June 1961
IETIN
U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer
June 1961
VOLUME II NUMBER 10
June 1961 CONTENTS
Operation DEEP FREEZE 61 1961 Scientific Program Biology Cartography Geology Glaciology Meteorology Oceanography Seismology Upper Atmosphere Physics
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Antarctic Stations Operating during the Austra]. Winter, 1961
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National Science Foundation Establishes Office of Antarctic Programs Publications to be Issued
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30 30
Ship Operations Index to Volume II, Bulletin of the United States Antarctic Projects Officer Errata
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This issue of the Bulletin concludes Vo].tine II. The next issue pill be that for September 1961. Without the assistance of the many people both named and unnamed who have contributed time and materials, this Bulletin could not have been published. Appreciation is expressed to Rear Admiral David M. Tyree, USN, and Dr. Albert P. Crary for permission to use the excerpts from their remarks. The Bulletin also thanks CDR W. R. Cronenwett, USN, R. F. Henry, P1W, USN, J. W • Leonard, PH]., USN, Mr • Richard Litell, and CWO 0. Pagano, USA, for providing materials for use in this issue. Photographs used in this issue are U. S. Navy, U. S. Force, and National Science Foundation photographs. The Air Navy photographs were taken by the following photographers: M. T. Billante, P112, USN; L. V. Cookson, Pill, USN; W. !'i'azier, P112 9 USN; F. Kazukaitis, H-IC, USN; J. W. Leonard, Pill, USN; W. L. Lewandoski, P112, USN; W. 1, Inethje, P113, USN; L. R. Mathis, Wi, USN; T. O!Brien, P142, USN; J. D. Reimer, PIICA, USN; H. N. Williams, P112, USN; and R. E. Woods, P143, USN.
The Bulletin of the United States Antarctic Projects Officer is published monthly, except July and August. All inquiries should be directed to the United States Antarotia Projects Officer, 718 Jackson Place, N. W., Washington 25, D. C. Telephone STerling 3-0860, Extension 3796. The issuance of this publication was approved by the Secretary of the Navy on 19 April 1960.
Antarctica may we].]. have been the last area on earth to feól the full force of the mechanization that began with the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century. Motorized transport, first successfully employed on long journeys by the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions of 1928-1930 and 1933-1935 9 has almost completely replaced the man- or dog-drawn sledge. Complex scientific equipment has extended the range of the observer into the heavens above and the toe below. Aircraft have added a new dimension to polar exploration and support. Now, revolutionary methods of construction give hope for permanent establisheents on ice shelf and polar plateau. The energy of nuclear fission promises to overcome the scarcity of heat and power that has always limited the size of Antarctic stations. The crossing of the continent from the Weddell Sea to McMurdo Sound has been called the last great journey on earth. But what of the quest of the human mind? The age of geographical discovery is only the prelude to the era of sbientifio exploration. The frontiers of knowledge are never reached. No matter how much is accomplished, more remains to be done. What Admiral Byrd wrote in his final report is as true today as in 1957, "Future advances in knowledge of the Antarctic depend upon observation of complex phenomena carried on for extended periods over a long time." With each passing year, the means of living and the instruments of science improve. As Admiral Tyree points out, we are entering anew upon a period of development.
This issue of the Bulletin stuanarizes the programs
and events of Operation DEEP FREEZE 61. This stminary is presented by pictures and a map, and through excerpts from talks given by Rear Admiral David U. Tyree, USN, U. S. Ant-
arctic Projects Officer, and Cctanander, U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, and Dr. Albert P. Crary, Chief Scientist of the U. S. Antarctic Research Program of the National Sol. once Foundation. Rear Admiral Tyree's presentation was made before the National Press Club on 9 May 1961. Dr. Crary's resume, "Scientific Results of a Recent Antarctic Ser", was made at a National Science Foundation Colloquim on 17 May 1961.
OPERATION LEER FREEZE 61 The southern stmer season just ooitdluded was long and difficult. It was a battle frm start to finish a battle against bitter cold, against blinding storms, against pounding and frozen seas • It was a battle won through the sheer determtriticn, s)cill, and doggedness of every person on the toe. We maintain permanent parties of scientists and naval support personne at McMurdo, South Pole, Byrd, and Hallett. The Latter is a joint enterpris with New Zealand, which each year furnishes part of the scientific team. Each year these stations must be resupplied, maintained, and the personnel stationed there through the long winter night relieved • The Naval
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Air Facility, McMurdo Sound, is our main supply and staging base on the continent. Cargo ships and tankers unload at MoMurdo, using the bay ice as an unloading dock. McMurdo is also the southern terminal of our 2200-mile New Zealand-to..Antarotioa airline, sc*netiiues referred to as the world's most 1zardoua air route. Byrd and Pole Stations, which are inland, are ocmpletely resupplied by air. Hallett is resupplied each year primarily by amphibious operations. South Pole is over 700 nautical miles from MoMurdo. It is about 800 miles from McMurdo to Byrd Station. I relieved Rear Admiral George Dufek in April 1959, a few months after conclusion of the International Geophysical Year. Under his caanand, Task [continued on page 51
NAVAL AIR FACILITY, McMURDO SOUND, WILLIAMSFIELD, AND THE SHIP CHANNEL
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Top: Harowood International Airport, Christchurch, site of the Advance Headquarters. Center: NAAF Beardmore, a meteorological way station on the route to the South Pole. Bottom: The AmundsenScott South Pole Station.
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Force 43 had done a magnificent job of building the seven cities of Antaro.. tioa from which the United States had conducted a highly successful IGY program. These bases, however, were not designed or intended for long-term occupancy • Construction and support for the IGY was of a short-term nature. DEEP FREEZE 60 was the beginning of a period of transition to long-term capabilities. The operation itself was basically a resupply operation, although there were several significant achievements, including the first penetration of the Bellingshausen Sea. DEEP FREEZE 61, now in its winter phase, has brought a new era to Antarctica - an era of developuent. This development has three objectives: first and foremost, to increase the safety of operations; second, to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of operations and thereby get more science per dollar spent; and third, to provide better working and living conditions. A nuclear power plant for McMurdo, improvement of ocanunication facilities and aviation aids, the equipping of the Navy's Air Development Squadron SIX with C-130 aircraft, the rebuilding of Byrd Station, were all major im.. provement projects upon which work was done in DEEP FREEZE 61. In October, as the operation began, we were reminded again that man canriot call the turn on the ice. The first flight from Christchurch, planned for 1 October, was delayed three days by weather. Further delays in shifting into high gear were encountered through most of the month, due to weather, and again in November, due to sunspot activity which interrupted ccsiznunioatioflS. Early in the morning of 29 October, a ray of real sunshine appeared. The first of the C-130s from Navy's Air Development Squadron SIX landed on Christthe ice runway after a six-hour forty-nine minutes record flight from first church. That same evening I was off to the Pole in this C-130 for our ski-landing resupply flight of the season. Following the sunspot activity in November, we had a fine break on to augment the air-. weather . We had called in three additional MATS C-124s Lift, giving us a total of ten. With MATS C..l.24s operated magnificently by Air Force personnel and experienced Navy pilots flying in splendid fashion the C-130a, Connies, P2Vs 9 R4Ds, helicopters, and Otters, we got on with the Job. During this period, I recall on several occasions being asked by the resa representatives how far behind schedule we had fallen. I said then, I would say now: we do not operate in the Antarctic on schedule. We set urselves certain objectives for the season. When the season ends, we can tneasure our aoocmplislinents against our objectives. This I will attempt to do. With regard to the ambitious suer scientific program, I offer the fol1 oving oceanent. We were fortunate in getting all parties into the field and [continued on page 8] 5
MILITARY AIR TRANSPORT SERVICE NINTE TROOP CARRIER SQUADRON MATS G].obesnasters moved more than 2000 tons of cargo during DEEP FREEZE 61. Their mission included the airlift of cargo fran New Zealand to McMurdo and airdrop of cargo at Byrd and Pole,.
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Top: Helicopter airlifted to Antarctica is offloaded. Center: Crean load a C-124 on the McMurdo ice strip. Bottom: A load, of cargo is parachuted to the Pole. Other loads lie on the ground with their parachutes attached.
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C-130BL IJERCULES
Three C.-130 Hercules aircraft operated by VX..6 carried over 1800 tons of cargo during their DEEP FREEZE 61 mission.
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Top: C-130's parked at the McMurdo ice runway. Center: South Pole personnel offload a TACAN unit for installation at the station. Bottom: A C-130 taxiing toward the South Pole skiway for the return trip to McMurdo.
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the scientific program, in my opinion, exceeded any previous smner program by a good bit. The Byrd Station program, for example, consisted of three field camps in outlying areas, two airborne traverses, and a ground traverse ending near the Bellingshausen coast. A heavy tractor train, led by Major Havola of the Ax, blazed a trail from Byrd to Pole . , doing some scientific work on the way. This was all in addition to the regular year-round scientific work that is done at Byrd Station and I believe it was the most ambitious smer program that has ever been launched out of any Antarctic stations Another highlight of the scientific program was the traverse led by Albert Crary, Chief Scientist of the Antarctic Research Program. His great achievement in reaching the Pole from McMurdo after safely climbing the Skelton Glacier with two new large Sno-Cats, especially equipped for scientifio traverses, was most notewort1. Our objectives were met in all three major construction projects. The excavation for the nuclear reactor site at McMurdo is 100 percent completed. The structural steel is stockpiled at McMurdo and some subassemblies have been made, and we have every reason to believe we can be ready with the building struotures on schedule to most the delivery date for the nuclear reactor next December. [continued on page 101
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VX6 AIRCRAFT
Left: An R4D lands a Nov Zealand field party and their dog teams at the Nimrod Glacier. -
Center: A P2V Neptune returning to McMurdo after a mission to Hallett. Bottom: A helicopter passes the Wilson Piedmont Glacier en route to Taylor Valley with a team of scientists.
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THE EVACUATION OF LEONID KUPEROV FROM BYRD STATION, PRIL 1961
In April 1960, it became necessary to evacuate the Soviet exchange scientist Leonid Kuperov from Byrd Station when it was found that it would not be possible to treat his illness in the Antarctic. Two C-130 air.craft were then flown to Christchurch. On April 9-10 a lone Hercules flew to McMurdo and then to Byrd to embark the scientist. Kuperov was then flown to Christchurch for treatment. The flight was the latest ever made into the continent from the outside.
Top: C-130 crew makes its pro.. flight preparations for the MoMurdo-Byrd leg of the mission by the light of the moon and i'rcan vehicle headlights. Center: While the Soviet scientist boards the aircraft, crewmen and station personnel offload some oargo'and fresh provisions. Bottom: Rear Admiral David M. Tyree, USN, greets the exchange scientist on the return of the aircraft to Christchurch.
9
of new ocsimunioation facilities were ocmpleted this year at Christohurob, MoMurdo, and Pole. Hallett and New Byrd Stations iU be done next year. This is all according to original plan. These improved ocianunioations paid off in superlative degree in the post-season operations of the icebreaker EDISTO and the recent C-130 evacuation flight. Installation
Because of early season setbacks, we were late getting the Seabees and Peter Snow Millers into the site for the New Byrd Station, which is being built under 8flOV, using the concept developed by the Army for Camp Century in Greenland. We were to do preliminary tunneling this year and start in.. stalling the buildings next year. The young civil engineer in charge of the Seabees and his men virtually acocmplisbed the impossible. As a result, we have completed enough so that if it becomes essential, we can move into New Byrd Station next year for limited operations. In addition to these three major construction projects, we accomplished a great many others of lesser magnitude. This year we housed, at the peak, 726 people at McMurdo, which represented an increase of about 200 over any previous year. More aerial mapping photography was accomplished than in all previous DEEP FREEZE operations combined. [continued on page 141
NEW BYRD STATION
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Seabees erect a forty foot arch for View looking out from inside the for. the garage tunnelo ty foot tunnel.
