Monthly Report for March
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Air quality in Egypt, March 2001 Table of Content
Pages
1. Introduction
3
2. Sites
3
3. Egyptian Air Quality Limit values
3
4. February 2001 Air Quality data
4
4.1. Monthly Averages
4
4.2. 24 hour average concentrations
5
4.2.1 SO2 concentrations
6
4.2.2. Soot concentrations (Black Smoke, BS)
7
4.2.3. NO2 concentrations
8
4.2.4. PM10 & TSP concentrations
8
4.2.5 Ozone concentrations
10
4.2.6 Carbon monoxide concentrations
10
4.2.7 Passive sampling measurements
10
4.3 Maximum one-hour average concentrations
11
5. Meteorology and air Quality during February 2001
12
5.1 Wind rose in Greater Cairo
12
5.2 Wind rose in Alex & Delta
13
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Air Quality Monthly Report
Air Quality in Egypt, March 2001 1.Introduction This monthly report is based upon preliminary data collected for EIMP/EEAA by the Monitoring Laboratories at the Centre for Environmental Hazard Mitigation (CEHM) at Cairo University and the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR) at Alexandria University. The monitoring program has been designed and established by EIMP. The construction and installation of the measurement programme have been finalised by the middle of 1999. These monthly data have been pulled from the database at an early stage in the various processes of data quality assurance. The QA/QC on the data has not been finalised, and some of the data may include errors.
2. Sites During March 2001, 27 measurement sites were operated by CEHM and 15 sites were operated by IGSR. These sites are all part of the EIMP/EEAA Air Quality-Monitoring Programme. The number of sites for each district in Egypt and for each area type is presented in Table 1. Table 1: Number of sites in each area and district of Egypt. Area type
Cairo
Alex.
Industrial Urban Residential Street/road Regional/backgr Mixed areas Total
3 1 4 3 1 2 14
3 1 2 1 1
Delta+ Canal 3 3 2
Upper Egypt. 2 4 2
2 10
1 9
Sinai
1
8
1
Total 11 9 10 4 3 5 42
3. Egyptian Air Quality Limit values Air Quality Limit values are given in the Regulations of the Environmental Law no. 4 of Egypt.
Pollutant
Maximum Limit
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
These Air Quality Limit values are Presented in Table2. Table 2: Ambient Air Quality Limit values as given by Law no.4 of Egypt (1994).
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Ozone (O3) Black Smoke (BS) Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Suspended Particulate (PM10) Lead (Pb)
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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350 g/m 150 g/m3 60 g/m3 30 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 400 g/m3 150 g/m3 200 g/m3 120 g/m3 150 g/m3 60 g/m3 230 g/m3 90 g/m3 70 g/m3 1 g/m3
Averaging Time 1 Hour 24 Hour Annual 1 Hour 8 Hour 1 Hour 24 Hour 1 Hour 8 Hour 24 Hour Annual 24 Hour Annual 24 Hour Annual
4
4. March 2001 Air Quality data 4.1. Monthly Averages The following monthly SO2 averages presented in figure1 have been calculated at 27 sites in Egypt The highest concentrations were observed (on monthly basis) at the industrial and roadside sites due to high emissions from stacks using diesel fuel and diesel cars passing near sites. The Maximum monthly average concentration was observed at komombo which recorded 69 ’ g/m3. all the other sites were ranging from moderated to very low based on the area type. The recorded monthly average SO2 concentrations in general were lower than the concentrations recorded on February2001. ’ g/m3
70
Monthly average SO2 concentrations 60
50
40
30
20
10
Domyat
6 -Oct Azafra .
Max
KafrDawar
Mahalla
10 Ram GheatInab . Tanta
Mansura
NasrCity
Tabbinsouth
Suez
Assyut
KafrZayat 1 Aswan
Luxor
Giza
IGSR
Tabbin
Abbassyia
Gom
Maadi .
Qulaly
Shoubra
FumKhalig
KomOmbo
0
Figure 1: Monthly average concentrations of SO2 (’ g/m3) at 27 sites in March 2001. The rest of measured parameters (NO2, O3, CO, PM10) are presented on table3. The recorded NO2 concentrations during march 2001 was ranging from high to low. The highest recorded concentration of 138 ’ g/m3 was observed at tabbin . The second highest was recorded at fum khalig which was 117 ’ g/m3 due to the emissions of traffic passing by the station. The rest of measurement sites had normal concentrations. The industrial sites at Mahalla and Tabbin give the highest concentrations for PM10 which were 215 and 209 ’ g/m3 respectively .most of the station were giving high concentrations. The highest maximum concentration of 12mg/m3 for co was recorded at fum khalig due to traffic jamming around the station.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Table3: monthly average concentrations recorded at EIMP measurement sites. Site name Cairo city El Qualaly Gemhoroya street Meteorological Inst. Nasr City Maadi EEAA building Tabbin Tabbin south Fum Al-Khalig Shoubra el Kheima. Giza, Cairo University. ﺗوﻮ ر ﮐ-06 10 Ramadan Suez Assyut1 Louxor Kom Ombo Aswan Abu Keir El-Max Petrogas IGSR, Alex University El-Azafra Gheat El-Inab school Alexandria regional Kafr El Zayat Tanta El Mahalla Mansura Domyat
SO2 61 47 32 11 35 32 17 64 64 25 4 6 18 23 24 69 20
Kafr Dawar
4.2
4 27 4 6
NO2 73 70
PM10 129
CO 4
45 55 138
209
117
155
50
12
65
29 33
Ozone
28
120
42 21 52 46
84 111
50
16
3
58 21 6 7 8 4
25
102 215
4
24 hour average concentrations
A summary of the highest 24-hour average concentrations of SO2, NO2 , PM10 , ozone and CO measured in March 2001 is presented in Table4 based upon sites operated in Greater Cairo area, Alexandria, Delta and Upper Egypt.
