Landfill Management
Design, operation and closure of a non hazardous landfill in compliance with requirements of Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC and Council Decision 2003/33/EC Michael Bergin, Greenstar Ltd 7th May 2009 Information Exchange and Awareness Raising Event on the application of Community Legislation on Landfill of Waste
Introduction - KTK Landfill (WL0081-03) •First non-hazardous landfill in Ireland to be designed, operated, closed and now reinstated and managed in aftercare under conditions of Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC and Council Decision 2003/33/EC •Located in Co. Kildare 40km SW of Dublin in a exhausted sand & gravel pit •Opened December 1999. Restoration commenced in October 2008 •Non hazardous landfill for commercial & industrial wastes with licensed disposal of bonded construction materials containing asbestos •No food or green waste accepted •16 ha, 6 phases, 3 hydraulic catchments •275,000 tpa, C&I & C&D wastes. •2.42 Mt disposed incl 31,569 tonnes asbestos and 4,622 tonnes gypsum in isolated separate cells. •ISO 14001 Certified since Dec 2005 – fully compliant •Fully compliant EPA audits – 3 years running
•waste acceptance procedures •EU Commission audited waste acceptance procedures
Design – Landfill Containment Landfill containment basal lining system design comprised the following; •Formation level in native overburden >3m above water table •Lining system with basal liner at gradients of 1:100 and 1:50 comprising 1m of compacted clays with max permeability of 1x10-9 m/s overlain by 2mm thick HDPE overlain by non-woven geotextile. •Leachate drainage blanket comprising 200mm diameter perforated HDPE collection pipe work laid within 500mm thick drainage stone layer with min permeability of 1 1x10-3 m/s.
Design – Ancillary Infrastructure Ancillary infrastructure incorporated into design comprised the following; •Paved access roads •Offices and car park •Surface water management infrastructure •Weighbridge system •Services including back up electrical supply •Wheel wash system •Continuous monitoring, data management and telemetry systems •Leachate management infrastructure including extraction and storage •Waste inspection and quarantine infrastructure •Landfill gas management infrastructure including collection, flaring and utilisation
Design – Site Layout
Construction – Quality Assurance Construction of the site was completed as follows; Landfill Phase
Construction Period
1
1999
2
2000
3
2001
4A
2002
4B
2002
5A
2002
5B
2003
6
2006
All containment systems constructed as per landfill directive and licence requirements with construction quality assurance validation and EPA sign off before waste placement •Clay Compaction curves. Permeability V Dry Density and Moisture Content •Clay dry density determinations •Clay permeability testing •HDPE Classification •HDPE weld testing (destructive and non-destructive) •HDPE electrical leak location survey •Leachate drainage stone cylinder testing and particle size distributions
Construction – Basal Containment
Waste Acceptance Procedures EPA Audited Procedures Compliant with Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of Waste - Article 11 Waste Acceptance Procedures - Annex II Waste Acceptance Criteria and Procedures - Council Decision 2003/33/EC establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at Landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC Only pre-treated wastes accepted – MRF, Source segregation, stabilised, etc National Waste Lists – European Waste Catalogue and Hazardous Waste List
Waste Acceptance – General Procedures Level 1- Basic Characterisation Producer responsibility Chemical analysis & leachability testing MSDS Hazardous Waste Classification Tool. No testing of non-hazardous Cat 20 wastes required. Testing on batch basis for wastes not regularly generated Annual testing for regularly occurring wastes from the same process. Difficulties:
Producer knowledge Mirror images – scope of testing Property testing very time consuming & impracticable for wastes regularly generated but of varying composition Certain wastes classified as non-hazardous using hazardous waste classification tool fail limit values. EG spent activated carbon failing DOC limit
Waste Acceptance – General Procedures Level 2 - Compliance Testing Landfill operator responsibility Loads diverted to inspection area Analysis as per basic characterisation. Testing not required for waste not regularly generated Annual testing for regularly occurring wastes from the same process. Data recording
Level 3 - On site Verification Document checks Weighbridge inspection (CCTV) Disposal location inspection. Data recording. Special wastes – Gypsum wastes, construction material containing bonded asbestos – isolated engineered cells
Waste Acceptance Criteria Landfill Class
Limit Values
Inert Landfills
Leaching limit values for inert waste
Non-Hazardous Landfill
Leaching limit values for nonhazardous waste accepted in same cell as stable nonreactive hazardous waste Leaching limit values for hazardous waste accepted at non-hazardous landfill
Hazardous Landfill
Difficulties:
Leaching limit values for hazardous waste
Limit values set for non-hazardous waste accepted in a nonhazardous landfill Testing methods to be determined by member states Criteria for monolithic wastes to be set by member states
Waste Acceptance Procedures – Waste Characterisation Waste needing characterisation Does the waste feature in the Hazardous Waste List? No
Yes
Is the waste otherwise prescribed as hazardous or not acceptable?