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IviCMJRDO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Above: Reactor site excavation and access road. Right: Ground view of the site.
Left: Vertical aerial photograph showing the completed excavation, March 1961.
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Below: Artist's drawing of the completed reactor unit and buildings. NAF
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McMurdo in the background.
EXPEDITION SHIPS
USNS ALATNA (TAOG -.81) USNS ALATNA (TAOG - 81) USS ARNEB (AKA - 56) USCGC EASTWIND (WAGB - 279) USS EDISTO (AGB - 2) USS GLACIER (AGB - 4) USNS GREENVILLE VICTOR' (TAK - 237) USNS PRIVATE JOHN R. TOWLE (TAK - 240) USS STATEN ISLAND (AGB - 5) USS WILIHOITE (DER - 397)
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OPPOSITE PAGE.. Top: EDISTO in
Moubray Bay.
Center and Bottom: Ice covering EDISTO' 5 superstructure
after her late season attempt to rescue the YOG.
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rop: EDISTO, GREENVIIJA VICTORY, and
1MNZS ENDEAVOR in the turning basin ff Hut Point. Above left: AI&TNA offloads fuel while moored to the bay ice. Above right: Cargo is loaded a. ward sleds from GLACIER. Right: TOWLE, moored to the bay Lee, offloading onto sleds near Hut oint. Bottom: Seabees load cargo from L'OWIE onto sleds.
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Our ships did their job well. We operated one Coast Guard and three Navy icebreakers, two MSTS cargo ships, one MSTS tanker, one amphibious cargo ship, and a destroyer picket ship. Resupply operations, oc.em.ncing in early December, continued into March. Captain McDonald, my Deputy and ship group ocnmiandar, with GLACIER and STATEN ISlAND, again successfully entered the Bellingshausen Sea and penetrated to the Eights Coast for further-scientific work. The story should end here. We had planned to bring our ser operations to a conclusion early in March. However, open water and severe storms at McMurdo caused two small tankers, used for AVtAS storage since the early days of DEEP FREEZE, to break loose. We have many fuel storage tanks at McMurdo now, but these small ships were like the temporary war-time buildings around Washington - we never seemed to quite get ahead of the demand for space So this year we had used one of them to store 200,000 gallons of gas, or about 15 percent of the total we estimated we would need before our first tanker could get in next suer season. It was important to attempt to retrieve
this gasoline.
The icebreaker STATEN ISLAND was turned back from her homeward voyage halfway to Valparaiso to recover and moor again the wayward YOG. But bad Antarctic weather battered and damaged STATEN ISLAND so that she was ordered to Port Lqttelton, New Zealand, to replenish and repair. EDISTO, which had spent three months in the ice and had had only five days of respite, headed back to the Ross Sea later than any modern ship had ever attempted to go there. Finally, violent Antarctic storms stopped EDISTO's effort to complete her task. As she was hove to in 50-foot seas and 90-knot winds, I ordered her to abandon the search and return to New Zealand. By that time she had lost one of her propellers and carried a topside burden of an estimated 800 tons of ice - some of it 10 feet thick. The flight of the C-130 from Christchurch to Byrd Station in April will always be one of the great flights of Antarctic exploration. When the weather permitted, the Lockheed Hercules flew back to the ice after winter isolation had set in. Forty-eight hours later, the plane was back in Christchurch with the sick Soviet exchange scientist Kuperov as a passenger. This mercy flight, in the face of diminishing daylight and increasingly vicious and frequent winter storms, breached the curtain of winter isolation. This demonstrated capability will have far-reaching effects on future operations. The Antarctic holds a significant percentage of the world's land surface • Although I agree with Dr. Laurence Gould's statement that, for the foreseeable future, the principal export from Antarctica will be scientific knowledge, I cannot help but feel that acme day practical uses will be found for this barren continent. The time may be closer than we think it to be. 14
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AMLJNDSEN BE LLINGSEAIJSEN SEA EXPEDITION
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For the second straight 4 -year icebreakers were able to penetrate to the Eights Coast • Here GLACIER and - t STATEN ISLAND spent a month conducting scientific surveys. --New land features were -. - -W. plotted, rook formations were studied and oceanographic and other marine science observations were maci.e •
Above: GLACIER and STATEN ISLAND steaming through the pack toward a large iOLO shelf. Below: A helicopter lands near a field camp established adjacent to a rook outcrop.
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ELLSWORTH HIGHLAND TRAVERSE (Dr. C. R. Bentley, Leader)
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McMURDO - POLE TRAVERSE (A. P. Crary, Leader)
AIRLIFTED GEOPHYSICAL TRAVERSE STATIONS AIRLIFTED VLF - ELF TRAVERSE STATIONS
+ MARINE GEOPHYSICS STATIONS (Studies of oceanography, marine biology and geology, geomagnetism, etc.)
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1961 SCIENTFIFROGBAM To date the U. S. Antarctic programs have involved mostly descriptive, rather than basic, science. This is necessary before the start of any basic scientific studies. Although these descriptive studies still occupy the greater part of the program, this phase is approaching an end and the studies of basic science are being augmented. BIOLOGY Biology has been perhaps the most abused and under-rated field of study in Antarctica, especially by the United States. It has usually operated on a non-interference basis - sort of "acme along, but don't bother anybody." Biological specimens collected by past U. S. expeditions have been scattered for the most part and not catalogued. The United States, in many biological
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areas, lacks adequate research collections. To complete the descriptive phase, cataloguing of specimens will be necessary before extensive basic research can begin. Increased studies are needed on all phases of Antarctic flora and fauna from bacteria (anIjmals in Antarctica are relatively free of bacteria, pre. sLaably because of biotics), to lichens, algae, insects, marine life, and birds. At the present time, Stanford University is operating a biological laboratory at McMurdo comparable to similar facilities in the United States. The 196061 suer biological programs were rewarding and included studies by personnel from the Universities of California, UClA, Kansas, Stanford, and Texas. will In the future, these biological studies be expanded. Improved laboratory facilities will be made available to attract more life scientists. 19
CARTOGRAPHY Cartography is the program that produces the detailed maps that are needed for soi.ntists. The United States got a late start on its mapping program because of other high priority 4qitaents, but last suer more aerial photography and geodetic survey work was completed than ever before. However, much work remains to be done in extending our coverage into the base of the Palmer Peninsula and along the Bellingshausen and Amundson See. Coasts.
Geology has been called a descriptive science and oertainLy much back.. ground work is needed which may not be basic science. A preliminary r000rip. naissanoe should be made of all the mountain ranges that can be reached. Although detail is important, problems relating to the basic structure, and the past history of the continent, must have high priority. Antarctica i (continued on page 23]
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BIOLOGY
Biological studies in the Antarctic range from ex-. amination of the primitive life forms found to the study of the adaptation of the plant and animal life to the rigorous envirorment. These, and other studies, make Antarctica an important laboratory for the biological sciences.
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L Top: Biologists retrieve a fish trap through a hole in the ice of McMurdo Sound, Center: Scientists taking water samples in order to obtain algae from Lake Bonney. (It was in this lake that layers of extremely warm water were found.) Bottom: A Duke University biologist straps down an Adelie Penguin in order to make salt water metabolism studies. Opposite page-. Above: A view of the area and of the 1100-year old fish remains found by a glaciological party near the Dailey Islands. Below: Views of the fish heads and other re-
mains found.
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TRAVERSES From top to bottom: The Ellsworth Highland Traverse (departing Byrd station); Byrd-Pole Traverse (Byrd Station in the background); and the McMurdo-Pole Traverse (off Hut Point).
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felt by many to be an important key to the problems of paleoolimatology, polar wandering, and continental drift. Last stunner saw the first major geological operations, with three major parties in the field. Previous work, during IGY, had been done mainly by glaciological parties. Other smaller groups conducted local studies in the McMurdo area and in the Palmer Peninsula with the Chilean group. Geology will continue to be an important and expanding study in the future. GLACIOLOGY Antarctica is mostly ice. The measurement of the elevation and thickness of this ice by oversnow traverses has had high priority. This program is expensive but it is important to a number of studies. With present techniques, a few more years will be required to complete these measurements. This work should be continued in the Ellsworth Highland to the Weddell Sea, and between the Queen Maud Mountains and Coats Land. The McMurdo-Pole traverse this past season enabled us to get heavy traverse vehicles to the Pole for future operations. Some glaciological research problems are fundamental in nature • Most important is the determination of the "net balance" of Antarctica. The problem is to determine what happens to the snowfall; is the glacier outflow greater than the amount deposited annually? Most of the parameters are not well determined as yet. Also the flow laws of ice are important as these are similar to flow laws of metals, and of the earth's crust, and they can more easily be measured. Future studies involving the basic flow laws will be encouraged. METEOROLOGY The meteorology programs are very large in Antarctica, with important applications to logistic operations. To the people of the United States, Antarctic weather is a long ways off, but New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and South America are more directly affected. Antarctic data assists greatly in the understanding of southern hemisphere weather processes. It is probable that the maximum number of active bases in Antarctica occurred during IGY and in the future will decrease rather than increase. Chances for increased meteorological coverage are therefore not too good. Studies are needed of that region between the height the balloons reach and the ionosphere. A program such as that conducted at Fort Churchill, Canada, using rockets for soundings, offers one way of obtaining this data. OCEANOGRAPHY United States efforts in oceanography have suffered because of the lack of research ships. This past season, however, a good program was carried 23
out aboard STATEN ISLAND and other Icebreakers. There is much to be learned in the field of oceanography in Antarctica. The ocean surrounding Antarctica is the only one not blocked by continents and therefore offers a great many research possibilities. A great advance in knowledge is expected from studies aboard the converted Military Sea Transportation Service ship which is presently being outfitted for opera . -tions hewaroundAtcia. SEISMOLOGY Future station work in seismology will be continued at present levels. Important assistance has been given to date in the determination of southern hemisphere earthquake epicenters by these Antarctic stations. There are few earthquakes in the high southern latitudes. For example, only about 10 percent of the earthquakes recorded by Antarctic stations were located south of 400 South latitude and most of these were in the area from 40 0 to 50° South latitude. [continued on page 261
METEOROLOGY
/ Left: Army Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel launch a balloon for study of the water vapor content of the upper atmosphere. Above: Navy personnel erect an automatic weather station on the Ross Ice Shelf.
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OBIC STATE PARTY IN TEE B ORLICX MOUNTAINS
One of three major geological field - parties established during DEEP FREEZE 61 (the U. S. Geological Survey at Camp Washington in the Horlick Mountains and the University of Minnesota at Camp Minnesota on the Eights Coast were the other two), the Ohio State University team worked from a small field camp in the central section of the Horliok Mountains. Top: Camp Ohio. Center: Petrified logs found imbedded in the rock near the camp area. Bottom: A geologist examines a tillite boulder. Tiflite was found for the first time in the Antarctic by the Ohio State party. 25
UPPER ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS Upper atmospheric studies have increased many-fold in the last few years. It was the need for synoptic observations of the aurora, the earth's magnetic field, the ionosphere, and cosmic rays that brought about the International Geophysical Year. A great many problems of the upper atmosphere have been solved, but many more remain. The sun creates a complexity of processes in the upper atmosphere, processes which deal with the activity of ionized particles under extremely low pressures and with large variation in temperature; also these particles are rarely in equilibrium. The solutions will not be easy. Antarctica plays a large role in upper atmospheric investigations because the southern geomagnetic field is centered there, and the low radio noise level permits special studies. Then, too, in Antarctica and surrounding waters are located the magnetic conjugate points for North America. High frequency and low frequency conjugate points may differ in location. WhiSti bra, low frequency radio noises from lightning, follow the lines of mag.. netto force, and are being extensively studied. Last ster a combined team of U. S. and Canadian scientists conducted a study of Low frequency phenomena at Byrd Station and at the approximate conjugate point in the Hudson Bay area.
