Lecture Notes
Prejudice
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Intergroup Conflict • Sherif et al.’s (1961) Robbers Cave Study • Competition between the two groups of boys led to hostility and conflict. • Only through superordinate goals was peace restored between the two groups.
• Simplest explanation for many intergroup conflicts is competition.
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Realistic Conflict Theory • The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources. • The competition for resources may be more imagined than real. • People may become resentful of other groups because of a sense of relative deprivation • belief that one fares poorly in relation to others
• Even if not personally threatened, perceptions of threat to group can trigger prejudice.
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Figure 5.6: Social Identity Theory
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Basic Predictions of Social Identity Theory • Two basic predictions emerge from SIT: • 1. Threats to one’s self-esteem heighten the need for in-group favoritism. • 2. Expressions of in-group favoritism enhance one’s self-esteem.
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Figure 5.6: Self-Esteem and Prejudice
Fein & Spencer, 1997.
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Sexism
Prejudice and Discrimination Based on a Person’s Gender
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Media Images and Popular Culture • Sociocultural factors foster male-female distinctions in many ways. • Media depictions can influence viewers, even without their realizing it.
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Figure 5.8: Eagly’s Social Role Theory of Gender Stereotypes
-men and women behave in ways that fit the roles they have been prescribed -gender
stereotypes are a function of the roles men and women occupy Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Ambivalent Sexism • Consists of two elements: • 1. Hostile sexism: • characterized by negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, values and ability to challenge men’s power.
• 2. Benevolent sexism: • characterized by affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing feelings of women needing and deserving protection.
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Figure 5.9: Hostile Sexism Across Countries
Data from Glick, based on author correspondence.
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Racism
Prejudice and Discrimination Based on a Person’s Racial Background
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Where Racism Exists • At the individual level • Any one can be racist toward anyone else.
• At the institutional and cultural levels • Some people are privileged while others are discriminated against.
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Implicit Racism • Form of prejudice that lies beneath conscious • Implicit racism can skew judgments, feelings, and behaviours
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Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination
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Table 5.7: The Contact Hypothesis: Critical Conditions
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5-
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Intergroup Conflict • Sherif et al.’s (1961) Robbers Cave Study • Competition between the two groups of boys led to hostility and conflict. • Only through superordinate goals was peace restored between the two groups.
• Simplest explanation for many intergroup conflicts is competition.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Realistic Conflict Theory • The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources. • The competition for resources may be more imagined than real. • People may become resentful of other groups because of a sense of relative deprivation • belief that one fares poorly in relation to others
• Even if not personally threatened, perceptions of threat to group can trigger prejudice.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Figure 5.6: Social Identity Theory
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Basic Predictions of Social Identity Theory • Two basic predictions emerge from SIT: • 1. Threats to one’s self-esteem heighten the need for in-group favoritism. • 2. Expressions of in-group favoritism enhance one’s self-esteem.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Figure 5.6: Self-Esteem and Prejudice
Fein & Spencer, 1997.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Sexism
Prejudice and Discrimination Based on a Person’s Gender
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Media Images and Popular Culture • Sociocultural factors foster male-female distinctions in many ways. • Media depictions can influence viewers, even without their realizing it.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Figure 5.8: Eagly’s Social Role Theory of Gender Stereotypes
-men and women behave in ways that fit the roles they have been prescribed -gender
stereotypes are a function of the roles men and women occupy Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Ambivalent Sexism • Consists of two elements: • 1. Hostile sexism: • characterized by negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, values and ability to challenge men’s power.
• 2. Benevolent sexism: • characterized by affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing feelings of women needing and deserving protection.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Figure 5.9: Hostile Sexism Across Countries
Data from Glick, based on author correspondence.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Racism
Prejudice and Discrimination Based on a Person’s Racial Background
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Where Racism Exists • At the individual level • Any one can be racist toward anyone else.
• At the institutional and cultural levels • Some people are privileged while others are discriminated against.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Implicit Racism • Form of prejudice that lies beneath conscious • Implicit racism can skew judgments, feelings, and behaviours
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
Table 5.7: The Contact Hypothesis: Critical Conditions
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
5-
