Jennifer Holmgren - ICAO
Creating Alternative Fuel Options for the Aviation Industry: Role of Biofuels Jennifer Holmgren UOP LLC
ICAO Alternative Fuels Workshop Montreal, Canada February 11, 2009 © 2009 UOP LLC. All rights reserved.
UOP 5139-01
UOP • Leading supplier and licensor of process technology, catalysts, adsorbents, process plants, and technical services to the petroleum refining, petrochemical, and gas processing industries • UOP technology furnishes 60% of the world’s gasoline, 85% of the world’s biodegradable detergents, and 60% of the world’s para-xylene • Strong relationships with leading refining and petrochemical customers worldwide 2003 National Medal of • UOP’s innovations enabled lead removal from Technology Recipient gasoline, biodegradable detergents, and the first commercial catalytic converter for automobiles
Biofuels: Next in a Series of Sustainable Solutions UOP 5139-02
Macromarket Summary: Through 2015 • Global energy demand is expected to grow at CAGR 1.6%. - Feedstock diversity will become increasingly important over this period with coal, natural gas & renewables playing bigger roles.
• Fossil fuels are expected to supply 83% of energy and 95% of liquid transportation needs • Biofuels are expected to grow at 8-12%/year to > 2.2 MBPD Key: Overlaying Sustainability Criteria on Alternatives (GHG, water etc.) Source: IEA, 2008
UOP 5139-03
Biofuel Targets Biodiesel Production from Oils 700
China Europe
25% Ethanol in gasoline 2.0% of diesel by 2008 2.0% of gasoline & diesel by 2010
Future 5.0% of diesel by 2011 8.0% by 2020
5.75%* of gasoline & diesel by 2010
10%* by 2020
5.0% Ethanol in gasoline
E5, B5 by 2012
15.2 B gal 2012
36 B gal by 2022
500
70
400
56
300
42
200
28
100
14
0 Soybean Caster Sunflower Rape- Jatropha bean
USA
seed
seed
Palm
0
Ethanol Production from Sugars 700
(~20% of transport pool)
* Energy content basis
20% Substitution Equivalent to the Land Mass of ~CA, IN, NV, MI
Source: Fulton et. al
52.5
600 Gallons per acre
India
84
600
500 35.0
400 300
17.5
200 100 0
Barley
Wheat
Corn
Sugar Beet
0 Sugar Cane UOP 5139-04
Million BTU/acre
Brazil
Current
Gallons per acre
Region
Source: Fulton et. al
Million BTU/acre
Targets
Critical Issues Food supply: small impact on the fuel market, yet large impact on food supply
Land and water: competition for land and water resources that are already in high demand Environmental: loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, nutrient leaching, soil and water pollution and deforestation
Second Generation Development Required to Ameliorate these Risks UOP 5139-05
Enablers for a Sustainable Biomass Infrastructure Global
MBPD
40
14
Liquid Transport Fuels Gasoline Diesel Cellulosic Waste
12 10 MBPD
50
30 20
US Liquid Transport Fuels Gasoline Diesel Cellulosic Waste
8 6 4
10 Source: Purvin & Gertz / Eric Larsen: Energy for Sustainable Development, 2000
0
2 Current
0
Potential
Oils Productivity
≈70
≈ 500 400 300 200 100 0
Soybean Caster bean
Sunflower seed
Rape- Jatropha Palm seed
Algae
56 42 28 14 0
Million BTU/acre
Gallons per acre
455
Source: Fulton et. al
3500
Current
Potential
y Cellulosic waste could make a significant contribution to liquid transportation pool. y Algal Oils could enable oils route to biodiesel, Green Diesel and Green Jet.