4.2.1. SO2 concentrations SO2 concentrations were calculated as 24 hr average and compared with the Air Quality Limit value mentioned in the executive regulation of the environmental law no. 4. The highest recorded concentration of 275 ’ g/m3 was measured at komombo which exceed the air quality limit value by 183% due to the intensive emissions from komombo sugar factory which is located close to the measurement site. The second highest was recorded at the traffic site of Nasr city which was 154 ’ g/m3 (still exceed the air quality limit value).
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Table 4: Maximum 24-h. average concentrations measured in Egypt during March 2001 Site 1 Qualaly 2 Gemhoroya street 3 Abbaseya 4 Nasr City 5 Maadi 6 Tabbin 7 Tabbin South 8 Fum Khalig 10 Shoubra ElKheima 11 Giza, Cairo Univ. 12 Abu Zabbal 13 6 Oct. 14 10 Ramadan 15 Suez 23 Luxor 24 Aswan 25 KomOmbo 28 Abu Keir 29 El Max 30 IGSR 31 Azafra 32 Gheat Inab 33 Alex. Regional 34 Mansoura 36 Tanta 37 Kafr ElZayat 38 ElMahalla 39 Domyat 40 Kafr Dawar 42 ElShouhada Sq. Air quality Limit value
SO2 104 112 99 154 69 61 55 106 153 45
NO2 109 107
24 27 46 46 39 275
64
13.7 42 8 18.7
* Maximum 8-hr average concentrations.
25 23 48 21 7 9.4 69 150
PM10 255
Ozone*
87
133
CO* 18.7
189 106 650 425 74 112
29.5 107
96 165
68 97
66
181
37
119 629
150
70
127
5.9
120
10**
** Units of measurement of CO is mg/m3.
The measurement site of shoubra el kheima exceed also the air quality limit value which recorded 153 ’ g/m3 due to emission from smelters located close to the station. The rest of measurement sites did not exceed the air quality limit value, which were ranging between 112 ’ g/m3 at el Gomhoryia station and 7 ’ g/m3 at Domyat station. The traffic sites at Fum Elkhalig and Qulaly give moderate concentrations comparing to the last month. From the concentrations shown in Table 4 we can conclude that: •
The Air Quality Limit value was only exceeded three stations during March 2001.
•
The industrial sites at komombo and shoubra el kheima exceeded the air quality limit value due to emissions from the near factories and smelters, which can be detected on daily basis.
•
The high concentrations at komombo station can be detected only during working of the sugar factory which is working only at the time of sugarcane from November till June every year.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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•
ElGomhoreya, Fum Elkhalig, and Qulaly stations did not exceed the AQL and recorded 112’ g/m3,106’ g/m3 and 104’ g/m3 respectively comparing to 181 ’ g/m3, 177 ’ g/m3 and 177 ’ g/m3 respectively recorded at February 2001.
•
The concentration of SO2 at Tabbin south decreased during march which was about 36% of the Air Quality Limit value comparing to 44% recorded during February 2001.
•
None of the sites inside Alexandria and the Delta area exceeded the Air Quality Limit value.
SO2 concentrations comparing to the meteorological conditions during March 2001are being analysed in the next part. 0µ 340µ
350µ 100
330µ 320µ
10µ
20µ 30µ
80
310µ
40µ 50µ
60
300µ
60µ 40
290µ
70µ
280µ
20
80µ
270µ
0
90µ
260µ
100µ
250µ
110µ
240µ
120µ
230µ
130µ
220µ 210µ
140µ 150µ 200µ
190µ
170µ
160µ
180µ
Figure 2: breuer diagram for Abbassyia station during March 2001. From the figure we can see that the highest concentrations are recorded when the wind coming from East-South East (the traffic jamming surround the building of the station along the streets coming from Abbassyia square passing to Ain Shams university) combining with wind speeds ranging from low to moderate leading to poor dispersion and accumulation for pollutant in the area on a regional scale. Tabbin station recorded a high concentration during February 2001, this high concentrations could be from the brick factory and smelters located in this area. Southerly winds are the predominant factor for this high concentration. Figure 3 represents the wind rose and SO2 concentration versus wind direction that proves the previous statement. The sources located in this direction are either lead smelters located south of the station that uses mazot as fuel. Also brick factories are located there. For Shoubra ElKheima station, the high SO2 concentration as itᑺs clearly shown coming from the electric power station that located south south west of the station.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Figure 4: Shoubra ElKheima wind rose and SO2 conc versus wind direction. Another Example for the sources of SO2 appeared clearly in Abasseya station as shown in figure 5 that presents breuer diagram for this station during February 2001. Abaseya station was impacted mainly by the industrial area located at Shoubra ElKheima when the wind was blowing from North-North-West. The other source occurred when the winds were blowing from SSE and ESE where the emissions coming from the diesel buses on the street of Ain Shams University. Figure 5: breuer diagram and wind rose for Abbasseya during February 2001.