During the past summer, the expanded program was carried out quite auG.cessfully. Throughout the winter, studies are being continued by U. S. scientists at six stations, three of these in cooperation with other nations. Another large program is under preparation for next simmer. Two important future developments are in view. Polar satellites will greatly augment Antarctic science. For example, an overall synoptic view of the sea Joe will make available a great amount of information for heat budget studies, and also for ship logistic operations. With work under way to develop a research ship, which should be in operation by the next Antarctic szaner season, the U. S. can operate around the periphery of the continent - studying not only oceanography and marine biology but also meteorology and upper atmospheric physics. The programs which were begun during the IGY will be continued and new data will be gathered to clarify and explain concepts which have been developed in the last five years. Other areas of study which have been neglected in the past will become the subject for new programs.
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ANTARCTIC STATIONS OPERATING DURING - THE AUSTRAL WINTER, 1961 The following Antarctic stations are being manned by winter par-ties. Those included are located on the Antarctic continent or on adjacent islands. Parties at sub-Antarctic islands (e.g., South Georgia, Kerguelen, etc.) are not included. The data has been compiled from latest available information. Where possible, personnel at the station are broken down into the categories of scientists, technicians, air unit, and support. In some instances, tech.nicians are included within the scientists category. The name given is that of the principal station leader or offioer.-in-charge. ARGENTINA Deception
J. R. Cecilio
Esperanza General Belgrano Melchior
3.A.L Valladares J.M.T. Vaca E. Gomez
Oroadas
A. Pedilla
Teniente Matienzo
I. Carro
2 13 17 13 1 8 1 3 4 8
scientists support men men scientist support scientist technicians support men
ARGENTINA-UNITED STATES Ellsworth
E. F. Are-ta
7 scientists 12 technicians 11 support
AUSTRALIA Davis Mawson
M. C. Hay A.W.G. Maslen
9 men 38 men
AUSTRALIA-UNITED STATES Wilkes
N. R. Smethurst CHILE
Arturo Prat General Bernardo O'Higgins Presidents Gabriel Gonzalez Videla Presidente Pedro Aguirre Cerda
H. Sepulveda Corre S • Lopez Rudio P. Welkner H. Rojas Flores 27
23 men
FRANCE Dont D 'Urville
F. E. Digeon 10 scientists 7 support JAPAN
Sliova
M. Murayea
9 scientists 7 support
NEW ZEALAND Scott
V. E. Donnelly
7 scientists 7 support
NEW ZEALAND-UNITED STATES Hallett
A. J. Kelly
10 scientists 8 support
SOUTH AFRICA SANAE
J. P. v.d. West Huyzen
3 scientists 2 technicians 5 support
sovir UNION Uirnyy Novolazarevskaya
U. U. Driatskiy V. I. Gerboviob
Vostok
L. N. Zhigalov
UNITED KINGDOM J. B. Nixon Base A (Port Lookroy) J. B. Kiflingbeck Base B (Deception Island)
Base D (Hope Bay) I. L. Fotbergil]. Base E (Stonington Island) J. C. Cunntngbn (3 scientists located at Fossil Bluff)
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90 6 5 6 5
men scientists support scientists support
3 2 3 2 4 2 6 5 3 5 3 3
technicians support scientists technicians air unit support scientists technicians support scientists technicians support
Base F
(Argentine Islands)
R.S.M. Harkness
Base H (Signy Island)
R. D. Thompson
Base T (Adelaide Island)
F. Preston
Base Z (Halley Bay)
C. Johnson
6 3 4 3 2 3 2 1 11 8 6
scientists technicians. support scientists support scientists technicians support scientists technicians support
10 10 10 10
scientists support scientists support
UNITED STATES Amundsen .Soott South Pole
P. K. Swartz
Byrd
D. R. Walk
Naval Air Facility, McMurdo Sound
J9 T.
Brosnahan
10 scientists 25 air unit 109 support
ORCADAS SE H NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA G. B. O'HIGGINS A1rURO PRAT BASE B P. A. CERDA DBOEPCION G. G. VIDEIA MLCHIOR BABE A BASE F BASE BASEE
*HOWA BASE B SPERANZA 'TE. MATIENZO
BASE Z GENERAL BELORANO ABWOWI'H
I
AVIS
AMUNDSEN-SCOTT SOUTH POLE
MIRNYY
•OSTOX •BYRD WILKES
Q
sccrrT VAL AIR FACILITY, MCMURDO SOUND
HALIETI
29
D 'URVILLE
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ESTABLISHES OFFICE OF ANTARCTIC PROGRAMS The National Science Foundation has announced the establislinent of the Office of Antarctic Programs. This office replaces the Antarctic Research Program, formerly a part of the Office of Special International Programs. Dr. Thomas 0. Jones has been appointed head of the office and Dr. Albert P. Crary will serve not only as Chief Scientist of the new office but also as Scientific Advisor on Antarctica to the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Office of Antarctic Programs has the responsibility for the U. S. Antarctic Research Program, which is the name used for National Science Foundation-sponsored activities in the field. These activities include scientific studies by colleges, universities, institutions, and government agencies carried out under National Science Foundation grants.
PUBLICATIONS TO BE ISSUED The U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer has in preparation two geological studies, "Bedrock Geology of Antarctica", by LT3t Alfred R. Taylor, USNR, and "Glacial Geology and Glaciology of Antarctica", by LCDR James A. Minard, USNR. These brief and non-technical reports were prepared by these officers during periods of training duty with the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer (Bulletin, Volume I, Number 9 9 page 16; Volume II, Number 6, page 7). The publications are designed to provide the reader with a general picture of these two areas of Antarctic geology. They will
be available during the suniner. SHIP OPERATIONS
On 13 June (2030), USS EDISTO (AGB.-2) returned to the operational contro] of the Commander Service Squadron FOUR. EDISTO was the last ship to leave thE operational control of the Commander, U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, after completing operations for DEEP FREEZE 61. 30
INDEX TO VOLUME II BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES ANTARCTIC PROJECTS OFFICER The following index has been prepared from author, title, and subtitle headings to articles which have appeared in the ten issues and three supple.. ments of Volume II of the Bulletin. The entries have been listed alphabetically by subject, and, where necessary, the titles, etc., have been trans.. posed to place them under the proper subject. Cross references are given in those. instances where it was felt they were necessary. Acquisitions List of Antarctic Cartogra-. phic Materials, 9-21. Acquisitions; see Library/Map Collection, Additions to. Addison, Wing Coinnander Warwick, RAAF, 5-15, 9-6. Aerial Photography, DEEP FREEZE 61 9 1-151 5-6, 9-15. Aircraft Operations (and weather), 6-2. Aircraft, World's largest, in Antarctic Operation, 3-10. Air Development Squadron SIX (VX-6), 1-89 4-20; Summary of DEEP FREEZE 61 Operations, 9-10. Air drop, First DEEP FREEZE 61, 3-14; for summary, see C-124, Summary of 1960 Operations. Air Force (U.S.) Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, 5-3. Airlifts The, 4-19. Air Operations, 1-8, 3-1; First "on the ice", 2-2. SS Alameda, 8-30. USNS ALATNA (TAOG-81) 9 1-3 1 13-5 1 8-17. Alberts, Fred G. (author), Notes on Antarctic Names Approved by the Board on Geographic Names, 7-13. Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, 1-7, 7-8. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, 1-10, 13-1, 3-12; Summer Operations begin at, 3-14; Projects 1961, 6-23; Winter Party, 8-14; A Day at the South Pole Station by Paul A. Siple, 3-15. Amundsen Sea Expedition; see Amundsen SeaBellingshausen Sea Expedition. Analysis Center, International Antarctic, United States Participation, 4-6. Antarctica, by Emil Sohuithess, 3-3.1. Antarctican Society, 9-23. Argentina-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Dater, Lopez. Argentine Navy-U. S. Navy Program, 3-9. USS ARNEB (AKA-56) 9 1-4, 13-6 1 8-18, 9-24. Al2nospherio-000anio-GlaciologiO Interaction in an Antarctic Interdisciplinary Research Program, 4-6.
Aurora and Airglow, 1-16. Australia-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Addison, Beaman, Hays. Baziinan, Captain M. P., 5-15 9 9-16. Beardmore, Naval Auxiliary Air Paoility, 1-12, 5-22. Belgian-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Black, Van Bellinghn Bellingshausen Sea Expedition; see Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, Benes, Norman S., 3-12. Bentley, Charles R., 1-15. "Biological Clocks", UCLA Team Studies, 9-1. Biological and Medical Sciences, 1-16. Biology, 10-18.
Birds (of) and other Antarctic Animals, by Carl R. Eklund, 8-9. Black, Dr. Richard B. (Rear Admiral, USNR, Ret.), 4-3.1 9 9-18. Boxell, Walter L., 4-14, 9-9. Breokinridge, John G., 3-12. Briesemeister, William A. (author), The American Geographical Society's Map of Antarctica, 5-8. Brosnahan, Commander James J., USN, 1-12. Byrd-Pole Traverse, 1-14 9 5-18 (Byrd-Pole: Task, Group 43.4); Scientific Program, 9-22.
Byrd-Pole: Task Group 43.4 1 5-18. Byrd Station, 1-10 9 13-2, 3-12; Projects 1961 9 6-23; Winter Party, 8-14; Net Byrd Station, 6-13 9 9-19. Carbon Dioxide, Abundance of, in the Atmosphere in Antarctica, 4-6. Cargo, DEEP FREEZE 61 9 3-15; Shipborne, 8-16. Cartography, 10-20; see also Geodesy and Cartography Cartography, Antarctic, 1961 9 5-1.
Cayeux (Cailleux), Andre de, 5-16 9 9-7. Charts, New, Published, 5-7. Chile-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Danyau. Christchurch (photographs), 7-28. Chronology, Antarctic, 1960-61, 2-14, 3-16, 4-25, 5-32 9 6-24 9 7-25, 9-26. Citation Awarded to Bellingshausen Sea Expedition Personnel, 5-29.
31
Coal Bed, Good Quality, Found, 9-4. CunioatiOfl5 Facilities Improvement Program, 6-18 9 9-19. Construction, Station, 9-20. Cooperative Research Program with Chile, U. S. Scientists begin, 4..7. Coemic Rays, 1-17. Crary, Albert P., 1-14; (author) A Day on the Over-Snow Traverse, 2-31 8-124 Globemaster, 13-11. C-124 Operations, Sunary of 1960, 4-19. C-130BL Hercules, 13-12 9 9-3.1; Navy Acoepts First Ski-130 9 2-4;0.., a Record of Aoocinplisheent, 5-30. "Di Ice", 4-1. Danyau, Lieutenant Colonel Herman , 5-169 9-6. Dater, Dr. Henry M., 4-3.1 1 9-8. Davis, Captain John, and First Landing on the Antarctic Continent, by Edouard A. Stackpole, 7-1. DEEP FREEZE 61, Operation, 1-1, 10-2. DEEP FREEZE 62 Volunteers Solicited, 3-4.. Dental Research Program, DEEP FREEZE 609 Report of the, by Lieutenant John S. Lindsay, DC, USN, 7-23. Deployment, 2-1, Drury, L. David, 3-12. USCGC EASTWIND (wAGB-279), 1-4, 18-10, 8-19. USS EDISTO (AGB-2), 1-5 9 18-10, 9+21 9 9-259 changes oand, 4-23. Eights Coast, Flight to, 4-21. Eklund, Carl R. (author), Of Birds and other Antarctic Animals 8-9. Ellsworth, 1-13, 3-12; Relieved, 5-22. EUs'vorth Highland Traverse, 1-15 9 5-23, 7-20. Envirormental Monitoring Program, 6-13. Evacuation (the) of Leonid Kuperov from Byrd Station, April 1961, 8-1. Evans, Comi'uder Griffith C., Jr., USNR, 4-23. Field Party Marooned, 7-10. FinklR.ng, John W., 4-15, 9-9. Fire destroys two McMurdo buildings, 6-7. First Month, tha t 3-1. Fish Story, An Antarctic, 4-9. Fold, Coamander Bernard G., USN, 1-5. Foreign Observer Exchange Program, 3-89 4-3.1 9 5-15, 9..6. France-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Cayeux, Watkins. Geodesy and Cartography, 1-18, 2-12. Geological Survey (U. 5.), 5-4; Topographic Mapping in Antarctica by that 7-27. Geologists, Ohio State, Investigate Horlicl: Mountains, 9..2. Geology, 1-18, 2-12 9 10-20. Gentile, Peter A., 1-13. GeinmAgritiam, 1-18.