Increases Availability, Reduces Feedstock Cost Technology Breakthroughs Required UOP 5139-06
Renewable Fuels: Achieving Sustainability Reduction in Climate Active CO2 Equivalents
Algal
Lignocellulosic
Cost Life Cycles
Efficiency
Sustainability
Technology
Biofuels Sustainability
Net Energy Production ≤ Consumption
Distributed Emissions
Standards
Supply Chain
World Trade
Feedstock Availability
Uncompromised Product Quality Vehicle Fleet
Energy Content UOP 5139-07
Our Biofuels Vision • Produce real “drop-in” fuels instead of fuel additives/blends • Leverage existing refining/ transportation infrastructure to lower capital costs, minimize value chain disruptions, and reduce investment risk. • Focus on path toward second generation feedstocks
Oxygenated Biofuels Ethanol
Biodiesel
Hydrocarbon Biofuels Diesel
Jet
Gasoline
“Other” Oils: Camelina, Jatropha
First Generation
Second Generation
Lignocellulosic biomass, algal oils
Natural oils (vegetables, greases)
UOP Proprietary
UOP 5139-08
Green Jet Fuel y DARPA-funded project to develop process technology to produce military jet fuel (JP-8) from renewable sources y Leverage Ecofining process technology for diesel production y Green Jet Fuel can meet all the key properties of petroleum derived aviation fuel, flash point, cold temperature performance, etc. y Extend to commercial aircraft
Built on Ecofining Technology Natural Oil/ Grease
Deoxygenating/ Deoxygenating/ Isomerization Isomerization
Green Green Diesel Diesel
Natural Oil/ Grease
Deoxygenating/ Deoxygenating/ Selective Selective Cracking/ Cracking/ Isomerization Isomerization
Green Green Jet Jet
DARPA Project Partners
Target Commercialization by 2009
UOP 5139-09
Renewable Jet Process Chemistry CO2
HO O
CH3
Free Fatty Acid MW=200-300
O
H2 CH3
HC O O
O
CO2
H2O +
H3C
CH3
OO
CH3 Triglyceride MW=700-900
+
H2O
H3C
UOP Catalyst
H3C
CH3 CH3
H3C H3C
CH3
CH2 + CH3
H3C Straight Chain Paraffins
y Natural oils contain oxygen, have high molecular weight. UOP Catalyst H y First reaction removes oxygen – product is CH CH diesel range waxy paraffins CH CH CH HC y Second reaction “cracks” diesel paraffins to HC + Synthetic Paraffinic smaller, highly branched molecules Kerosene CH HC CH CH y End product is same as molecules already + present in aviation fuel CH HC y End product is independent of starting oil 2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Feedstock flexible, but with consistent product properties UOP 5139-11
Properties of UOP’s Bio-SPK Table A2.1 Detailed Requirements of Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene Property Hydrocarbon, vol % Cycloparaffin, vol % 1 Paraffin, vol % 1. Aromatics, vol % 2. Aromatics, vol % Sulfur, total mass % 1. Physical Distillation Distillation temp, °C: 10% recovered, temp (T10) 50% recovered, temp (T50) 90% recovered, temp (T90) Final boiling point, temp T90-T10, °C Distillation residue, % Distillation loss, % 2. Simulated Distillation Distillation temp, °C 10% recovered, temp 50% recovered, temp 90% recovered, temp Final boiling point, temp Flash Point, °C 3 Density at 15 °C, kg/m Fluidity Freezing Point, °C Viscosity -20°C, mm 2/s H Combustion Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg Metal Content Copper, ppb Iron, ppb Zinc, ppb Vanadium, ppb Thermal Stability JFTOT (2.5 h at control temp of 280°C min) Filter pressure drop, mm Hg Tube deposits less than 1
Balance of composition is olefins.
SPK min max
99.8 5
max max max
0.05 0.053 0.015
max
205 report report 300 25 1.5 1.5
max min max max
ASTM Test Method
Composition
Jatropha
Coconut
Soybean/ Canola
99.3 0 0 0.00009
99.5 0 0 0.0003
99.5 0 0 0.001
172 192 223 243 51 1.2 0.4
188 200 231 263 43 1.3 0.5
189 214 248 261 59 1.2 0.8
151.6 195 237.6 273.8 50 751
162 190.8 238 299 64 755
168 218.6 267.2 284.4 62 763
D2425 D2425 difference from D 1319 D 1319 D 6379 D 1266, D 2622, D 4294, or D 5453 D 86
D 2887
max Max min
185 Report Report 340 38 751 to 840
D 56 or D 3828 D 1298 or D 4052
max max
-47 Jet A-1 8.0
D 5972, D 7153, D 7154, or D 2386 D 445
-63
-56
-52
min
42.8
D 4529, D 3338, or D 4809 D7111
44.4
44.2
43.5
max Max Max Max
100 100 100 100
ICAO Alternative Fuels Workshop Montreal, Canada February 11, 2009 © 2009 UOP LLC. All rights reserved.
