Mineralogy Exam Review Lecture 1 Mineral -Naturally occurring solid ...
Mineralogy Exam Review Lecture 1 Mineral
-Naturally occurring solid with highly ordered atomic arrangement and a definite chemical formula. Usually formed by inorganic processes. -Highly ordered atomic arrangement=long range 3d internal order of atoms -Crystalline Solids
Crystals
-Bounded by smooth plane surfaces, assume regular geometric forms.
Crystal Form -Outward appearace Crystal Morphology -Internal structure Form
-Specific combination of crystal faces.
Crystal Habit -General shape of crystal (distorted, elongated, stocky) Euhedral = well developed Subhedral = partially developed Anhedral = not developed Luster
-Metallic, Vitreous, Resinous, Pearly, Greasy, Silky, Adamantine
Flourescence -emmision of light during exposure from UV or X-rays Phosphorescence –emission of light AFTER exposure Cleavage
-Tendancy of minerals to break parallel to atomic planes
Parting
-Breaking along planes of weakness produced by pression, or twinning.
Fracture
-The way minerals break when there is no cleavage or parting -Conchoidal, Fibrous, Hackly, Uneven
Hardness
-Resistance of a mineral’s surface to scratching
Tenacity
-Resistance of mineral to breaking, crushing, bending, tearing Brittle, Ductile, Flexible, Malleable, Elastic
Specific Gravity
-ratio between weight of material vs weight of water
Paramagnetic
-Attracted to magnetic field
Dimagnetic
- Not attracted to magnet
Mineralogy Exam Review
Lecture 2 S (2) P (6) D (10) F (14) orbitals Electronegativity
-ability of an atom to attract electrons
Chemical Bonds Ionic -Electrical. Strong. High Symmetry. Covalent -Sharing Electrons, single, double, triple bonds. Metallic -Free electons. Good conductivity, ductile. Van der Waals -Weakest (graphite). Polar Hydrogen -Stronger than above, but polar Paulings Rules -Rc/Ra = coordination #. Cation-anion distance = sum of radii -Strength of bond = valence/CN# (eg [6]Na(1+) = +1/6) -Structure will be stable if sum of bonds = charge of anion -Sharing of edges/faces means weak structure Crystallography Crystallography
=Study of crystalline solids & the principles that govern their growth, external shape, and internal structure.
Morphology
=Internal arrangement of atoms and the internal symmetry.
Motif
-Fundamental part of a symmetric design that, when repeated, creates the whole pattern.
10 possible 2D point Groups
32 possible 3D point Groups
Translations (Lattices) -A symmetric translation at the atomic level involving repeated distances. Space Groups = atom symmetry Point Groups = Crystal symmetry Crystal Faces = limiting surfaces of growth {111} = crystal form (111) = face direction [111] = face Form = Set of symmetrically equivalent faces
Mineralogy Exam Review
Stereographic
-Solid lines = perpendicular mirrors -Diamond with 2-fold in center = 4-fold roto
Octahedron {111} Cube {001} Dodecadron {011} Ore Deposits LMI
Layered Mafic Intrusions
Komatites
S. Africa, Antartica
Lava Chamber
Africa, NWT
SIC
impact structure
Sudbury
Pegmatites
coarse-grained granites
High concentrations of rare elements Late-stage water rich fluids
Hydrothermal
Movement of hot gas & fluids causing dissolution of metals and precipitation somewhere else Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, U, As, Sb, Hg all formed this way.
MVT
Mississippi Valley Type
Sedimentary Deposit, Sphalerite forming
VMS
Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides Form at or near sea-floor from ejection of hot metal-rich hydrothermal fluids.
BIF
Banded Iron Formation.
Magnetite & Hematite alternating. Due to oxygenation of early ocean.