Gil]aor, C. 3t.rt, Jr., 4-15. uss OiCEER (AOB-4) 9 1-5 9 13-7, 8-23. Glaoiolog, 3-18, 2-13, 10-23. Grants, National Science Foundation, 1.21, 2-13. USNS GREENVILlE VICTORY (TAX-237), i-I, 13-8 9 5-35 0 8-24. Hallett Station, 1-11, 13-3, 3-12; First Flight to, 3-13; Projects 11619 6-23; Winter Party, 8-14. Harm, Ben W., 3-12. Havola, Major Antero, USA, 1-14. Hays, James R., 4-11 0 9-8. Helicopter Crashes, 7-11. Helicopter, Shipboard, 1-9; Operations, 9-25. 11043-3 1 18-16. HUL-1, 13-16. Hunnicutt, Captain James L, USN, 1-4. HUS-lA, 13-15, 9-14. loebreakera, Past and Present, 2-5. Insects and Mites Discovered Adjacent to Polar Ice Cap, 9-3, International Cooperation in Antarotioa, 3-8. (International Cooperation) Programs, Other, 3-10. Ionospheric Physics, 1-19. Japan.,Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Boxell. Jones, Dr • Thomas 0. 9 1-2. Kelly, Lieutenant Joseph As MC, USN, 1-11. Kuperov, L1eonid, The Evacuation of, from Byrd Station, April 1961, 8-1. Landfall, 7-8. Larson, Ctm'der Wesley i., USN, 1-7. Legislation, Antarctic, 1961, 9-22. Library Collection, Additions to that 43-1 9 5-36 9 6-28 9 7-29 9 8-6 9 9-28. Lindsay, Lieutenant John S.,' DC, USN (author) Report on the Dental Research Program, DEEP FREEZE 60, 7-23. Little Rookford, Naval Auxiliary Air Facility, 1-12; reopened, 3-13. Lopez Ainbrosioni, Lieutenant Nestor D., ARA, 5-15 9 9-6. MAGNET Project, 1-13 9 3-3. Malone, T. W., 8-25. Map Collection, Additions to the, 43-119 5-38, 6-30 9 7..30. Map of Antarctica, The American Geographioa]. Society's, by William A. Briesemeister, 5-8. Mapping, Topographic, in Antarctica, 7-27. },tat.rnity, Operation, 5-14. McDonald, Captain Edwin A., USN, 1-7. MoMurdo-Pole Traverse, 1-14, 5-24, 7-18, McMurdo Sound, Naval Air Faoility, 1-129 ].5-4 9 3-12; October Weather, 3-4; Map, 4-12; Projects 1961 9 6-23; Winter Party, 8-14.
32
Meteorology, 1-19, 2-13 9 10-23. Meteorology Programs, 1961, 4-5. Meteorology, Some Remarks on Antarctic, by H. Waxier and M. J. Rubin, 4-2. Meteorological Program, Navy, 4-7, Meteorological Research at the Navy Weather Research Facility by Task 16Research Division, Navy Weather Research Facility, 6-5, Meteorological Research Program, Antarctic, 4-5. Meyer, George H., 3-12. Military Air Transport Service, Ninth Troop Carrier Squadron, 1-9; see also C-124. Mirabito, Commander T. A., USNR, Weather and its Effects on Antarctic Opera- tions, 6-I. Month (The) ,On-The-Ice, 4-19. Mortensen, Knud T., 1-6. Naab, Captain Joseph W., USCG, 1-4. Names Amended, 7-17. Names, Antarctic, Approved by the Board on Geographic Names, Supplementary List, Number 1, 33-1. Names Approved in Eastern Antarctica, 7-16. Names Approved in the Sentinel Range and Ellsworth Mountains, 7-15. Names, Notes on Antarctic, Approved bythe Board on Geographic Names, by Fred G. Alberta, 7-13. Names Vacated, 7-17. Nationa.]. Science Foundation Establishes Office of Antarctic Programs, 10-30. Navy (u. S.) Hydrographic Office, 5.-5. Netterberg, Commander Charles 3. F, SAN,
5-17, 9-7.
New Byrd Station; see Byrd Station. New ZeiiiRd (photographs), 7-28. Nielsen, Alfred P., 1-6. Ninth Troop Carrier Squadron; see Military Air Transport Service, C-124. Nuclear Power Plant, McMurdo, 6-8, 9-19; Contracted, 2-3.1. Observer Reports (Published), 4-8, 9-9. Observers; see Foreign Observer Exchange Program, countries, names of observers.
Oceanography, 1-19 9 2-139 10-23.
O'Ragen, Lieutenant Robert IL., USCG, 4.44, 9-9. OrientationSession 1960, U. S. Antarctic Research Program, by Philip M. Smith,
2-9.
Other Activities, 4-24. Otter Activity, 5-34, PETRARCA; See USNS PRIVATE DRANK X. PETRARCA
(TAx-25o).
SS Pioneer Gem, 8-29. SS Pioneer Isle, 8-29. Plaque, Operation DEEP FREEZE, 5-28.
PM3& Nuclear Power Plant; see Lulear Power Plant. 35 Port Brisbane, 8-29. Porter, Commander Philip W., Jr., USN, 1-5, SS Port Lincoln, 8-29. Press, Members of the, 4-17, 9-18, Projects 1961, 6-8, 9-19. USNS PRIVATE FRANK 3. PETRARCA (TAK-250),
3-11, 8-30.
(TAx-240), 1-16, 13-8, 8-25. Publications Issued, 7-7; ..To be Issued, P2V-7 Neptune, 13-13, 9-13, Real Estate, Antarctic, 3.-15. Rendezvous, 7h,8, Roadways, Compacted Snow, 6-22. Roberts, Dr. Brian, 5-17, 9-7. USNS PRIVATE. JOHN R. TOWT.E
10-30.
Rubin, LL, J. and H. Waxier, (authors), Some Remarks on Antarotic Meteorology, 4-2. Runways and Skiways, Preparation of, 6-20. R4D- 5 and R4D-8 Dakotas, 13-13, 9-13. R4D Retrieved from Horlick Mountains, 5-31, R5D-3 Skymaster, 18+14, 9-12. R7V-1 Super Constellation, 13-14, 9-13. Sohuitheas, Emil, Antarctica by, 3-3.1. Science During DEEP FREEZE 61, 9-1. Science in Antarctica, 7-241 Scientific Exchange Program, 1961, 3.-99 4-15. Scientific Investigations (Traverse), 5-25. Scientific Leaders, 1961, 3-12. Scientific Program, 1961, 1-16-2-12 9 10-18. Scientific Studies Begin, 7.-8. Seismology, 1-20, 10-24. Ship Operations, 1-3, 2-15 9 3..2, 4-22 9 8-169 9-24, 10-30. Ship Operations (and Weather), 6-1. Ships, Other, 8-29. Ships' Schedules, 4-23.
53 Sierra, 8-30.
Siple, Paul A. (author), A Day at the South Pole Station, 3-5. Sleds, 13-19. Smith, Philip U. (author), U. S. Antarctic Research Program Orientation Session
1960, 2-9.
Sno-Cats, 13-18. Some Songs of the South Pole, 5-35, South Africa-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Netterberg, O'Hagan. South Pole Station; see Amundsen-Scott South Pole Statioi. Stackpole, Edouard A. (author), Captain John Davis and the First Landing on the Antarctic Continent, 7-1, Staff Notes, 2-11, 4-8, 5-30, 6-7 9 9-20, USS STATEN ISLAND (AGB-5) 9 1-6 9 13-10,
5-27 9 8-26, 9-25.
Station Cooperation, 3-9. Station Operations, 1-10.
33
Antárotio Stations Op.z'stiflg During the Austral Winter, 1961, 10-27. Swartz, Lieutenant Philip K., Jr., USN, MC, 1-10. Task 164eaearch Division, Navy Weather Research Facility (author), Meteorologioa]. Research at the Navy Weather Research Facility, 6-5, THAW, Operation, 7-17. TIROS II in Operation DEEP FREEZE, 5-35. Titus, Robert W., 3-12. Toward the Amundson Sea, 7-11. TOVJIE; see USNS PRIVATE JOHN R. TOWJ.E (TAK-237). Tractors, Caterpillar, 18-17, Tractor Operations (and Weather), 6-3. Tra i ning Program, Antarctic Support Activity, 2-8. Traverse, A Day on the Over-Snow, by Albert P. Crary, 2-3. Traverse Operations, 1-14, 5-23; Parties, 4-21; Airlifted, 5-25. Treaty, The Antarctic, 1-2, 3-11. Tyree, Rear Admiral David M., USN, 1-2. UC-1 Otter, 13-15, 9-14. United Kingdom-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Finklang, Roberts.
"United States (The) in the Antarctic, 1820-1960", 2-2. Upper Atmospheric Physics, 10-26. Van Bel1i-'gben, Jean-Paul, 5-16 9 9-6. Visitors, Antarctic, 4-15, 9-18. VX-6; see Air Development Squadron SIX ('11-6). Walk, Lieutenant Donald R., MC, USN, 1-11. Water Vapor in the Antarctic, Study of the Vertical Profile of, 4-6. Water, Warn, Found. in Frozen Lakes, 9-4. Watkins, Captain William W., Jr., USA, CnlC, 4-14 9 9-8. Wayward Ice I, 7-2; II, 7-26; III, 8-5.. Weasel, 18-19. Weather and Its Effects on Antarctic Operations, by Commander X. A. Mirabito, USNR, 6-1. Weather Stations, Automatic, 1-13 (photograph), 6-4, 9-23. Wexler, H., and M. J. Rubin (authors), Some Remarks on Antarctic Meteorolo, 4-2. USS VIIIROITE (DER-397) 9 1-7 9 1S-9 9 8-28. Wilkes Station, 1-13 9 3-12; Relieved, 5-22. Williams Field, NAP McMurdo Sound, during Snow Removal (photograph), 4-10. Willis, Lieutenant Commander Charles H., USN, 1-7. Winter Parties, Operation DEEP FREEZE, 8-11.
ERRATA The following errors have been called to the attention of the Bulletin: In Number 8 9 page 13 9 the total number of personnel for DEEP FREEZE
61 should be 202, rather than 207.
In Number 9, page 9, line 1, "on 28 January" should read "on 28 December." In Number 9 9 page 13 9 line 25, "(five between" should read "(four between."
34
U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer
June 1961
VOLUME II NUMBER 10
June 1961 CONTENTS
Operation DEEP FREEZE 61 1961 Scientific Program Biology Cartography Geology Glaciology Meteorology Oceanography Seismology Upper Atmosphere Physics
18 20 20 23 23 23 24 26
Antarctic Stations Operating during the Austra]. Winter, 1961
27
National Science Foundation Establishes Office of Antarctic Programs Publications to be Issued
18
30 30
Ship Operations Index to Volume II, Bulletin of the United States Antarctic Projects Officer Errata
3.