4.2.2. Soot concentrations (Black Smoke, BS) Analyses of soot as 24-h average concentrations are also presented in Table 3. The analyses show that the concentrations at Kom Ombo , Nasr City, Tabbin South, 6 October, G-Inab, Tanta, Kafr ElDawar and Luxor exceeded the limit values of 150 ’ g/m3. ♦ For Kom Ombo it could be because of emission of dust and soot from the sugar factory. ♦ For Luxor, G-Inab, Tanta, and Kafr ElDawar stations, the high concentrations of soot that experienced during February 2001 could be due to open-air waste burning, but this has not been confirmed. ♦ For Tabbin South, the high soot concentration could be due to the emissions from the 150 brick factories and smelters. 100
♦ Nasr City station had recorded a high soot concentrations and this could be due to high traffic especially diesel buses and 50 could be also open-air waste burning but it has not been confirmed. 0
4.2.3
NO2 concentrations
From the 24-h average of NO2 concentrations presented in Table 3, we can conclude:
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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•
During February 2001, there was three exceedance of the Air Quality Limit values
for NO2 at Nasr City Street, Gomhoreya street and Giza street. •
Nasr City street recorded 199 ’ g/m3 during February 2001 exceeding the AQL. This could be due to the high traffic experienced in this area.
•
At Gomhoreya street, which is one of the highly traffic areas in Greater Cairo, the concentration of NO2 were high exceeding the AQL and recorded 163 ’ g/m3
•
Also at the other traffic-influenced sites like Qulaly, Maadi stations in greater Cairo, the NO2 concentrations were relatively high reaching 92% to 88% of the Air Quality Limit value.
•
At Alexandria, the high NO2 concentrations were abserved at IGSR station, which is traffic-influenced station, recorded 111 ’ g/m3 and ElMax petrogas station which recorded 81 ’ g/m3 and considered as industrial area.
4.2.4. PM10 & TSP concentrations PM10 concentrations were high during this month, the 24-hr average concentrations at Tabbin, Abbaseya, Fum ElKhalig and Kolaly stations is shown in Figure 5. The concentration at Tabbin was ranging from 45 ’ g/m3 to 773 ’ g/m3 , at Abbasseya from 38 ’ g/m3 to 364 ’ g/m3 , at Fum ElKhalig from 49 ’ g/m3 to 789 ’ g/m3and at Qulaly from 13 ’ g/m3 to 550 ’ g/m3. The air quality limit value of 70 ’ g/m3 was exceeded most of the measurement time. The 24-average concentrations at Delta and Alexandria stations are shown in Figure 6. The concentration at ElMehalla ElKobra station was ranging from 60 ’ g/m3 to 728 ’ g/m3 , Kafr ElZayat station was ranging from 96 ’ g/m3 to 341 ug/m3 and at IGSR- Alex station was ranging from 42 ’ g/m3 to 591 ’ g/m3. The air quality limit value of 70 ’ g/m3 was exceeded most of the measurement time. For the other sampling stations that took a sample every week and the Air matrix stations that recorded either every week or every month, the PM10 concentrations were exceeded the Air Quality Limit value. 900 Abbasseya Fum Al-khalig Qualaly Tabbin
PM10 conc (㵰 g/m3)
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
28-Feb
27-Feb
25-Feb 26-Feb
24-Feb
22-Feb 23-Feb
21-Feb
19-Feb 20-Feb
18-Feb
16-Feb 17-Feb
15-Feb
14-Feb
12-Feb 13-Feb
11-Feb
09-Feb 10-Feb
08-Feb
06-Feb 07-Feb
05-Feb
03-Feb 04-Feb
02-Feb
01-Feb
0
Date
Figure 5: Daily average concentrations of PM10 measured at Tabbin, Abbaseya, Fum ElKhalig and Kolaly stations (which represents Greater Cairo) in February 2001
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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10
800
ElMahalla ElKubra IGSR Kafr El Zayat
700
PM10 conc (㵰 g/m3)
600 500 400 300 200 100
27-Feb 28-Feb
24-Feb 25-Feb 26-Feb
20-Feb 21-Feb 22-Feb 23-Feb
17-Feb 18-Feb 19-Feb
13-Feb 14-Feb 15-Feb 16-Feb
10-Feb 11-Feb 12-Feb
6-Feb 7-Feb 8-Feb 9-Feb
3-Feb 4-Feb 5-Feb
1-Feb 2-Feb
0
Date
Figure 6: Daily average concentrations of PM10 measured at IGSR - Alex,and Kafr Elzayat station at Delta area (which represents Alexandria and Delta) in February 2001 The concentrations of sampling PM10 using Air Metrix at industrial areas like Shoubra ElKheima, and Kom Ombo recorded a high concentration, 242 ’ g/m3, and 516 ’ g/m3 respectively. At 6 October station and 10th Ramadan station, the PM10 concentrations recorded were 146 ’ g/m3 and 108 ’ g/m3 respectively. Delta PM10 sampling stations had recorded a high concentration in ElMax, Tanta and Kafr ElDawar stations, which could be considered as industrial areas. They recorded 151 ’ g/m3, 375 ’ g/m3 and 406 ’ g/m3 respectively. TSP concentrations were measured in weekly basis in five stations, which are Kolaly, Tabbin, Tabbin South, Shoubra Elkheima and Suez stations. Table 4: The maximum TSP concentration during February 2001 Station TSP (’ g/m3) 1. Kolaly 605 7. Tabbin South 904 Air quality Limit value 230 ’ g/m3 Only two stations were measuring at February 2001, the stations were exceeded the Air Quality Limit value during February 2001; the highest TSP concentration was observed in Tabbin South station recorded 904 ’ g/m3. TSP concentrations in Tabbin south station were exceeding the Air Quality Limit could be due to the cement industries located in this area. TSP concentrations in Kolaly stations were very high, recorded 605 ’ g/m3, could be due to the high traffic located in this area and especially diesel buses.