Supergene
High Sulfur at bottom, high metals at top Due to oxidation
Evaporites
Carbonates>Sulfates>Chlorides
Mineralogy Exam Review Native Elements CCP structure = ABCABC HCP structure = ABABAB
GOLD (Au) Cubic CCP H=2.5-3 D=18 Very Ductile & Malleable Yellow, metallic Luster, opaque Silver has same atomic size, so up to 20% of mass is interchangeable Placer Deposits (Klondike) Primary Hydrothermal (Ontario, California) Apps: Jewellrey, dentistry, electronics
Silver (Ag) Cubic CCP H=2.5-3 D=10-12 Ductile, Silver, Metallic, opaque Apps: photography, jewellrey, electronics, tableware Hydrothermal, no placer
Copper (Cu) CCP Harder than gold or silver, D=8-9 Copper colour, (weathered = green/black) Ductile, opaque Forms elementally or dentritic Two famous alloys (bronze- Cu+Sn) (Brass- Cu +Zn) Apps: electronics, currency
Summary of gold group Isostructurally CCP, point group 4/m, 3bar, 2/m Soft, mallesable, metallic, hackly, low melting, high D
Platinum (Pt) CCP H=4-4.5, D=21 Grey like steel, but heavier Forms in LMI and SIC (esp S. Africa) Apps: Jewelry, Inverstments, industrial, automotive
Mineralogy Exam Review
Iron (Fe) Kamacite & Taenite (both form in meteroites) Taenite > Ni than Kamacite D< than Pt
Sulfur (S) Orthorhombic, forms pyramids. 2/m 2/m 2/m H=1.5-2.5, D=2 S-8 rings in Sufur. Orthomrombic =P, Monoclinic = T Apps: Fertilizer, Acid, Rubber production Diamond (C) Cubic Isometric 4/m, 3bar, 2/m {111} SP^3 hybrid. 4 carbons around each carbon, covalent H=10, cleavage = [111], adamantine Strong dispersion of light, called Fire High P mineral. Forms in placer deposits, Mina Gerais, Namibia Also Komatites Apps: drilling, sawing, gems
Graphite (C) Hexagonal 6/m, 2/m, 2/m Tabular, H=1-2, cleavage (001) 3 bonds per Carbon, SP^2 hybrid Black, forms in metamorphic enviro Happens with P&T to organic material, end result after oil & coal. Apps: Pencils, Lubes, Crucibles
IMPORTANT STRUCTURES Nickel Arsenite (NiAs)
HCP, ABA form octahedral
Wurtzite (ZnS)
HCP, ABA form tetrahedral
Sphalerite (ZnS)
CCP
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)
CCP SULFIDES
Mainly opaque, distinct colours, colourful streaks, metallic or resionous lusters. HARDNESS TIP: Cu Sulfides softer than Fe Sulfides
Mineralogy Exam Review
Covellite (CuS) 6/m,2/m,2/m Cleavage [001] Soft, cut with knife Blue, metallic Supergene
Chalcocite (Cu2S) Monoclinic when 105 degrees Poor Cleavage Blue/grey Important copper ore
Bornite (Cu5FeS4) When >228 degrees, 4/m, 3bar, 2/m When 400 degrees Occurs with gold Source of As Apps: Alloys, medicine, paints, pigments
Acanthite (Ag2S) Silver, softer than FeAsS Occurs in Mexico, hydrothermal world’s biggest source of silver
Molybdenite (MoS2) Hexagonal 6/m,2/m,2/m Peferct cleavage @ (001) Blue-purple High D, soft. Forms in pegmatites with Sn & W Major source of Mo. Apps: Lube
Stibnite (Sb2S3) Prismatic, radiating Very soft Cleavage parallel to fibres Low-T hydrothermals Blue in Lab, usually brownish
Orpiment & Realgar (As2S3) (AsS) Occur together Both soft Low T hydrothermals, volcanic sublimation OXIDES
Cuprite (Cu2O) Interpenetrating nets Red Crystals Octahedral 4/m, bar, 2/m {111} Metallic/adamantine luster Supergene deposit
Mineralogy Exam Review
Corundum (Al2O3) HCP, ABAB, cleavage (001) H=9 Ruby = Cr^3+ in structure Sapphire = Fe^2+ & Ti^4+ in structure Apps: abrasives, gems
Hematite (Fe2O3) 3bar, 2/m cleavage parallel to {001} Nickname kidney Ore Plates, rosettes, radiating, boitroydal Blac or red but RED streak Fe-oxides + H2O + time = hematite Forms in BIF’s with magnetite South shore of Lk Michigan = big deposit, Auto industry in Detroit
Ilmenite (FeTiO3) 3bar structure, hexagonal. Same as Hematite Black Forms in black sand and placer deposits Non-magnetic Major source of Ti Apps: alloys, white pigment
Rutile (TiO2) Tetragonal [001] elgonation Red or Black Forms nice crystals in quartz Placers, black sands
Pyrolusite (Mn^+4O2) Grey-green colour, BLACK streak Very soft Radiating, dendritic (Sardinia sample) Apps: Violet pigment, Mn Alloys
Cassiterite (SnO2) Same structure as MnO2, TiO2 Called STREAM TIN when in a placer Black prism with elbow twinning Tetragonal 4/m, 2/m, 2/m Black colour, WHITE STREAK Pegmatite or placer Apps: Tin soldiers, soldering, plates
Mineralogy Exam Review
Uranite (UO2) CaF2 structure (cubic) CALLED pitchblende (badluck blend) Massive High D, RADIOACTIVE Pegmatite or low T UO2 = natural analog of nuclear waste!!!