31 34
This issue of the Bulletin concludes Vo].tine II. The next issue pill be that for September 1961. Without the assistance of the many people both named and unnamed who have contributed time and materials, this Bulletin could not have been published. Appreciation is expressed to Rear Admiral David M. Tyree, USN, and Dr. Albert P. Crary for permission to use the excerpts from their remarks. The Bulletin also thanks CDR W. R. Cronenwett, USN, R. F. Henry, P1W, USN, J. W • Leonard, PH]., USN, Mr • Richard Litell, and CWO 0. Pagano, USA, for providing materials for use in this issue. Photographs used in this issue are U. S. Navy, U. S. Force, and National Science Foundation photographs. The Air Navy photographs were taken by the following photographers: M. T. Billante, P112, USN; L. V. Cookson, Pill, USN; W. !'i'azier, P112 9 USN; F. Kazukaitis, H-IC, USN; J. W. Leonard, Pill, USN; W. L. Lewandoski, P112, USN; W. 1, Inethje, P113, USN; L. R. Mathis, Wi, USN; T. O!Brien, P142, USN; J. D. Reimer, PIICA, USN; H. N. Williams, P112, USN; and R. E. Woods, P143, USN.
The Bulletin of the United States Antarctic Projects Officer is published monthly, except July and August. All inquiries should be directed to the United States Antarotia Projects Officer, 718 Jackson Place, N. W., Washington 25, D. C. Telephone STerling 3-0860, Extension 3796. The issuance of this publication was approved by the Secretary of the Navy on 19 April 1960.
Antarctica may we].]. have been the last area on earth to feól the full force of the mechanization that began with the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century. Motorized transport, first successfully employed on long journeys by the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions of 1928-1930 and 1933-1935 9 has almost completely replaced the man- or dog-drawn sledge. Complex scientific equipment has extended the range of the observer into the heavens above and the toe below. Aircraft have added a new dimension to polar exploration and support. Now, revolutionary methods of construction give hope for permanent establisheents on ice shelf and polar plateau. The energy of nuclear fission promises to overcome the scarcity of heat and power that has always limited the size of Antarctic stations. The crossing of the continent from the Weddell Sea to McMurdo Sound has been called the last great journey on earth. But what of the quest of the human mind? The age of geographical discovery is only the prelude to the era of sbientifio exploration. The frontiers of knowledge are never reached. No matter how much is accomplished, more remains to be done. What Admiral Byrd wrote in his final report is as true today as in 1957, "Future advances in knowledge of the Antarctic depend upon observation of complex phenomena carried on for extended periods over a long time." With each passing year, the means of living and the instruments of science improve. As Admiral Tyree points out, we are entering anew upon a period of development.
This issue of the Bulletin stuanarizes the programs
and events of Operation DEEP FREEZE 61. This stminary is presented by pictures and a map, and through excerpts from talks given by Rear Admiral David U. Tyree, USN, U. S. Ant-
arctic Projects Officer, and Cctanander, U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, and Dr. Albert P. Crary, Chief Scientist of the U. S. Antarctic Research Program of the National Sol. once Foundation. Rear Admiral Tyree's presentation was made before the National Press Club on 9 May 1961. Dr. Crary's resume, "Scientific Results of a Recent Antarctic Ser", was made at a National Science Foundation Colloquim on 17 May 1961.
OPERATION LEER FREEZE 61 The southern stmer season just ooitdluded was long and difficult. It was a battle frm start to finish a battle against bitter cold, against blinding storms, against pounding and frozen seas • It was a battle won through the sheer determtriticn, s)cill, and doggedness of every person on the toe. We maintain permanent parties of scientists and naval support personne at McMurdo, South Pole, Byrd, and Hallett. The Latter is a joint enterpris with New Zealand, which each year furnishes part of the scientific team. Each year these stations must be resupplied, maintained, and the personnel stationed there through the long winter night relieved • The Naval
• -•
TliI1rL
............
2
...].
Air Facility, McMurdo Sound, is our main supply and staging base on the continent. Cargo ships and tankers unload at MoMurdo, using the bay ice as an unloading dock. McMurdo is also the southern terminal of our 2200-mile New Zealand-to..Antarotioa airline, sc*netiiues referred to as the world's most 1zardoua air route. Byrd and Pole Stations, which are inland, are ocmpletely resupplied by air. Hallett is resupplied each year primarily by amphibious operations. South Pole is over 700 nautical miles from MoMurdo. It is about 800 miles from McMurdo to Byrd Station. I relieved Rear Admiral George Dufek in April 1959, a few months after conclusion of the International Geophysical Year. Under his caanand, Task [continued on page 51
NAVAL AIR FACILITY, McMURDO SOUND, WILLIAMSFIELD, AND THE SHIP CHANNEL
3
CU RISTCU TJRCB BEARDMORE SOIJTB POLE
'
----,•- 1
:
Top: Harowood International Airport, Christchurch, site of the Advance Headquarters. Center: NAAF Beardmore, a meteorological way station on the route to the South Pole. Bottom: The AmundsenScott South Pole Station.
4
Force 43 had done a magnificent job of building the seven cities of Antaro.. tioa from which the United States had conducted a highly successful IGY program. These bases, however, were not designed or intended for long-term occupancy • Construction and support for the IGY was of a short-term nature. DEEP FREEZE 60 was the beginning of a period of transition to long-term capabilities. The operation itself was basically a resupply operation, although there were several significant achievements, including the first penetration of the Bellingshausen Sea. DEEP FREEZE 61, now in its winter phase, has brought a new era to Antarctica - an era of developuent. This development has three objectives: first and foremost, to increase the safety of operations; second, to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of operations and thereby get more science per dollar spent; and third, to provide better working and living conditions. A nuclear power plant for McMurdo, improvement of ocanunication facilities and aviation aids, the equipping of the Navy's Air Development Squadron SIX with C-130 aircraft, the rebuilding of Byrd Station, were all major im.. provement projects upon which work was done in DEEP FREEZE 61. In October, as the operation began, we were reminded again that man canriot call the turn on the ice. The first flight from Christchurch, planned for 1 October, was delayed three days by weather. Further delays in shifting into high gear were encountered through most of the month, due to weather, and again in November, due to sunspot activity which interrupted ccsiznunioatioflS. Early in the morning of 29 October, a ray of real sunshine appeared. The first of the C-130s from Navy's Air Development Squadron SIX landed on Christthe ice runway after a six-hour forty-nine minutes record flight from first church. That same evening I was off to the Pole in this C-130 for our ski-landing resupply flight of the season. Following the sunspot activity in November, we had a fine break on to augment the air-. weather . We had called in three additional MATS C-124s Lift, giving us a total of ten. With MATS C..l.24s operated magnificently by Air Force personnel and experienced Navy pilots flying in splendid fashion the C-130a, Connies, P2Vs 9 R4Ds, helicopters, and Otters, we got on with the Job. During this period, I recall on several occasions being asked by the resa representatives how far behind schedule we had fallen. I said then, I would say now: we do not operate in the Antarctic on schedule. We set urselves certain objectives for the season. When the season ends, we can tneasure our aoocmplislinents against our objectives. This I will attempt to do. With regard to the ambitious suer scientific program, I offer the fol1 oving oceanent. We were fortunate in getting all parties into the field and [continued on page 8] 5
MILITARY AIR TRANSPORT SERVICE NINTE TROOP CARRIER SQUADRON MATS G].obesnasters moved more than 2000 tons of cargo during DEEP FREEZE 61. Their mission included the airlift of cargo fran New Zealand to McMurdo and airdrop of cargo at Byrd and Pole,.
ir
:' 0- .,
1. •i
f
- ORCE .
0
-
Top: Helicopter airlifted to Antarctica is offloaded. Center: Crean load a C-124 on the McMurdo ice strip. Bottom: A load, of cargo is parachuted to the Pole. Other loads lie on the ground with their parachutes attached.
6
C-130BL IJERCULES
Three C.-130 Hercules aircraft operated by VX..6 carried over 1800 tons of cargo during their DEEP FREEZE 61 mission.
!
_
Top: C-130's parked at the McMurdo ice runway. Center: South Pole personnel offload a TACAN unit for installation at the station. Bottom: A C-130 taxiing toward the South Pole skiway for the return trip to McMurdo.
- - . - - • - _•* - -•'--• •- -
Or
7
• * i_ •
the scientific program, in my opinion, exceeded any previous smner program by a good bit. The Byrd Station program, for example, consisted of three field camps in outlying areas, two airborne traverses, and a ground traverse ending near the Bellingshausen coast. A heavy tractor train, led by Major Havola of the Ax, blazed a trail from Byrd to Pole . , doing some scientific work on the way. This was all in addition to the regular year-round scientific work that is done at Byrd Station and I believe it was the most ambitious smer program that has ever been launched out of any Antarctic stations Another highlight of the scientific program was the traverse led by Albert Crary, Chief Scientist of the Antarctic Research Program. His great achievement in reaching the Pole from McMurdo after safely climbing the Skelton Glacier with two new large Sno-Cats, especially equipped for scientifio traverses, was most notewort1. Our objectives were met in all three major construction projects. The excavation for the nuclear reactor site at McMurdo is 100 percent completed. The structural steel is stockpiled at McMurdo and some subassemblies have been made, and we have every reason to believe we can be ready with the building struotures on schedule to most the delivery date for the nuclear reactor next December. [continued on page 101
-
VX6 AIRCRAFT
Left: An R4D lands a Nov Zealand field party and their dog teams at the Nimrod Glacier. -
Center: A P2V Neptune returning to McMurdo after a mission to Hallett. Bottom: A helicopter passes the Wilson Piedmont Glacier en route to Taylor Valley with a team of scientists.
44 r 8
THE EVACUATION OF LEONID KUPEROV FROM BYRD STATION, PRIL 1961
In April 1960, it became necessary to evacuate the Soviet exchange scientist Leonid Kuperov from Byrd Station when it was found that it would not be possible to treat his illness in the Antarctic. Two C-130 air.craft were then flown to Christchurch. On April 9-10 a lone Hercules flew to McMurdo and then to Byrd to embark the scientist. Kuperov was then flown to Christchurch for treatment. The flight was the latest ever made into the continent from the outside.
Top: C-130 crew makes its pro.. flight preparations for the MoMurdo-Byrd leg of the mission by the light of the moon and i'rcan vehicle headlights. Center: While the Soviet scientist boards the aircraft, crewmen and station personnel offload some oargo'and fresh provisions. Bottom: Rear Admiral David M. Tyree, USN, greets the exchange scientist on the return of the aircraft to Christchurch.
9
of new ocsimunioation facilities were ocmpleted this year at Christohurob, MoMurdo, and Pole. Hallett and New Byrd Stations iU be done next year. This is all according to original plan. These improved ocianunioations paid off in superlative degree in the post-season operations of the icebreaker EDISTO and the recent C-130 evacuation flight. Installation
Because of early season setbacks, we were late getting the Seabees and Peter Snow Millers into the site for the New Byrd Station, which is being built under 8flOV, using the concept developed by the Army for Camp Century in Greenland. We were to do preliminary tunneling this year and start in.. stalling the buildings next year. The young civil engineer in charge of the Seabees and his men virtually acocmplisbed the impossible. As a result, we have completed enough so that if it becomes essential, we can move into New Byrd Station next year for limited operations. In addition to these three major construction projects, we accomplished a great many others of lesser magnitude. This year we housed, at the peak, 726 people at McMurdo, which represented an increase of about 200 over any previous year. More aerial mapping photography was accomplished than in all previous DEEP FREEZE operations combined. [continued on page 141
NEW BYRD STATION
L
Seabees erect a forty foot arch for View looking out from inside the for. the garage tunnelo ty foot tunnel.