4.2.5 Ozone concentrations
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Ozone measurement was undertaken at Abasseya and Giza stations in Cairo, Alex regional stations in Alexandria and Sharm ElSheikh in Sinai. The last two stations considered being a background stations The maximum 8-hr concentration of ozone did not exceed the Air Quality Limit values at Aswan station and Giza station during February 2001. Ozone concentration in Alex regional station, which considered as a background station were 71 % of the Air Quality Limit.
4.2.6 Carbon monoxide concentrations Carbon monoxide measurement was taken at Fum Elkhalig, Gomhoreya stations in greater Cairo and IGSR-Alex station in Alexandria. The maximum 8-hr concentration of carbon monoxide was exceeded the air quality limit at streets in greater Cairo, like Gomhoreya and Fum ElKhalig which become a real street canyon station recorded 11 mg/m3 and 13 mg/m3 respectively.
4.2.7. Dust fall concentrations Dust fall concentrations were measured Fayum, Nag Hammadi, Luxor, Aswan, Minya, Assyut2, respectively. Table 5: Dust fall measurements during February 2001
Station
Weight (g/m3 . 30 days)
Fayum 13 Nag Hammadi 7 Luxor 9 Aswan 17 Minya 34 Assyut2 42 Classified polluted at > 10 g/m3. 30 days There is no Air Quality Limit value for Dust Fall concentrations in law no. 4, however the international limit is 10 g/m3 in 30 days. All the Dust Fall concentrations were exceeded the international Limit value at all stations. Except Nag Hammadi and Luxor station.
4.3 Maximum one-hour average concentrations The maximum one-hour average concentrations of SO2, NO2 , PM10, CO and Ozone are presented in Table6. Table 8: Maximum 1-hour average concentrations measured in Egypt during February 2001 Site 1 Qulaly 2 Gemhoroya street 3 Abbasyia. 5 Maadi 6 Tabbin 8 Fum Khalig 10 Shoubra Elkheima 11 Giza, Cairo Univ. 12 Suez 26 Aswan 27 Sharm ElSheikh 30 IGSR 31 Alex Regional 32 Kafr ElZayat 38 Mansoura 39 Elmehalla ElKobra
SO2 311 298 228 238 179 342 314 226 226 125
NO2 222 299
26
146
CO*
O3
PM10 980
32 555
225 81
1437 1591
23 404 136
121 114 1893 92
281 110 123
12
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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621 1546
12
42 ElShouhada Sq. 152 Air quality Limit value 350 * Units of measurement of CO is mg/m3.
400
30
200
-
The maximum hourly average SO2 concentrations were fairly high at all sites located inside the greater Cairo area. The maximum hourly average PM10 concentrations were high during February 2001 but not as high as the previous month. Some conclusions from the above table are: • The Air Quality Limit value of SO2 of (350’ g/m3) didnᑺt exceeds the Air Quality Limit Value during February 2001. • At Shoubra Elkheima, the SO2 concentration was very high exceeding the Air Quality Limit Value 314 ’ g/m3. This could be because of emissions from the smelters and small workshops that are located there. •
The SO2 concentrations along streets like Qulaly, Gomhoreya Street and Fum Elkhalig were fairly high but inside the Air Quality limit ranging from 342 ’ g/m3 to 298 ’ g/m3 as a result of emissions from diesel buses passed through these streets.
•
At Tabbin station, high value of SO2 was observed equal to 179 ’ g/m3 when observing the meteorological data, it was found that southerly wind occur in which this high value could be due to emissions from the industrial area located at Tabbin south,
•
At Abbaseya station, the SO2 concentrations were very high reaching 228 ’ g/m3. This could be an impact from Shoubra ElKheima area which located north west from this station.
•
At Kafr ElZayat station, the SO2 concentrations were also high recording 281 ’ g/m3. This could be an impact of the bricks factories located on this area.