Possibly a hazardous waste
No
Determine analysis required
Non-hazardous/inert waste
Complete analysis
Visually check & if necessary analyse
Assign EWC/HWL Codes
Assign EWC/HWL Codes
Hazardous Waste
Non-hazardous Waste
Inert Waste
EPA Audited Waste Acceptance Procedures Waste arriving at Weighbridge
On Site Verification: Documentation Check
Unsatisfactory
Satisfactory
Scheduled for Verification Testing?
No
Yes
On Site Verification: Initial visual Check
Discuss with waste producer/carrier
Obtain further information or check
Satisfactory?
No
Yes
Further checking needed
Weighing of waste load
Direct to Waste Inspection Area Compliance Testing: Carry out visual, odour, contamination, pH, flammability tests if considered necessary
To working face
Decide appropriate action and record
On Site Verification: Check waste after unloading
Compliance Testing: Sample and analyse waste if required
Conforming ? Yes
Yes
Conforming ?
No No
Return Waste to Producer/Carri
Alternative Disposal/Recove ry
Disposal On Site
Isolate the nonconforming t
Operation – Waste Acceptance
Typical working face 35m wide 3m high and 1:3 gradient Typical dry commercial and industrial waste
Operation – Gypsum Waste Acceptance
Operation – Nuisance Control
Operation – Leachate Management
Operation – Odour Management Types of Odour –
Waste Landfill gas
Waste Odour Musty decay odour – Buffer zone (not usually detectable >50m) Daily cover Woodchip odour abatement layer Spraying waste with odour neutraliser (particularly odours loads) Site perimeter odour neutraliser dispersion system (high pressure atomiser – design is critical)
Operation – Odour Management
Operation – Odour Management Landfill Gas Odour H2S and VOC’s give landfill gas its characteristic odour
Methods of Landfill Gas Odour Reduction Multiple point vacuum application – ensures adequate distribution Plan filling –
sacrificial extraction wells
Horizontal extraction wells Daily cover -
require no surface piping if can be connected to perimeter main.
Ensure no perched leachate (poor gas extraction)
Temporary cover –
minimum 0.5m low permeability material
Well field balancing -
Quality and flow measurements at every well to ensure optimum gas extraction
Operation – Odour Management Contingencies –
Back up of power supply Stocking spare critical components Standby flaring capacity
Determination of passive emissions – LFG flux measurements Methane equivalent VOC’s Planning well installations Location for sacrificial wells Identification of hot spots
Operation – Landfill Gas Extraction
Operation – Landfill Gas Collection
Operation – Landfill Gas Utilisation
Operation - Communications
Operation – Training & Awareness
Restoration Scheduled to commence June 2009 and completed in 3 stages by Sept 2011. The final capping will comprise the following from the restored surface down: •A final topsoil layer ca.150mm layer thick overlying •A ca. 550 mm thick layer of subsoil overlying •A protective layer ca300mm thick of screened subsoil layer overlying •A geocomposite drainage layer with a transmissivity equivalent to a layer 0.5m with a minimum hydraulic conductivity of 1x10-4 m/s, or similar overlying •A 1mm LLDPE double textured geomembrane, with a permeability no less than 1x10-9 m/s or similar, overlying and regulating/gas collection layer.