10
:
IviCMJRDO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Above: Reactor site excavation and access road. Right: Ground view of the site.
Left: Vertical aerial photograph showing the completed excavation, March 1961.
.. .
Below: Artist's drawing of the completed reactor unit and buildings. NAF
•
McMurdo in the background.
EXPEDITION SHIPS
USNS ALATNA (TAOG -.81) USNS ALATNA (TAOG - 81) USS ARNEB (AKA - 56) USCGC EASTWIND (WAGB - 279) USS EDISTO (AGB - 2) USS GLACIER (AGB - 4) USNS GREENVILLE VICTOR' (TAK - 237) USNS PRIVATE JOHN R. TOWLE (TAK - 240) USS STATEN ISLAND (AGB - 5) USS WILIHOITE (DER - 397)
12
OPPOSITE PAGE.. Top: EDISTO in
Moubray Bay.
Center and Bottom: Ice covering EDISTO' 5 superstructure
after her late season attempt to rescue the YOG.
---S
I
rop: EDISTO, GREENVIIJA VICTORY, and
1MNZS ENDEAVOR in the turning basin ff Hut Point. Above left: AI&TNA offloads fuel while moored to the bay ice. Above right: Cargo is loaded a. ward sleds from GLACIER. Right: TOWLE, moored to the bay Lee, offloading onto sleds near Hut oint. Bottom: Seabees load cargo from L'OWIE onto sleds.
if
13
Our ships did their job well. We operated one Coast Guard and three Navy icebreakers, two MSTS cargo ships, one MSTS tanker, one amphibious cargo ship, and a destroyer picket ship. Resupply operations, oc.em.ncing in early December, continued into March. Captain McDonald, my Deputy and ship group ocnmiandar, with GLACIER and STATEN ISlAND, again successfully entered the Bellingshausen Sea and penetrated to the Eights Coast for further-scientific work. The story should end here. We had planned to bring our ser operations to a conclusion early in March. However, open water and severe storms at McMurdo caused two small tankers, used for AVtAS storage since the early days of DEEP FREEZE, to break loose. We have many fuel storage tanks at McMurdo now, but these small ships were like the temporary war-time buildings around Washington - we never seemed to quite get ahead of the demand for space So this year we had used one of them to store 200,000 gallons of gas, or about 15 percent of the total we estimated we would need before our first tanker could get in next suer season. It was important to attempt to retrieve
this gasoline.
The icebreaker STATEN ISLAND was turned back from her homeward voyage halfway to Valparaiso to recover and moor again the wayward YOG. But bad Antarctic weather battered and damaged STATEN ISLAND so that she was ordered to Port Lqttelton, New Zealand, to replenish and repair. EDISTO, which had spent three months in the ice and had had only five days of respite, headed back to the Ross Sea later than any modern ship had ever attempted to go there. Finally, violent Antarctic storms stopped EDISTO's effort to complete her task. As she was hove to in 50-foot seas and 90-knot winds, I ordered her to abandon the search and return to New Zealand. By that time she had lost one of her propellers and carried a topside burden of an estimated 800 tons of ice - some of it 10 feet thick. The flight of the C-130 from Christchurch to Byrd Station in April will always be one of the great flights of Antarctic exploration. When the weather permitted, the Lockheed Hercules flew back to the ice after winter isolation had set in. Forty-eight hours later, the plane was back in Christchurch with the sick Soviet exchange scientist Kuperov as a passenger. This mercy flight, in the face of diminishing daylight and increasingly vicious and frequent winter storms, breached the curtain of winter isolation. This demonstrated capability will have far-reaching effects on future operations. The Antarctic holds a significant percentage of the world's land surface • Although I agree with Dr. Laurence Gould's statement that, for the foreseeable future, the principal export from Antarctica will be scientific knowledge, I cannot help but feel that acme day practical uses will be found for this barren continent. The time may be closer than we think it to be. 14
S
AMLJNDSEN BE LLINGSEAIJSEN SEA EXPEDITION
-
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For the second straight 4 -year icebreakers were able to penetrate to the Eights Coast • Here GLACIER and - t STATEN ISLAND spent a month conducting scientific surveys. --New land features were -. - -W. plotted, rook formations were studied and oceanographic and other marine science observations were maci.e •
Above: GLACIER and STATEN ISLAND steaming through the pack toward a large iOLO shelf. Below: A helicopter lands near a field camp established adjacent to a rook outcrop.
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ELLSWORTH HIGHLAND TRAVERSE (Dr. C. R. Bentley, Leader)
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McMURDO - POLE TRAVERSE (A. P. Crary, Leader)
AIRLIFTED GEOPHYSICAL TRAVERSE STATIONS AIRLIFTED VLF - ELF TRAVERSE STATIONS
+ MARINE GEOPHYSICS STATIONS (Studies of oceanography, marine biology and geology, geomagnetism, etc.)
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WEDDELL SEA PAL /-
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1961 SCIENTFIFROGBAM To date the U. S. Antarctic programs have involved mostly descriptive, rather than basic, science. This is necessary before the start of any basic scientific studies. Although these descriptive studies still occupy the greater part of the program, this phase is approaching an end and the studies of basic science are being augmented. BIOLOGY Biology has been perhaps the most abused and under-rated field of study in Antarctica, especially by the United States. It has usually operated on a non-interference basis - sort of "acme along, but don't bother anybody." Biological specimens collected by past U. S. expeditions have been scattered for the most part and not catalogued. The United States, in many biological
18
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areas, lacks adequate research collections. To complete the descriptive phase, cataloguing of specimens will be necessary before extensive basic research can begin. Increased studies are needed on all phases of Antarctic flora and fauna from bacteria (anIjmals in Antarctica are relatively free of bacteria, pre. sLaably because of biotics), to lichens, algae, insects, marine life, and birds. At the present time, Stanford University is operating a biological laboratory at McMurdo comparable to similar facilities in the United States. The 196061 suer biological programs were rewarding and included studies by personnel from the Universities of California, UClA, Kansas, Stanford, and Texas. will In the future, these biological studies be expanded. Improved laboratory facilities will be made available to attract more life scientists. 19
CARTOGRAPHY Cartography is the program that produces the detailed maps that are needed for soi.ntists. The United States got a late start on its mapping program because of other high priority 4qitaents, but last suer more aerial photography and geodetic survey work was completed than ever before. However, much work remains to be done in extending our coverage into the base of the Palmer Peninsula and along the Bellingshausen and Amundson See. Coasts.
Geology has been called a descriptive science and oertainLy much back.. ground work is needed which may not be basic science. A preliminary r000rip. naissanoe should be made of all the mountain ranges that can be reached. Although detail is important, problems relating to the basic structure, and the past history of the continent, must have high priority. Antarctica i (continued on page 23]
I
A
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20
BIOLOGY
Biological studies in the Antarctic range from ex-. amination of the primitive life forms found to the study of the adaptation of the plant and animal life to the rigorous envirorment. These, and other studies, make Antarctica an important laboratory for the biological sciences.
11*_ 4 p ,--
1-;•
I :-.-
L Top: Biologists retrieve a fish trap through a hole in the ice of McMurdo Sound, Center: Scientists taking water samples in order to obtain algae from Lake Bonney. (It was in this lake that layers of extremely warm water were found.) Bottom: A Duke University biologist straps down an Adelie Penguin in order to make salt water metabolism studies. Opposite page-. Above: A view of the area and of the 1100-year old fish remains found by a glaciological party near the Dailey Islands. Below: Views of the fish heads and other re-
mains found.
91
-
TRAVERSES From top to bottom: The Ellsworth Highland Traverse (departing Byrd station); Byrd-Pole Traverse (Byrd Station in the background); and the McMurdo-Pole Traverse (off Hut Point).
22
felt by many to be an important key to the problems of paleoolimatology, polar wandering, and continental drift. Last stunner saw the first major geological operations, with three major parties in the field. Previous work, during IGY, had been done mainly by glaciological parties. Other smaller groups conducted local studies in the McMurdo area and in the Palmer Peninsula with the Chilean group. Geology will continue to be an important and expanding study in the future. GLACIOLOGY Antarctica is mostly ice. The measurement of the elevation and thickness of this ice by oversnow traverses has had high priority. This program is expensive but it is important to a number of studies. With present techniques, a few more years will be required to complete these measurements. This work should be continued in the Ellsworth Highland to the Weddell Sea, and between the Queen Maud Mountains and Coats Land. The McMurdo-Pole traverse this past season enabled us to get heavy traverse vehicles to the Pole for future operations. Some glaciological research problems are fundamental in nature • Most important is the determination of the "net balance" of Antarctica. The problem is to determine what happens to the snowfall; is the glacier outflow greater than the amount deposited annually? Most of the parameters are not well determined as yet. Also the flow laws of ice are important as these are similar to flow laws of metals, and of the earth's crust, and they can more easily be measured. Future studies involving the basic flow laws will be encouraged. METEOROLOGY The meteorology programs are very large in Antarctica, with important applications to logistic operations. To the people of the United States, Antarctic weather is a long ways off, but New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and South America are more directly affected. Antarctic data assists greatly in the understanding of southern hemisphere weather processes. It is probable that the maximum number of active bases in Antarctica occurred during IGY and in the future will decrease rather than increase. Chances for increased meteorological coverage are therefore not too good. Studies are needed of that region between the height the balloons reach and the ionosphere. A program such as that conducted at Fort Churchill, Canada, using rockets for soundings, offers one way of obtaining this data. OCEANOGRAPHY United States efforts in oceanography have suffered because of the lack of research ships. This past season, however, a good program was carried 23
out aboard STATEN ISLAND and other Icebreakers. There is much to be learned in the field of oceanography in Antarctica. The ocean surrounding Antarctica is the only one not blocked by continents and therefore offers a great many research possibilities. A great advance in knowledge is expected from studies aboard the converted Military Sea Transportation Service ship which is presently being outfitted for opera . -tions hewaroundAtcia. SEISMOLOGY Future station work in seismology will be continued at present levels. Important assistance has been given to date in the determination of southern hemisphere earthquake epicenters by these Antarctic stations. There are few earthquakes in the high southern latitudes. For example, only about 10 percent of the earthquakes recorded by Antarctic stations were located south of 400 South latitude and most of these were in the area from 40 0 to 50° South latitude. [continued on page 261
METEOROLOGY
/ Left: Army Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel launch a balloon for study of the water vapor content of the upper atmosphere. Above: Navy personnel erect an automatic weather station on the Ross Ice Shelf.
24
S
OBIC STATE PARTY IN TEE B ORLICX MOUNTAINS
One of three major geological field - parties established during DEEP FREEZE 61 (the U. S. Geological Survey at Camp Washington in the Horlick Mountains and the University of Minnesota at Camp Minnesota on the Eights Coast were the other two), the Ohio State University team worked from a small field camp in the central section of the Horliok Mountains. Top: Camp Ohio. Center: Petrified logs found imbedded in the rock near the camp area. Bottom: A geologist examines a tillite boulder. Tiflite was found for the first time in the Antarctic by the Ohio State party. 25
UPPER ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS Upper atmospheric studies have increased many-fold in the last few years. It was the need for synoptic observations of the aurora, the earth's magnetic field, the ionosphere, and cosmic rays that brought about the International Geophysical Year. A great many problems of the upper atmosphere have been solved, but many more remain. The sun creates a complexity of processes in the upper atmosphere, processes which deal with the activity of ionized particles under extremely low pressures and with large variation in temperature; also these particles are rarely in equilibrium. The solutions will not be easy. Antarctica plays a large role in upper atmospheric investigations because the southern geomagnetic field is centered there, and the low radio noise level permits special studies. Then, too, in Antarctica and surrounding waters are located the magnetic conjugate points for North America. High frequency and low frequency conjugate points may differ in location. WhiSti bra, low frequency radio noises from lightning, follow the lines of mag.. netto force, and are being extensively studied. Last ster a combined team of U. S. and Canadian scientists conducted a study of Low frequency phenomena at Byrd Station and at the approximate conjugate point in the Hudson Bay area.