Spinel (XY2O4) STRUCTURE normal or inverse Spinel & Chromite = normal Magnetite = inverse ALL have cubic 4/m, 3bar, 2/m
Spinel (MgAl2O4) H=8 Octahedral crystals When red, called ruby spinel High T mineral, also placers
Magnetite (Fe3O4) ****Inverse Spinel Massive, BLACK streak VERY MAGNETIC Igneous rocks, black sands, placers Occurs with hematite in BIFs
Chromite (FeCr2O4) ***normal spinel Brown to black massive chunks Submetallic Forms in LMIs Occurs with PGEs, olivines, sulfides Cr = used in stainless steel **Cr dangerous ERIN BROCKOVICH Cr3+ -> Cr6+ bad
Columbite-Tantalite ((Fe,Mn)Nb2O6), ((Fe, Mn)Ta2O6) Pegmatitc TANCO pegmatite in Manitoba Used in Steel
-Naturally occurring solid with highly ordered atomic arrangement and a definite chemical formula. Usually formed by inorganic processes. -Highly ordered atomic arrangement=long range 3d internal order of atoms -Crystalline Solids
Crystals
-Bounded by smooth plane surfaces, assume regular geometric forms.
Crystal Form -Outward appearace Crystal Morphology -Internal structure Form
-Specific combination of crystal faces.
Crystal Habit -General shape of crystal (distorted, elongated, stocky) Euhedral = well developed Subhedral = partially developed Anhedral = not developed Luster
-Metallic, Vitreous, Resinous, Pearly, Greasy, Silky, Adamantine
Flourescence -emmision of light during exposure from UV or X-rays Phosphorescence –emission of light AFTER exposure Cleavage
-Tendancy of minerals to break parallel to atomic planes
Parting
-Breaking along planes of weakness produced by pression, or twinning.
Fracture
-The way minerals break when there is no cleavage or parting -Conchoidal, Fibrous, Hackly, Uneven
Hardness
-Resistance of a mineral’s surface to scratching
Tenacity
-Resistance of mineral to breaking, crushing, bending, tearing Brittle, Ductile, Flexible, Malleable, Elastic
Specific Gravity
-ratio between weight of material vs weight of water
Paramagnetic
-Attracted to magnetic field
Dimagnetic
- Not attracted to magnet
Mineralogy Exam Review
Lecture 2 S (2) P (6) D (10) F (14) orbitals Electronegativity
-ability of an atom to attract electrons
Chemical Bonds Ionic -Electrical. Strong. High Symmetry. Covalent -Sharing Electrons, single, double, triple bonds. Metallic -Free electons. Good conductivity, ductile. Van der Waals -Weakest (graphite). Polar Hydrogen -Stronger than above, but polar Paulings Rules -Rc/Ra = coordination #. Cation-anion distance = sum of radii -Strength of bond = valence/CN# (eg [6]Na(1+) = +1/6) -Structure will be stable if sum of bonds = charge of anion -Sharing of edges/faces means weak structure Crystallography Crystallography
=Study of crystalline solids & the principles that govern their growth, external shape, and internal structure.