UOP 5139-01
UOP • Leading supplier and licensor of process technology, catalysts, adsorbents, process plants, and technical services to the petroleum refining, petrochemical, and gas processing industries • UOP technology furnishes 60% of the world’s gasoline, 85% of the world’s biodegradable detergents, and 60% of the world’s para-xylene • Strong relationships with leading refining and petrochemical customers worldwide 2003 National Medal of • UOP’s innovations enabled lead removal from Technology Recipient gasoline, biodegradable detergents, and the first commercial catalytic converter for automobiles
Biofuels: Next in a Series of Sustainable Solutions UOP 5139-02
Macromarket Summary: Through 2015 • Global energy demand is expected to grow at CAGR 1.6%. - Feedstock diversity will become increasingly important over this period with coal, natural gas & renewables playing bigger roles.
• Fossil fuels are expected to supply 83% of energy and 95% of liquid transportation needs • Biofuels are expected to grow at 8-12%/year to > 2.2 MBPD Key: Overlaying Sustainability Criteria on Alternatives (GHG, water etc.) Source: IEA, 2008
UOP 5139-03
Biofuel Targets Biodiesel Production from Oils 700
China Europe
25% Ethanol in gasoline 2.0% of diesel by 2008 2.0% of gasoline & diesel by 2010
Future 5.0% of diesel by 2011 8.0% by 2020
5.75%* of gasoline & diesel by 2010
10%* by 2020
5.0% Ethanol in gasoline
E5, B5 by 2012
15.2 B gal 2012
36 B gal by 2022
500
70
400
56
300
42
200
28
100
14
0 Soybean Caster Sunflower Rape- Jatropha bean
USA
seed
seed
Palm
0
Ethanol Production from Sugars 700
(~20% of transport pool)
* Energy content basis
20% Substitution Equivalent to the Land Mass of ~CA, IN, NV, MI
Source: Fulton et. al
52.5
600 Gallons per acre
India
84
600
500 35.0
400 300
17.5
200 100 0
Barley
Wheat
Corn
Sugar Beet
0 Sugar Cane UOP 5139-04
Million BTU/acre
Brazil
Current
Gallons per acre
Region
Source: Fulton et. al
Million BTU/acre
Targets
Critical Issues Food supply: small impact on the fuel market, yet large impact on food supply
Land and water: competition for land and water resources that are already in high demand Environmental: loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, nutrient leaching, soil and water pollution and deforestation
Second Generation Development Required to Ameliorate these Risks UOP 5139-05
Enablers for a Sustainable Biomass Infrastructure Global
MBPD
40
14
Liquid Transport Fuels Gasoline Diesel Cellulosic Waste
12 10 MBPD
50
30 20
US Liquid Transport Fuels Gasoline Diesel Cellulosic Waste
8 6 4
10 Source: Purvin & Gertz / Eric Larsen: Energy for Sustainable Development, 2000
0
2 Current
0
Potential
Oils Productivity
≈70
≈ 500 400 300 200 100 0
Soybean Caster bean
Sunflower seed
Rape- Jatropha Palm seed
Algae
56 42 28 14 0
Million BTU/acre
Gallons per acre
455
Source: Fulton et. al
3500
Current
Potential
y Cellulosic waste could make a significant contribution to liquid transportation pool. y Algal Oils could enable oils route to biodiesel, Green Diesel and Green Jet.