•
The Air Quality Limit value of NO2 of (400 ’ g/m3) was exceeded once during February 2001at Giza station.
•
The NO2 concentration at Giza station recorded 404 ’ g/m3, this could be an impact from the street.
•
The NO2 concentration was high along streets, reach about 75-56% of the Air Quality Limit in Kolaly and Gomhoreya streets.
•
The NO2 concentrations were relatively low at the rest of the stations. This could be due to the low temperature experienced during February 2001.
•
PM10 concentrations were very high at all stations.
•
CO concentration exceeded the Air Quality limit value in Gomhoreya Street due to the frequent traffic jams occurred in this area recorded 32 mg/m3.
•
Ozone concentrations were not exceeded the air quality limit value during February 2001.
•
Ozone concentrations were relatively low during February 2001.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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5. Meteorology and air Quality during February 2001: 5.1 wind frequency distribution in Greater Cairo :
Shoubra Abbasyia
Giza Fum El-Khalig
Maadi
N
During February 2001 the wind was most frequently blowing from around north north east, southerly winds were observed at all measurement sites located in Greater Cairo. At Abbasyia the winds were blowing from south, south south west during 20% of the time. At Tabbin the most frequent wind directions were from north-northwest and 7 % from south. At Shoubra ElKheima also the wind were blowing from north north east and west south west. The winds observed during February 2001 seem to be representative for this time of the year in Cairo.
Tabbin
10 Km
Figure 8: wind distribution in Greater Cairo. 5.2. Wind frequency distribution in Alex , Delta:
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Figure 7: Wind frequency distribution in Alex regional station during February 2001.
Figure 8: Wind frequency distribution in Delta during February 2001.
Figure from 7 and 8 represents the wind frequency distribution during February 2001 in Delta, Alexandria. Figure 7 represent the wind distribution for Alex regional station and the wind was mostly blowing from north-north-west. Southerly winds occurred about 9% of the time, which is high compared to the other months Figure 8 represents the wind distribution for ElMansoura station, which represents the Delta. The wind were blowing mostly from east and east south east.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Air quality in Egypt, March 2001 Table of Content
Pages
1. Introduction
3
2. Sites
3
3. Egyptian Air Quality Limit values
3
4. February 2001 Air Quality data
4
4.1. Monthly Averages
4
4.2. 24 hour average concentrations
5
4.2.1 SO2 concentrations
6
4.2.2. Soot concentrations (Black Smoke, BS)
7
4.2.3. NO2 concentrations
8
4.2.4. PM10 & TSP concentrations
8
4.2.5 Ozone concentrations
10
4.2.6 Carbon monoxide concentrations
10
4.2.7 Passive sampling measurements
10
4.3 Maximum one-hour average concentrations
11
5. Meteorology and air Quality during February 2001
12
5.1 Wind rose in Greater Cairo
12
5.2 Wind rose in Alex & Delta
13
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Air Quality Monthly Report
Air Quality in Egypt, March 2001 1.Introduction This monthly report is based upon preliminary data collected for EIMP/EEAA by the Monitoring Laboratories at the Centre for Environmental Hazard Mitigation (CEHM) at Cairo University and the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR) at Alexandria University. The monitoring program has been designed and established by EIMP. The construction and installation of the measurement programme have been finalised by the middle of 1999. These monthly data have been pulled from the database at an early stage in the various processes of data quality assurance. The QA/QC on the data has not been finalised, and some of the data may include errors.
2. Sites During March 2001, 27 measurement sites were operated by CEHM and 15 sites were operated by IGSR. These sites are all part of the EIMP/EEAA Air Quality-Monitoring Programme. The number of sites for each district in Egypt and for each area type is presented in Table 1. Table 1: Number of sites in each area and district of Egypt. Area type
Cairo
Alex.
Industrial Urban Residential Street/road Regional/backgr Mixed areas Total
3 1 4 3 1 2 14
3 1 2 1 1
Delta+ Canal 3 3 2
Upper Egypt. 2 4 2
2 10
1 9
Sinai
1
8
1
Total 11 9 10 4 3 5 42
3. Egyptian Air Quality Limit values Air Quality Limit values are given in the Regulations of the Environmental Law no. 4 of Egypt.
Pollutant
Maximum Limit
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
These Air Quality Limit values are Presented in Table2. Table 2: Ambient Air Quality Limit values as given by Law no.4 of Egypt (1994).
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Ozone (O3) Black Smoke (BS) Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Suspended Particulate (PM10) Lead (Pb)
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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350 g/m 150 g/m3 60 g/m3 30 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 400 g/m3 150 g/m3 200 g/m3 120 g/m3 150 g/m3 60 g/m3 230 g/m3 90 g/m3 70 g/m3 1 g/m3
Averaging Time 1 Hour 24 Hour Annual 1 Hour 8 Hour 1 Hour 24 Hour 1 Hour 8 Hour 24 Hour Annual 24 Hour Annual 24 Hour Annual
4
4. March 2001 Air Quality data 4.1. Monthly Averages The following monthly SO2 averages presented in figure1 have been calculated at 27 sites in Egypt The highest concentrations were observed (on monthly basis) at the industrial and roadside sites due to high emissions from stacks using diesel fuel and diesel cars passing near sites. The Maximum monthly average concentration was observed at komombo which recorded 69 ’ g/m3. all the other sites were ranging from moderated to very low based on the area type. The recorded monthly average SO2 concentrations in general were lower than the concentrations recorded on February2001. ’ g/m3
70
Monthly average SO2 concentrations 60
50
40
30
20
10
Domyat
6 -Oct Azafra .