Morphology
=Internal arrangement of atoms and the internal symmetry.
Motif
-Fundamental part of a symmetric design that, when repeated, creates the whole pattern.
10 possible 2D point Groups
32 possible 3D point Groups
Translations (Lattices) -A symmetric translation at the atomic level involving repeated distances. Space Groups = atom symmetry Point Groups = Crystal symmetry Crystal Faces = limiting surfaces of growth {111} = crystal form (111) = face direction [111] = face Form = Set of symmetrically equivalent faces
Mineralogy Exam Review
Stereographic
-Solid lines = perpendicular mirrors -Diamond with 2-fold in center = 4-fold roto
Octahedron {111} Cube {001} Dodecadron {011} Ore Deposits LMI
Layered Mafic Intrusions
Komatites
S. Africa, Antartica
Lava Chamber
Africa, NWT
SIC
impact structure
Sudbury
Pegmatites
coarse-grained granites
High concentrations of rare elements Late-stage water rich fluids
Hydrothermal
Movement of hot gas & fluids causing dissolution of metals and precipitation somewhere else Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, U, As, Sb, Hg all formed this way.
MVT
Mississippi Valley Type
Sedimentary Deposit, Sphalerite forming
VMS
Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides Form at or near sea-floor from ejection of hot metal-rich hydrothermal fluids.
BIF
Banded Iron Formation.
Magnetite & Hematite alternating. Due to oxygenation of early ocean.
Supergene
High Sulfur at bottom, high metals at top Due to oxidation
Evaporites
Carbonates>Sulfates>Chlorides
Mineralogy Exam Review Native Elements CCP structure = ABCABC HCP structure = ABABAB
GOLD (Au) Cubic CCP H=2.5-3 D=18 Very Ductile & Malleable Yellow, metallic Luster, opaque Silver has same atomic size, so up to 20% of mass is interchangeable Placer Deposits (Klondike) Primary Hydrothermal (Ontario, California) Apps: Jewellrey, dentistry, electronics
Silver (Ag) Cubic CCP H=2.5-3 D=10-12 Ductile, Silver, Metallic, opaque Apps: photography, jewellrey, electronics, tableware Hydrothermal, no placer
Copper (Cu) CCP Harder than gold or silver, D=8-9 Copper colour, (weathered = green/black) Ductile, opaque Forms elementally or dentritic Two famous alloys (bronze- Cu+Sn) (Brass- Cu +Zn) Apps: electronics, currency
Summary of gold group Isostructurally CCP, point group 4/m, 3bar, 2/m Soft, mallesable, metallic, hackly, low melting, high D
Platinum (Pt) CCP H=4-4.5, D=21 Grey like steel, but heavier Forms in LMI and SIC (esp S. Africa) Apps: Jewelry, Inverstments, industrial, automotive
Mineralogy Exam Review
Iron (Fe) Kamacite & Taenite (both form in meteroites) Taenite > Ni than Kamacite D< than Pt
Sulfur (S) Orthorhombic, forms pyramids. 2/m 2/m 2/m H=1.5-2.5, D=2 S-8 rings in Sufur. Orthomrombic =P, Monoclinic = T Apps: Fertilizer, Acid, Rubber production Diamond (C) Cubic Isometric 4/m, 3bar, 2/m {111} SP^3 hybrid. 4 carbons around each carbon, covalent H=10, cleavage = [111], adamantine Strong dispersion of light, called Fire High P mineral. Forms in placer deposits, Mina Gerais, Namibia Also Komatites Apps: drilling, sawing, gems
Graphite (C) Hexagonal 6/m, 2/m, 2/m Tabular, H=1-2, cleavage (001) 3 bonds per Carbon, SP^2 hybrid Black, forms in metamorphic enviro Happens with P&T to organic material, end result after oil & coal. Apps: Pencils, Lubes, Crucibles