Restoration
Restoration
Restoration
Restoration
Aftercare Aftercare environmental monitoring and management Leachate management (extraction, onsite pre-treatment, off site disposal) Surface water management system maintenance Landscaping – post settlement Landfill gas extraction system balancing and maintenance Operation of landfill gas utilization and flaring plant Decommissioning landfill gas utilisation plant Decommission gas flares and gas extraction system Decommission leachate management infrastructure
The End
Thank You
Introduction - KTK Landfill (WL0081-03) •First non-hazardous landfill in Ireland to be designed, operated, closed and now reinstated and managed in aftercare under conditions of Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC and Council Decision 2003/33/EC •Located in Co. Kildare 40km SW of Dublin in a exhausted sand & gravel pit •Opened December 1999. Restoration commenced in October 2008 •Non hazardous landfill for commercial & industrial wastes with licensed disposal of bonded construction materials containing asbestos •No food or green waste accepted •16 ha, 6 phases, 3 hydraulic catchments •275,000 tpa, C&I & C&D wastes. •2.42 Mt disposed incl 31,569 tonnes asbestos and 4,622 tonnes gypsum in isolated separate cells. •ISO 14001 Certified since Dec 2005 – fully compliant •Fully compliant EPA audits – 3 years running
•waste acceptance procedures •EU Commission audited waste acceptance procedures
Design – Landfill Containment Landfill containment basal lining system design comprised the following; •Formation level in native overburden >3m above water table •Lining system with basal liner at gradients of 1:100 and 1:50 comprising 1m of compacted clays with max permeability of 1x10-9 m/s overlain by 2mm thick HDPE overlain by non-woven geotextile. •Leachate drainage blanket comprising 200mm diameter perforated HDPE collection pipe work laid within 500mm thick drainage stone layer with min permeability of 1 1x10-3 m/s.
Design – Ancillary Infrastructure Ancillary infrastructure incorporated into design comprised the following; •Paved access roads •Offices and car park •Surface water management infrastructure •Weighbridge system •Services including back up electrical supply •Wheel wash system •Continuous monitoring, data management and telemetry systems •Leachate management infrastructure including extraction and storage •Waste inspection and quarantine infrastructure •Landfill gas management infrastructure including collection, flaring and utilisation
Design – Site Layout
Construction – Quality Assurance Construction of the site was completed as follows; Landfill Phase
Construction Period
1
1999
2
2000
3
2001
4A
2002
4B
2002
5A
2002
5B
2003
6
2006
All containment systems constructed as per landfill directive and licence requirements with construction quality assurance validation and EPA sign off before waste placement •Clay Compaction curves. Permeability V Dry Density and Moisture Content •Clay dry density determinations •Clay permeability testing •HDPE Classification •HDPE weld testing (destructive and non-destructive) •HDPE electrical leak location survey •Leachate drainage stone cylinder testing and particle size distributions
Construction – Basal Containment
Waste Acceptance Procedures EPA Audited Procedures Compliant with Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of Waste - Article 11 Waste Acceptance Procedures - Annex II Waste Acceptance Criteria and Procedures - Council Decision 2003/33/EC establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at Landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC Only pre-treated wastes accepted – MRF, Source segregation, stabilised, etc National Waste Lists – European Waste Catalogue and Hazardous Waste List
Waste Acceptance – General Procedures Level 1- Basic Characterisation Producer responsibility Chemical analysis & leachability testing MSDS Hazardous Waste Classification Tool. No testing of non-hazardous Cat 20 wastes required. Testing on batch basis for wastes not regularly generated Annual testing for regularly occurring wastes from the same process. Difficulties:
Producer knowledge Mirror images – scope of testing Property testing very time consuming & impracticable for wastes regularly generated but of varying composition Certain wastes classified as non-hazardous using hazardous waste classification tool fail limit values. EG spent activated carbon failing DOC limit
Waste Acceptance – General Procedures Level 2 - Compliance Testing Landfill operator responsibility Loads diverted to inspection area Analysis as per basic characterisation. Testing not required for waste not regularly generated Annual testing for regularly occurring wastes from the same process. Data recording
Level 3 - On site Verification Document checks Weighbridge inspection (CCTV) Disposal location inspection. Data recording. Special wastes – Gypsum wastes, construction material containing bonded asbestos – isolated engineered cells
Waste Acceptance Criteria Landfill Class
Limit Values
Inert Landfills
Leaching limit values for inert waste
Non-Hazardous Landfill
Leaching limit values for nonhazardous waste accepted in same cell as stable nonreactive hazardous waste Leaching limit values for hazardous waste accepted at non-hazardous landfill
Hazardous Landfill
Difficulties:
Leaching limit values for hazardous waste
Limit values set for non-hazardous waste accepted in a nonhazardous landfill Testing methods to be determined by member states Criteria for monolithic wastes to be set by member states
Waste Acceptance Procedures – Waste Characterisation Waste needing characterisation Does the waste feature in the Hazardous Waste List? No
Yes
Is the waste otherwise prescribed as hazardous or not acceptable?