Increases Availability, Reduces Feedstock Cost Technology Breakthroughs Required UOP 5139-06
Renewable Fuels: Achieving Sustainability Reduction in Climate Active CO2 Equivalents
Algal
Lignocellulosic
Cost Life Cycles
Efficiency
Sustainability
Technology
Biofuels Sustainability
Net Energy Production ≤ Consumption
Distributed Emissions
Standards
Supply Chain
World Trade
Feedstock Availability
Uncompromised Product Quality Vehicle Fleet
Energy Content UOP 5139-07
Our Biofuels Vision • Produce real “drop-in” fuels instead of fuel additives/blends • Leverage existing refining/ transportation infrastructure to lower capital costs, minimize value chain disruptions, and reduce investment risk. • Focus on path toward second generation feedstocks
Oxygenated Biofuels Ethanol
Biodiesel
Hydrocarbon Biofuels Diesel
Jet
Gasoline
“Other” Oils: Camelina, Jatropha
First Generation
Second Generation
Lignocellulosic biomass, algal oils
Natural oils (vegetables, greases)
UOP Proprietary
UOP 5139-08
Green Jet Fuel y DARPA-funded project to develop process technology to produce military jet fuel (JP-8) from renewable sources y Leverage Ecofining process technology for diesel production y Green Jet Fuel can meet all the key properties of petroleum derived aviation fuel, flash point, cold temperature performance, etc. y Extend to commercial aircraft
Built on Ecofining Technology Natural Oil/ Grease
Deoxygenating/ Deoxygenating/ Isomerization Isomerization
Green Green Diesel Diesel
Natural Oil/ Grease
Deoxygenating/ Deoxygenating/ Selective Selective Cracking/ Cracking/ Isomerization Isomerization
Green Green Jet Jet
DARPA Project Partners
Target Commercialization by 2009
UOP 5139-09
Renewable Jet Process Chemistry CO2
HO O
CH3
Free Fatty Acid MW=200-300
O
H2 CH3
HC O O
O
CO2
H2O +
H3C
CH3
OO
CH3 Triglyceride MW=700-900
+
H2O
H3C
UOP Catalyst
H3C
CH3 CH3
H3C H3C
CH3
CH2 + CH3
H3C Straight Chain Paraffins
y Natural oils contain oxygen, have high molecular weight. UOP Catalyst H y First reaction removes oxygen – product is CH CH diesel range waxy paraffins CH CH CH HC y Second reaction “cracks” diesel paraffins to HC + Synthetic Paraffinic smaller, highly branched molecules Kerosene CH HC CH CH y End product is same as molecules already + present in aviation fuel CH HC y End product is independent of starting oil 2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Feedstock flexible, but with consistent product properties UOP 5139-11
Properties of UOP’s Bio-SPK Table A2.1 Detailed Requirements of Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene Property Hydrocarbon, vol % Cycloparaffin, vol % 1 Paraffin, vol % 1. Aromatics, vol % 2. Aromatics, vol % Sulfur, total mass % 1. Physical Distillation Distillation temp, °C: 10% recovered, temp (T10) 50% recovered, temp (T50) 90% recovered, temp (T90) Final boiling point, temp T90-T10, °C Distillation residue, % Distillation loss, % 2. Simulated Distillation Distillation temp, °C 10% recovered, temp 50% recovered, temp 90% recovered, temp Final boiling point, temp Flash Point, °C 3 Density at 15 °C, kg/m Fluidity Freezing Point, °C Viscosity -20°C, mm 2/s H Combustion Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg Metal Content Copper, ppb Iron, ppb Zinc, ppb Vanadium, ppb Thermal Stability JFTOT (2.5 h at control temp of 280°C min) Filter pressure drop, mm Hg Tube deposits less than 1
Balance of composition is olefins.
SPK min max
99.8 5
max max max
0.05 0.053 0.015
max
205 report report 300 25 1.5 1.5
max min max max
ASTM Test Method
Composition
Jatropha
Coconut
Soybean/ Canola
99.3 0 0 0.00009
99.5 0 0 0.0003
99.5 0 0 0.001
172 192 223 243 51 1.2 0.4
188 200 231 263 43 1.3 0.5
189 214 248 261 59 1.2 0.8
151.6 195 237.6 273.8 50 751
162 190.8 238 299 64 755
168 218.6 267.2 284.4 62 763
D2425 D2425 difference from D 1319 D 1319 D 6379 D 1266, D 2622, D 4294, or D 5453 D 86
D 2887
max Max min
185 Report Report 340 38 751 to 840
D 56 or D 3828 D 1298 or D 4052
max max
-47 Jet A-1 8.0
D 5972, D 7153, D 7154, or D 2386 D 445
-63
-56
-52
min
42.8
D 4529, D 3338, or D 4809 D7111
44.4
44.2
43.5
max Max Max Max
100 100 100 100