IMPORTANT STRUCTURES Nickel Arsenite (NiAs)
HCP, ABA form octahedral
Wurtzite (ZnS)
HCP, ABA form tetrahedral
Sphalerite (ZnS)
CCP
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)
CCP SULFIDES
Mainly opaque, distinct colours, colourful streaks, metallic or resionous lusters. HARDNESS TIP: Cu Sulfides softer than Fe Sulfides
Mineralogy Exam Review
Covellite (CuS) 6/m,2/m,2/m Cleavage [001] Soft, cut with knife Blue, metallic Supergene
Chalcocite (Cu2S) Monoclinic when 105 degrees Poor Cleavage Blue/grey Important copper ore
Bornite (Cu5FeS4) When >228 degrees, 4/m, 3bar, 2/m When 400 degrees Occurs with gold Source of As Apps: Alloys, medicine, paints, pigments
Acanthite (Ag2S) Silver, softer than FeAsS Occurs in Mexico, hydrothermal world’s biggest source of silver
Molybdenite (MoS2) Hexagonal 6/m,2/m,2/m Peferct cleavage @ (001) Blue-purple High D, soft. Forms in pegmatites with Sn & W Major source of Mo. Apps: Lube
Stibnite (Sb2S3) Prismatic, radiating Very soft Cleavage parallel to fibres Low-T hydrothermals Blue in Lab, usually brownish
Orpiment & Realgar (As2S3) (AsS) Occur together Both soft Low T hydrothermals, volcanic sublimation OXIDES
Cuprite (Cu2O) Interpenetrating nets Red Crystals Octahedral 4/m, bar, 2/m {111} Metallic/adamantine luster Supergene deposit
Mineralogy Exam Review
Corundum (Al2O3) HCP, ABAB, cleavage (001) H=9 Ruby = Cr^3+ in structure Sapphire = Fe^2+ & Ti^4+ in structure Apps: abrasives, gems
Hematite (Fe2O3) 3bar, 2/m cleavage parallel to {001} Nickname kidney Ore Plates, rosettes, radiating, boitroydal Blac or red but RED streak Fe-oxides + H2O + time = hematite Forms in BIF’s with magnetite South shore of Lk Michigan = big deposit, Auto industry in Detroit
Ilmenite (FeTiO3) 3bar structure, hexagonal. Same as Hematite Black Forms in black sand and placer deposits Non-magnetic Major source of Ti Apps: alloys, white pigment
Rutile (TiO2) Tetragonal [001] elgonation Red or Black Forms nice crystals in quartz Placers, black sands
Pyrolusite (Mn^+4O2) Grey-green colour, BLACK streak Very soft Radiating, dendritic (Sardinia sample) Apps: Violet pigment, Mn Alloys
Cassiterite (SnO2) Same structure as MnO2, TiO2 Called STREAM TIN when in a placer Black prism with elbow twinning Tetragonal 4/m, 2/m, 2/m Black colour, WHITE STREAK Pegmatite or placer Apps: Tin soldiers, soldering, plates
Mineralogy Exam Review
Uranite (UO2) CaF2 structure (cubic) CALLED pitchblende (badluck blend) Massive High D, RADIOACTIVE Pegmatite or low T UO2 = natural analog of nuclear waste!!!
Spinel (XY2O4) STRUCTURE normal or inverse Spinel & Chromite = normal Magnetite = inverse ALL have cubic 4/m, 3bar, 2/m
Spinel (MgAl2O4) H=8 Octahedral crystals When red, called ruby spinel High T mineral, also placers
Magnetite (Fe3O4) ****Inverse Spinel Massive, BLACK streak VERY MAGNETIC Igneous rocks, black sands, placers Occurs with hematite in BIFs
Chromite (FeCr2O4) ***normal spinel Brown to black massive chunks Submetallic Forms in LMIs Occurs with PGEs, olivines, sulfides Cr = used in stainless steel **Cr dangerous ERIN BROCKOVICH Cr3+ -> Cr6+ bad
Columbite-Tantalite ((Fe,Mn)Nb2O6), ((Fe, Mn)Ta2O6) Pegmatitc TANCO pegmatite in Manitoba Used in Steel