Max
KafrDawar
Mahalla
10 Ram GheatInab . Tanta
Mansura
NasrCity
Tabbinsouth
Suez
Assyut
KafrZayat 1 Aswan
Luxor
Giza
IGSR
Tabbin
Abbassyia
Gom
Maadi .
Qulaly
Shoubra
FumKhalig
KomOmbo
0
Figure 1: Monthly average concentrations of SO2 (’ g/m3) at 27 sites in March 2001. The rest of measured parameters (NO2, O3, CO, PM10) are presented on table3. The recorded NO2 concentrations during march 2001 was ranging from high to low. The highest recorded concentration of 138 ’ g/m3 was observed at tabbin . The second highest was recorded at fum khalig which was 117 ’ g/m3 due to the emissions of traffic passing by the station. The rest of measurement sites had normal concentrations. The industrial sites at Mahalla and Tabbin give the highest concentrations for PM10 which were 215 and 209 ’ g/m3 respectively .most of the station were giving high concentrations. The highest maximum concentration of 12mg/m3 for co was recorded at fum khalig due to traffic jamming around the station.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Table3: monthly average concentrations recorded at EIMP measurement sites. Site name Cairo city El Qualaly Gemhoroya street Meteorological Inst. Nasr City Maadi EEAA building Tabbin Tabbin south Fum Al-Khalig Shoubra el Kheima. Giza, Cairo University. ﺗوﻮ ر ﮐ-06 10 Ramadan Suez Assyut1 Louxor Kom Ombo Aswan Abu Keir El-Max Petrogas IGSR, Alex University El-Azafra Gheat El-Inab school Alexandria regional Kafr El Zayat Tanta El Mahalla Mansura Domyat
SO2 61 47 32 11 35 32 17 64 64 25 4 6 18 23 24 69 20
Kafr Dawar
4.2
4 27 4 6
NO2 73 70
PM10 129
CO 4
45 55 138
209
117
155
50
12
65
29 33
Ozone
28
120
42 21 52 46
84 111
50
16
3
58 21 6 7 8 4
25
102 215
4
24 hour average concentrations
A summary of the highest 24-hour average concentrations of SO2, NO2 , PM10 , ozone and CO measured in March 2001 is presented in Table4 based upon sites operated in Greater Cairo area, Alexandria, Delta and Upper Egypt.
4.2.1. SO2 concentrations SO2 concentrations were calculated as 24 hr average and compared with the Air Quality Limit value mentioned in the executive regulation of the environmental law no. 4. The highest recorded concentration of 275 ’ g/m3 was measured at komombo which exceed the air quality limit value by 183% due to the intensive emissions from komombo sugar factory which is located close to the measurement site. The second highest was recorded at the traffic site of Nasr city which was 154 ’ g/m3 (still exceed the air quality limit value).
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Table 4: Maximum 24-h. average concentrations measured in Egypt during March 2001 Site 1 Qualaly 2 Gemhoroya street 3 Abbaseya 4 Nasr City 5 Maadi 6 Tabbin 7 Tabbin South 8 Fum Khalig 10 Shoubra ElKheima 11 Giza, Cairo Univ. 12 Abu Zabbal 13 6 Oct. 14 10 Ramadan 15 Suez 23 Luxor 24 Aswan 25 KomOmbo 28 Abu Keir 29 El Max 30 IGSR 31 Azafra 32 Gheat Inab 33 Alex. Regional 34 Mansoura 36 Tanta 37 Kafr ElZayat 38 ElMahalla 39 Domyat 40 Kafr Dawar 42 ElShouhada Sq. Air quality Limit value
SO2 104 112 99 154 69 61 55 106 153 45
NO2 109 107
24 27 46 46 39 275
64
13.7 42 8 18.7
* Maximum 8-hr average concentrations.
25 23 48 21 7 9.4 69 150
PM10 255
Ozone*
87
133
CO* 18.7
189 106 650 425 74 112
29.5 107
96 165
68 97
66
181
37
119 629
150
70
127
5.9
120
10**
** Units of measurement of CO is mg/m3.
The measurement site of shoubra el kheima exceed also the air quality limit value which recorded 153 ’ g/m3 due to emission from smelters located close to the station. The rest of measurement sites did not exceed the air quality limit value, which were ranging between 112 ’ g/m3 at el Gomhoryia station and 7 ’ g/m3 at Domyat station. The traffic sites at Fum Elkhalig and Qulaly give moderate concentrations comparing to the last month. From the concentrations shown in Table 4 we can conclude that: •
The Air Quality Limit value was only exceeded three stations during March 2001.
•
The industrial sites at komombo and shoubra el kheima exceeded the air quality limit value due to emissions from the near factories and smelters, which can be detected on daily basis.