During the past summer, the expanded program was carried out quite auG.cessfully. Throughout the winter, studies are being continued by U. S. scientists at six stations, three of these in cooperation with other nations. Another large program is under preparation for next simmer. Two important future developments are in view. Polar satellites will greatly augment Antarctic science. For example, an overall synoptic view of the sea Joe will make available a great amount of information for heat budget studies, and also for ship logistic operations. With work under way to develop a research ship, which should be in operation by the next Antarctic szaner season, the U. S. can operate around the periphery of the continent - studying not only oceanography and marine biology but also meteorology and upper atmospheric physics. The programs which were begun during the IGY will be continued and new data will be gathered to clarify and explain concepts which have been developed in the last five years. Other areas of study which have been neglected in the past will become the subject for new programs.
26
ANTARCTIC STATIONS OPERATING DURING - THE AUSTRAL WINTER, 1961 The following Antarctic stations are being manned by winter par-ties. Those included are located on the Antarctic continent or on adjacent islands. Parties at sub-Antarctic islands (e.g., South Georgia, Kerguelen, etc.) are not included. The data has been compiled from latest available information. Where possible, personnel at the station are broken down into the categories of scientists, technicians, air unit, and support. In some instances, tech.nicians are included within the scientists category. The name given is that of the principal station leader or offioer.-in-charge. ARGENTINA Deception
J. R. Cecilio
Esperanza General Belgrano Melchior
3.A.L Valladares J.M.T. Vaca E. Gomez
Oroadas
A. Pedilla
Teniente Matienzo
I. Carro
2 13 17 13 1 8 1 3 4 8
scientists support men men scientist support scientist technicians support men
ARGENTINA-UNITED STATES Ellsworth
E. F. Are-ta
7 scientists 12 technicians 11 support
AUSTRALIA Davis Mawson
M. C. Hay A.W.G. Maslen
9 men 38 men
AUSTRALIA-UNITED STATES Wilkes
N. R. Smethurst CHILE
Arturo Prat General Bernardo O'Higgins Presidents Gabriel Gonzalez Videla Presidente Pedro Aguirre Cerda
H. Sepulveda Corre S • Lopez Rudio P. Welkner H. Rojas Flores 27
23 men
FRANCE Dont D 'Urville
F. E. Digeon 10 scientists 7 support JAPAN
Sliova
M. Murayea
9 scientists 7 support
NEW ZEALAND Scott
V. E. Donnelly
7 scientists 7 support
NEW ZEALAND-UNITED STATES Hallett
A. J. Kelly
10 scientists 8 support
SOUTH AFRICA SANAE
J. P. v.d. West Huyzen
3 scientists 2 technicians 5 support
sovir UNION Uirnyy Novolazarevskaya
U. U. Driatskiy V. I. Gerboviob
Vostok
L. N. Zhigalov
UNITED KINGDOM J. B. Nixon Base A (Port Lookroy) J. B. Kiflingbeck Base B (Deception Island)
Base D (Hope Bay) I. L. Fotbergil]. Base E (Stonington Island) J. C. Cunntngbn (3 scientists located at Fossil Bluff)
28
90 6 5 6 5
men scientists support scientists support
3 2 3 2 4 2 6 5 3 5 3 3
technicians support scientists technicians air unit support scientists technicians support scientists technicians support
Base F
(Argentine Islands)
R.S.M. Harkness
Base H (Signy Island)
R. D. Thompson
Base T (Adelaide Island)
F. Preston
Base Z (Halley Bay)
C. Johnson
6 3 4 3 2 3 2 1 11 8 6
scientists technicians. support scientists support scientists technicians support scientists technicians support
10 10 10 10
scientists support scientists support
UNITED STATES Amundsen .Soott South Pole
P. K. Swartz
Byrd
D. R. Walk
Naval Air Facility, McMurdo Sound
J9 T.
Brosnahan
10 scientists 25 air unit 109 support
ORCADAS SE H NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA G. B. O'HIGGINS A1rURO PRAT BASE B P. A. CERDA DBOEPCION G. G. VIDEIA MLCHIOR BABE A BASE F BASE BASEE
*HOWA BASE B SPERANZA 'TE. MATIENZO
BASE Z GENERAL BELORANO ABWOWI'H
I
AVIS
AMUNDSEN-SCOTT SOUTH POLE
MIRNYY
•OSTOX •BYRD WILKES
Q
sccrrT VAL AIR FACILITY, MCMURDO SOUND
HALIETI
29
D 'URVILLE
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ESTABLISHES OFFICE OF ANTARCTIC PROGRAMS The National Science Foundation has announced the establislinent of the Office of Antarctic Programs. This office replaces the Antarctic Research Program, formerly a part of the Office of Special International Programs. Dr. Thomas 0. Jones has been appointed head of the office and Dr. Albert P. Crary will serve not only as Chief Scientist of the new office but also as Scientific Advisor on Antarctica to the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Office of Antarctic Programs has the responsibility for the U. S. Antarctic Research Program, which is the name used for National Science Foundation-sponsored activities in the field. These activities include scientific studies by colleges, universities, institutions, and government agencies carried out under National Science Foundation grants.
PUBLICATIONS TO BE ISSUED The U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer has in preparation two geological studies, "Bedrock Geology of Antarctica", by LT3t Alfred R. Taylor, USNR, and "Glacial Geology and Glaciology of Antarctica", by LCDR James A. Minard, USNR. These brief and non-technical reports were prepared by these officers during periods of training duty with the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer (Bulletin, Volume I, Number 9 9 page 16; Volume II, Number 6, page 7). The publications are designed to provide the reader with a general picture of these two areas of Antarctic geology. They will
be available during the suniner. SHIP OPERATIONS
On 13 June (2030), USS EDISTO (AGB.-2) returned to the operational contro] of the Commander Service Squadron FOUR. EDISTO was the last ship to leave thE operational control of the Commander, U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, after completing operations for DEEP FREEZE 61. 30
INDEX TO VOLUME II BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES ANTARCTIC PROJECTS OFFICER The following index has been prepared from author, title, and subtitle headings to articles which have appeared in the ten issues and three supple.. ments of Volume II of the Bulletin. The entries have been listed alphabetically by subject, and, where necessary, the titles, etc., have been trans.. posed to place them under the proper subject. Cross references are given in those. instances where it was felt they were necessary. Acquisitions List of Antarctic Cartogra-. phic Materials, 9-21. Acquisitions; see Library/Map Collection, Additions to. Addison, Wing Coinnander Warwick, RAAF, 5-15, 9-6. Aerial Photography, DEEP FREEZE 61 9 1-151 5-6, 9-15. Aircraft Operations (and weather), 6-2. Aircraft, World's largest, in Antarctic Operation, 3-10. Air Development Squadron SIX (VX-6), 1-89 4-20; Summary of DEEP FREEZE 61 Operations, 9-10. Air drop, First DEEP FREEZE 61, 3-14; for summary, see C-124, Summary of 1960 Operations. Air Force (U.S.) Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, 5-3. Airlifts The, 4-19. Air Operations, 1-8, 3-1; First "on the ice", 2-2. SS Alameda, 8-30. USNS ALATNA (TAOG-81) 9 1-3 1 13-5 1 8-17. Alberts, Fred G. (author), Notes on Antarctic Names Approved by the Board on Geographic Names, 7-13. Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, 1-7, 7-8. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, 1-10, 13-1, 3-12; Summer Operations begin at, 3-14; Projects 1961, 6-23; Winter Party, 8-14; A Day at the South Pole Station by Paul A. Siple, 3-15. Amundsen Sea Expedition; see Amundsen SeaBellingshausen Sea Expedition. Analysis Center, International Antarctic, United States Participation, 4-6. Antarctica, by Emil Sohuithess, 3-3.1. Antarctican Society, 9-23. Argentina-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Dater, Lopez. Argentine Navy-U. S. Navy Program, 3-9. USS ARNEB (AKA-56) 9 1-4, 13-6 1 8-18, 9-24. Al2nospherio-000anio-GlaciologiO Interaction in an Antarctic Interdisciplinary Research Program, 4-6.
Aurora and Airglow, 1-16. Australia-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Addison, Beaman, Hays. Baziinan, Captain M. P., 5-15 9 9-16. Beardmore, Naval Auxiliary Air Paoility, 1-12, 5-22. Belgian-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Black, Van Bellinghn Bellingshausen Sea Expedition; see Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, Benes, Norman S., 3-12. Bentley, Charles R., 1-15. "Biological Clocks", UCLA Team Studies, 9-1. Biological and Medical Sciences, 1-16. Biology, 10-18.
Birds (of) and other Antarctic Animals, by Carl R. Eklund, 8-9. Black, Dr. Richard B. (Rear Admiral, USNR, Ret.), 4-3.1 9 9-18. Boxell, Walter L., 4-14, 9-9. Breokinridge, John G., 3-12. Briesemeister, William A. (author), The American Geographical Society's Map of Antarctica, 5-8. Brosnahan, Commander James J., USN, 1-12. Byrd-Pole Traverse, 1-14 9 5-18 (Byrd-Pole: Task, Group 43.4); Scientific Program, 9-22.
Byrd-Pole: Task Group 43.4 1 5-18. Byrd Station, 1-10 9 13-2, 3-12; Projects 1961 9 6-23; Winter Party, 8-14; Net Byrd Station, 6-13 9 9-19. Carbon Dioxide, Abundance of, in the Atmosphere in Antarctica, 4-6. Cargo, DEEP FREEZE 61 9 3-15; Shipborne, 8-16. Cartography, 10-20; see also Geodesy and Cartography Cartography, Antarctic, 1961 9 5-1.
Cayeux (Cailleux), Andre de, 5-16 9 9-7. Charts, New, Published, 5-7. Chile-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Danyau. Christchurch (photographs), 7-28. Chronology, Antarctic, 1960-61, 2-14, 3-16, 4-25, 5-32 9 6-24 9 7-25, 9-26. Citation Awarded to Bellingshausen Sea Expedition Personnel, 5-29.