Possibly a hazardous waste
No
Determine analysis required
Non-hazardous/inert waste
Complete analysis
Visually check & if necessary analyse
Assign EWC/HWL Codes
Assign EWC/HWL Codes
Hazardous Waste
Non-hazardous Waste
Inert Waste
EPA Audited Waste Acceptance Procedures Waste arriving at Weighbridge
On Site Verification: Documentation Check
Unsatisfactory
Satisfactory
Scheduled for Verification Testing?
No
Yes
On Site Verification: Initial visual Check
Discuss with waste producer/carrier
Obtain further information or check
Satisfactory?
No
Yes
Further checking needed
Weighing of waste load
Direct to Waste Inspection Area Compliance Testing: Carry out visual, odour, contamination, pH, flammability tests if considered necessary
To working face
Decide appropriate action and record
On Site Verification: Check waste after unloading
Compliance Testing: Sample and analyse waste if required
Conforming ? Yes
Yes
Conforming ?
No No
Return Waste to Producer/Carri
Alternative Disposal/Recove ry
Disposal On Site
Isolate the nonconforming t
Operation – Waste Acceptance
Typical working face 35m wide 3m high and 1:3 gradient Typical dry commercial and industrial waste
Operation – Gypsum Waste Acceptance
Operation – Nuisance Control
Operation – Leachate Management
Operation – Odour Management Types of Odour –
Waste Landfill gas
Waste Odour Musty decay odour – Buffer zone (not usually detectable >50m) Daily cover Woodchip odour abatement layer Spraying waste with odour neutraliser (particularly odours loads) Site perimeter odour neutraliser dispersion system (high pressure atomiser – design is critical)
Operation – Odour Management
Operation – Odour Management Landfill Gas Odour H2S and VOC’s give landfill gas its characteristic odour
Methods of Landfill Gas Odour Reduction Multiple point vacuum application – ensures adequate distribution Plan filling –
sacrificial extraction wells
Horizontal extraction wells Daily cover -
require no surface piping if can be connected to perimeter main.
Ensure no perched leachate (poor gas extraction)
Temporary cover –
minimum 0.5m low permeability material
Well field balancing -
Quality and flow measurements at every well to ensure optimum gas extraction
Operation – Odour Management Contingencies –
Back up of power supply Stocking spare critical components Standby flaring capacity
Determination of passive emissions – LFG flux measurements Methane equivalent VOC’s Planning well installations Location for sacrificial wells Identification of hot spots
Operation – Landfill Gas Extraction
Operation – Landfill Gas Collection
Operation – Landfill Gas Utilisation
Operation - Communications
Operation – Training & Awareness
Restoration Scheduled to commence June 2009 and completed in 3 stages by Sept 2011. The final capping will comprise the following from the restored surface down: •A final topsoil layer ca.150mm layer thick overlying •A ca. 550 mm thick layer of subsoil overlying •A protective layer ca300mm thick of screened subsoil layer overlying •A geocomposite drainage layer with a transmissivity equivalent to a layer 0.5m with a minimum hydraulic conductivity of 1x10-4 m/s, or similar overlying •A 1mm LLDPE double textured geomembrane, with a permeability no less than 1x10-9 m/s or similar, overlying and regulating/gas collection layer.
Restoration
Restoration
Restoration
Restoration
Aftercare Aftercare environmental monitoring and management Leachate management (extraction, onsite pre-treatment, off site disposal) Surface water management system maintenance Landscaping – post settlement Landfill gas extraction system balancing and maintenance Operation of landfill gas utilization and flaring plant Decommissioning landfill gas utilisation plant Decommission gas flares and gas extraction system Decommission leachate management infrastructure
The End
Thank You
