicroAlage 0.182 B JPY in FY22, 30 M JPY/PJ 3. Bio fuel pro. by modified diatom Kochi Univ., Kyoto Univ., Tokyo Univ., Euglena corp. 4. Bio fuel pro. By co-culture of microalgae JFE Engineering, Tsukuba Univ. 5. Carbon Hydrate pro. By Microalgae Tokyo Univ. , Tokyo gas 6. Bio Jet fuel pro. By Microalgae JX Nippon oil $ energy, Euglena corp., Hitachi Plant Technology, Keio Univ.
How about Biohydrogen through CO2 Fixation by Microalgae?
Biological activities in INPEX CAPEX
OPEX
PV
1 B JPY/MW/ha
0 JPY？
NaS
0.25 B JPY/MW
Algae
0.15 B JPY/0.51.0BBD/ha
0.04 B JPY/ha
At least, Oil price >40 MJPY/159*365