31
Coal Bed, Good Quality, Found, 9-4. CunioatiOfl5 Facilities Improvement Program, 6-18 9 9-19. Construction, Station, 9-20. Cooperative Research Program with Chile, U. S. Scientists begin, 4..7. Coemic Rays, 1-17. Crary, Albert P., 1-14; (author) A Day on the Over-Snow Traverse, 2-31 8-124 Globemaster, 13-11. C-124 Operations, Sunary of 1960, 4-19. C-130BL Hercules, 13-12 9 9-3.1; Navy Acoepts First Ski-130 9 2-4;0.., a Record of Aoocinplisheent, 5-30. "Di Ice", 4-1. Danyau, Lieutenant Colonel Herman , 5-169 9-6. Dater, Dr. Henry M., 4-3.1 1 9-8. Davis, Captain John, and First Landing on the Antarctic Continent, by Edouard A. Stackpole, 7-1. DEEP FREEZE 61, Operation, 1-1, 10-2. DEEP FREEZE 62 Volunteers Solicited, 3-4.. Dental Research Program, DEEP FREEZE 609 Report of the, by Lieutenant John S. Lindsay, DC, USN, 7-23. Deployment, 2-1, Drury, L. David, 3-12. USCGC EASTWIND (wAGB-279), 1-4, 18-10, 8-19. USS EDISTO (AGB-2), 1-5 9 18-10, 9+21 9 9-259 changes oand, 4-23. Eights Coast, Flight to, 4-21. Eklund, Carl R. (author), Of Birds and other Antarctic Animals 8-9. Ellsworth, 1-13, 3-12; Relieved, 5-22. EUs'vorth Highland Traverse, 1-15 9 5-23, 7-20. Envirormental Monitoring Program, 6-13. Evacuation (the) of Leonid Kuperov from Byrd Station, April 1961, 8-1. Evans, Comi'uder Griffith C., Jr., USNR, 4-23. Field Party Marooned, 7-10. FinklR.ng, John W., 4-15, 9-9. Fire destroys two McMurdo buildings, 6-7. First Month, tha t 3-1. Fish Story, An Antarctic, 4-9. Fold, Coamander Bernard G., USN, 1-5. Foreign Observer Exchange Program, 3-89 4-3.1 9 5-15, 9..6. France-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Cayeux, Watkins. Geodesy and Cartography, 1-18, 2-12. Geological Survey (U. 5.), 5-4; Topographic Mapping in Antarctica by that 7-27. Geologists, Ohio State, Investigate Horlicl: Mountains, 9..2. Geology, 1-18, 2-12 9 10-20. Gentile, Peter A., 1-13. GeinmAgritiam, 1-18.
Gil]aor, C. 3t.rt, Jr., 4-15. uss OiCEER (AOB-4) 9 1-5 9 13-7, 8-23. Glaoiolog, 3-18, 2-13, 10-23. Grants, National Science Foundation, 1.21, 2-13. USNS GREENVILlE VICTORY (TAX-237), i-I, 13-8 9 5-35 0 8-24. Hallett Station, 1-11, 13-3, 3-12; First Flight to, 3-13; Projects 11619 6-23; Winter Party, 8-14. Harm, Ben W., 3-12. Havola, Major Antero, USA, 1-14. Hays, James R., 4-11 0 9-8. Helicopter Crashes, 7-11. Helicopter, Shipboard, 1-9; Operations, 9-25. 11043-3 1 18-16. HUL-1, 13-16. Hunnicutt, Captain James L, USN, 1-4. HUS-lA, 13-15, 9-14. loebreakera, Past and Present, 2-5. Insects and Mites Discovered Adjacent to Polar Ice Cap, 9-3, International Cooperation in Antarotioa, 3-8. (International Cooperation) Programs, Other, 3-10. Ionospheric Physics, 1-19. Japan.,Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Boxell. Jones, Dr • Thomas 0. 9 1-2. Kelly, Lieutenant Joseph As MC, USN, 1-11. Kuperov, L1eonid, The Evacuation of, from Byrd Station, April 1961, 8-1. Landfall, 7-8. Larson, Ctm'der Wesley i., USN, 1-7. Legislation, Antarctic, 1961, 9-22. Library Collection, Additions to that 43-1 9 5-36 9 6-28 9 7-29 9 8-6 9 9-28. Lindsay, Lieutenant John S.,' DC, USN (author) Report on the Dental Research Program, DEEP FREEZE 60, 7-23. Little Rookford, Naval Auxiliary Air Facility, 1-12; reopened, 3-13. Lopez Ainbrosioni, Lieutenant Nestor D., ARA, 5-15 9 9-6. MAGNET Project, 1-13 9 3-3. Malone, T. W., 8-25. Map Collection, Additions to the, 43-119 5-38, 6-30 9 7..30. Map of Antarctica, The American Geographioa]. Society's, by William A. Briesemeister, 5-8. Mapping, Topographic, in Antarctica, 7-27. },tat.rnity, Operation, 5-14. McDonald, Captain Edwin A., USN, 1-7. MoMurdo-Pole Traverse, 1-14, 5-24, 7-18, McMurdo Sound, Naval Air Faoility, 1-129 ].5-4 9 3-12; October Weather, 3-4; Map, 4-12; Projects 1961 9 6-23; Winter Party, 8-14.
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Meteorology, 1-19, 2-13 9 10-23. Meteorology Programs, 1961, 4-5. Meteorology, Some Remarks on Antarctic, by H. Waxier and M. J. Rubin, 4-2. Meteorological Program, Navy, 4-7, Meteorological Research at the Navy Weather Research Facility by Task 16Research Division, Navy Weather Research Facility, 6-5, Meteorological Research Program, Antarctic, 4-5. Meyer, George H., 3-12. Military Air Transport Service, Ninth Troop Carrier Squadron, 1-9; see also C-124. Mirabito, Commander T. A., USNR, Weather and its Effects on Antarctic Opera- tions, 6-I. Month (The) ,On-The-Ice, 4-19. Mortensen, Knud T., 1-6. Naab, Captain Joseph W., USCG, 1-4. Names Amended, 7-17. Names, Antarctic, Approved by the Board on Geographic Names, Supplementary List, Number 1, 33-1. Names Approved in Eastern Antarctica, 7-16. Names Approved in the Sentinel Range and Ellsworth Mountains, 7-15. Names, Notes on Antarctic, Approved bythe Board on Geographic Names, by Fred G. Alberta, 7-13. Names Vacated, 7-17. Nationa.]. Science Foundation Establishes Office of Antarctic Programs, 10-30. Navy (u. S.) Hydrographic Office, 5.-5. Netterberg, Commander Charles 3. F, SAN,
5-17, 9-7.
New Byrd Station; see Byrd Station. New ZeiiiRd (photographs), 7-28. Nielsen, Alfred P., 1-6. Ninth Troop Carrier Squadron; see Military Air Transport Service, C-124. Nuclear Power Plant, McMurdo, 6-8, 9-19; Contracted, 2-3.1. Observer Reports (Published), 4-8, 9-9. Observers; see Foreign Observer Exchange Program, countries, names of observers.
Oceanography, 1-19 9 2-139 10-23.
O'Ragen, Lieutenant Robert IL., USCG, 4.44, 9-9. OrientationSession 1960, U. S. Antarctic Research Program, by Philip M. Smith,
2-9.
Other Activities, 4-24. Otter Activity, 5-34, PETRARCA; See USNS PRIVATE DRANK X. PETRARCA
(TAx-25o).
SS Pioneer Gem, 8-29. SS Pioneer Isle, 8-29. Plaque, Operation DEEP FREEZE, 5-28.
PM3& Nuclear Power Plant; see Lulear Power Plant. 35 Port Brisbane, 8-29. Porter, Commander Philip W., Jr., USN, 1-5, SS Port Lincoln, 8-29. Press, Members of the, 4-17, 9-18, Projects 1961, 6-8, 9-19. USNS PRIVATE FRANK 3. PETRARCA (TAK-250),
3-11, 8-30.
(TAx-240), 1-16, 13-8, 8-25. Publications Issued, 7-7; ..To be Issued, P2V-7 Neptune, 13-13, 9-13, Real Estate, Antarctic, 3.-15. Rendezvous, 7h,8, Roadways, Compacted Snow, 6-22. Roberts, Dr. Brian, 5-17, 9-7. USNS PRIVATE. JOHN R. TOWT.E
10-30.
Rubin, LL, J. and H. Waxier, (authors), Some Remarks on Antarotic Meteorology, 4-2. Runways and Skiways, Preparation of, 6-20. R4D- 5 and R4D-8 Dakotas, 13-13, 9-13. R4D Retrieved from Horlick Mountains, 5-31, R5D-3 Skymaster, 18+14, 9-12. R7V-1 Super Constellation, 13-14, 9-13. Sohuitheas, Emil, Antarctica by, 3-3.1. Science During DEEP FREEZE 61, 9-1. Science in Antarctica, 7-241 Scientific Exchange Program, 1961, 3.-99 4-15. Scientific Investigations (Traverse), 5-25. Scientific Leaders, 1961, 3-12. Scientific Program, 1961, 1-16-2-12 9 10-18. Scientific Studies Begin, 7.-8. Seismology, 1-20, 10-24. Ship Operations, 1-3, 2-15 9 3..2, 4-22 9 8-169 9-24, 10-30. Ship Operations (and Weather), 6-1. Ships, Other, 8-29. Ships' Schedules, 4-23.
53 Sierra, 8-30.
Siple, Paul A. (author), A Day at the South Pole Station, 3-5. Sleds, 13-19. Smith, Philip U. (author), U. S. Antarctic Research Program Orientation Session
1960, 2-9.
Sno-Cats, 13-18. Some Songs of the South Pole, 5-35, South Africa-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Netterberg, O'Hagan. South Pole Station; see Amundsen-Scott South Pole Statioi. Stackpole, Edouard A. (author), Captain John Davis and the First Landing on the Antarctic Continent, 7-1, Staff Notes, 2-11, 4-8, 5-30, 6-7 9 9-20, USS STATEN ISLAND (AGB-5) 9 1-6 9 13-10,
5-27 9 8-26, 9-25.
Station Cooperation, 3-9. Station Operations, 1-10.
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Antárotio Stations Op.z'stiflg During the Austral Winter, 1961, 10-27. Swartz, Lieutenant Philip K., Jr., USN, MC, 1-10. Task 164eaearch Division, Navy Weather Research Facility (author), Meteorologioa]. Research at the Navy Weather Research Facility, 6-5, THAW, Operation, 7-17. TIROS II in Operation DEEP FREEZE, 5-35. Titus, Robert W., 3-12. Toward the Amundson Sea, 7-11. TOVJIE; see USNS PRIVATE JOHN R. TOWJ.E (TAK-237). Tractors, Caterpillar, 18-17, Tractor Operations (and Weather), 6-3. Tra i ning Program, Antarctic Support Activity, 2-8. Traverse, A Day on the Over-Snow, by Albert P. Crary, 2-3. Traverse Operations, 1-14, 5-23; Parties, 4-21; Airlifted, 5-25. Treaty, The Antarctic, 1-2, 3-11. Tyree, Rear Admiral David M., USN, 1-2. UC-1 Otter, 13-15, 9-14. United Kingdom-Foreign Observer Exchange Program; see Finklang, Roberts.
"United States (The) in the Antarctic, 1820-1960", 2-2. Upper Atmospheric Physics, 10-26. Van Bel1i-'gben, Jean-Paul, 5-16 9 9-6. Visitors, Antarctic, 4-15, 9-18. VX-6; see Air Development Squadron SIX ('11-6). Walk, Lieutenant Donald R., MC, USN, 1-11. Water Vapor in the Antarctic, Study of the Vertical Profile of, 4-6. Water, Warn, Found. in Frozen Lakes, 9-4. Watkins, Captain William W., Jr., USA, CnlC, 4-14 9 9-8. Wayward Ice I, 7-2; II, 7-26; III, 8-5.. Weasel, 18-19. Weather and Its Effects on Antarctic Operations, by Commander X. A. Mirabito, USNR, 6-1. Weather Stations, Automatic, 1-13 (photograph), 6-4, 9-23. Wexler, H., and M. J. Rubin (authors), Some Remarks on Antarctic Meteorolo, 4-2. USS VIIIROITE (DER-397) 9 1-7 9 1S-9 9 8-28. Wilkes Station, 1-13 9 3-12; Relieved, 5-22. Williams Field, NAP McMurdo Sound, during Snow Removal (photograph), 4-10. Willis, Lieutenant Commander Charles H., USN, 1-7. Winter Parties, Operation DEEP FREEZE, 8-11.
ERRATA The following errors have been called to the attention of the Bulletin: In Number 8 9 page 13 9 the total number of personnel for DEEP FREEZE
61 should be 202, rather than 207.
In Number 9, page 9, line 1, "on 28 January" should read "on 28 December." In Number 9 9 page 13 9 line 25, "(five between" should read "(four between."
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