•
The high concentrations at komombo station can be detected only during working of the sugar factory which is working only at the time of sugarcane from November till June every year.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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•
ElGomhoreya, Fum Elkhalig, and Qulaly stations did not exceed the AQL and recorded 112’ g/m3,106’ g/m3 and 104’ g/m3 respectively comparing to 181 ’ g/m3, 177 ’ g/m3 and 177 ’ g/m3 respectively recorded at February 2001.
•
The concentration of SO2 at Tabbin south decreased during march which was about 36% of the Air Quality Limit value comparing to 44% recorded during February 2001.
•
None of the sites inside Alexandria and the Delta area exceeded the Air Quality Limit value.
SO2 concentrations comparing to the meteorological conditions during March 2001are being analysed in the next part. 0µ 340µ
350µ 100
330µ 320µ
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140µ 150µ 200µ
190µ
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180µ
Figure 2: breuer diagram for Abbassyia station during March 2001. From the figure we can see that the highest concentrations are recorded when the wind coming from East-South East (the traffic jamming surround the building of the station along the streets coming from Abbassyia square passing to Ain Shams university) combining with wind speeds ranging from low to moderate leading to poor dispersion and accumulation for pollutant in the area on a regional scale. Tabbin station recorded a high concentration during February 2001, this high concentrations could be from the brick factory and smelters located in this area. Southerly winds are the predominant factor for this high concentration. Figure 3 represents the wind rose and SO2 concentration versus wind direction that proves the previous statement. The sources located in this direction are either lead smelters located south of the station that uses mazot as fuel. Also brick factories are located there. For Shoubra ElKheima station, the high SO2 concentration as itᑺs clearly shown coming from the electric power station that located south south west of the station.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Figure 4: Shoubra ElKheima wind rose and SO2 conc versus wind direction. Another Example for the sources of SO2 appeared clearly in Abasseya station as shown in figure 5 that presents breuer diagram for this station during February 2001. Abaseya station was impacted mainly by the industrial area located at Shoubra ElKheima when the wind was blowing from North-North-West. The other source occurred when the winds were blowing from SSE and ESE where the emissions coming from the diesel buses on the street of Ain Shams University. Figure 5: breuer diagram and wind rose for Abbasseya during February 2001.
4.2.2. Soot concentrations (Black Smoke, BS) Analyses of soot as 24-h average concentrations are also presented in Table 3. The analyses show that the concentrations at Kom Ombo , Nasr City, Tabbin South, 6 October, G-Inab, Tanta, Kafr ElDawar and Luxor exceeded the limit values of 150 ’ g/m3. ♦ For Kom Ombo it could be because of emission of dust and soot from the sugar factory. ♦ For Luxor, G-Inab, Tanta, and Kafr ElDawar stations, the high concentrations of soot that experienced during February 2001 could be due to open-air waste burning, but this has not been confirmed. ♦ For Tabbin South, the high soot concentration could be due to the emissions from the 150 brick factories and smelters. 100
♦ Nasr City station had recorded a high soot concentrations and this could be due to high traffic especially diesel buses and 50 could be also open-air waste burning but it has not been confirmed. 0
4.2.3
NO2 concentrations
From the 24-h average of NO2 concentrations presented in Table 3, we can conclude:
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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•
During February 2001, there was three exceedance of the Air Quality Limit values
for NO2 at Nasr City Street, Gomhoreya street and Giza street. •
Nasr City street recorded 199 ’ g/m3 during February 2001 exceeding the AQL. This could be due to the high traffic experienced in this area.
•
At Gomhoreya street, which is one of the highly traffic areas in Greater Cairo, the concentration of NO2 were high exceeding the AQL and recorded 163 ’ g/m3
•
Also at the other traffic-influenced sites like Qulaly, Maadi stations in greater Cairo, the NO2 concentrations were relatively high reaching 92% to 88% of the Air Quality Limit value.
•
At Alexandria, the high NO2 concentrations were abserved at IGSR station, which is traffic-influenced station, recorded 111 ’ g/m3 and ElMax petrogas station which recorded 81 ’ g/m3 and considered as industrial area.
4.2.4. PM10 & TSP concentrations PM10 concentrations were high during this month, the 24-hr average concentrations at Tabbin, Abbaseya, Fum ElKhalig and Kolaly stations is shown in Figure 5. The concentration at Tabbin was ranging from 45 ’ g/m3 to 773 ’ g/m3 , at Abbasseya from 38 ’ g/m3 to 364 ’ g/m3 , at Fum ElKhalig from 49 ’ g/m3 to 789 ’ g/m3and at Qulaly from 13 ’ g/m3 to 550 ’ g/m3. The air quality limit value of 70 ’ g/m3 was exceeded most of the measurement time. The 24-average concentrations at Delta and Alexandria stations are shown in Figure 6. The concentration at ElMehalla ElKobra station was ranging from 60 ’ g/m3 to 728 ’ g/m3 , Kafr ElZayat station was ranging from 96 ’ g/m3 to 341 ug/m3 and at IGSR- Alex station was ranging from 42 ’ g/m3 to 591 ’ g/m3. The air quality limit value of 70 ’ g/m3 was exceeded most of the measurement time. For the other sampling stations that took a sample every week and the Air matrix stations that recorded either every week or every month, the PM10 concentrations were exceeded the Air Quality Limit value. 900 Abbasseya Fum Al-khalig Qualaly Tabbin
PM10 conc (㵰 g/m3)
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
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0
Date
Figure 5: Daily average concentrations of PM10 measured at Tabbin, Abbaseya, Fum ElKhalig and Kolaly stations (which represents Greater Cairo) in February 2001
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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10
800
ElMahalla ElKubra IGSR Kafr El Zayat
700
PM10 conc (㵰 g/m3)
600 500 400 300 200 100
27-Feb 28-Feb
24-Feb 25-Feb 26-Feb
20-Feb 21-Feb 22-Feb 23-Feb
17-Feb 18-Feb 19-Feb
13-Feb 14-Feb 15-Feb 16-Feb
10-Feb 11-Feb 12-Feb
6-Feb 7-Feb 8-Feb 9-Feb
3-Feb 4-Feb 5-Feb
1-Feb 2-Feb
0
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Figure 6: Daily average concentrations of PM10 measured at IGSR - Alex,and Kafr Elzayat station at Delta area (which represents Alexandria and Delta) in February 2001 The concentrations of sampling PM10 using Air Metrix at industrial areas like Shoubra ElKheima, and Kom Ombo recorded a high concentration, 242 ’ g/m3, and 516 ’ g/m3 respectively. At 6 October station and 10th Ramadan station, the PM10 concentrations recorded were 146 ’ g/m3 and 108 ’ g/m3 respectively. Delta PM10 sampling stations had recorded a high concentration in ElMax, Tanta and Kafr ElDawar stations, which could be considered as industrial areas. They recorded 151 ’ g/m3, 375 ’ g/m3 and 406 ’ g/m3 respectively. TSP concentrations were measured in weekly basis in five stations, which are Kolaly, Tabbin, Tabbin South, Shoubra Elkheima and Suez stations. Table 4: The maximum TSP concentration during February 2001 Station TSP (’ g/m3) 1. Kolaly 605 7. Tabbin South 904 Air quality Limit value 230 ’ g/m3 Only two stations were measuring at February 2001, the stations were exceeded the Air Quality Limit value during February 2001; the highest TSP concentration was observed in Tabbin South station recorded 904 ’ g/m3. TSP concentrations in Tabbin south station were exceeding the Air Quality Limit could be due to the cement industries located in this area. TSP concentrations in Kolaly stations were very high, recorded 605 ’ g/m3, could be due to the high traffic located in this area and especially diesel buses.
4.2.5 Ozone concentrations
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Ozone measurement was undertaken at Abasseya and Giza stations in Cairo, Alex regional stations in Alexandria and Sharm ElSheikh in Sinai. The last two stations considered being a background stations The maximum 8-hr concentration of ozone did not exceed the Air Quality Limit values at Aswan station and Giza station during February 2001. Ozone concentration in Alex regional station, which considered as a background station were 71 % of the Air Quality Limit.
4.2.6 Carbon monoxide concentrations Carbon monoxide measurement was taken at Fum Elkhalig, Gomhoreya stations in greater Cairo and IGSR-Alex station in Alexandria. The maximum 8-hr concentration of carbon monoxide was exceeded the air quality limit at streets in greater Cairo, like Gomhoreya and Fum ElKhalig which become a real street canyon station recorded 11 mg/m3 and 13 mg/m3 respectively.
4.2.7. Dust fall concentrations Dust fall concentrations were measured Fayum, Nag Hammadi, Luxor, Aswan, Minya, Assyut2, respectively. Table 5: Dust fall measurements during February 2001
Station
Weight (g/m3 . 30 days)
Fayum 13 Nag Hammadi 7 Luxor 9 Aswan 17 Minya 34 Assyut2 42 Classified polluted at > 10 g/m3. 30 days There is no Air Quality Limit value for Dust Fall concentrations in law no. 4, however the international limit is 10 g/m3 in 30 days. All the Dust Fall concentrations were exceeded the international Limit value at all stations. Except Nag Hammadi and Luxor station.
4.3 Maximum one-hour average concentrations The maximum one-hour average concentrations of SO2, NO2 , PM10, CO and Ozone are presented in Table6. Table 8: Maximum 1-hour average concentrations measured in Egypt during February 2001 Site 1 Qulaly 2 Gemhoroya street 3 Abbasyia. 5 Maadi 6 Tabbin 8 Fum Khalig 10 Shoubra Elkheima 11 Giza, Cairo Univ. 12 Suez 26 Aswan 27 Sharm ElSheikh 30 IGSR 31 Alex Regional 32 Kafr ElZayat 38 Mansoura 39 Elmehalla ElKobra
SO2 311 298 228 238 179 342 314 226 226 125
NO2 222 299
26
146
CO*
O3
PM10 980
32 555
225 81
1437 1591
23 404 136
121 114 1893 92
281 110 123
12
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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621 1546
12
42 ElShouhada Sq. 152 Air quality Limit value 350 * Units of measurement of CO is mg/m3.
400
30
200
-
The maximum hourly average SO2 concentrations were fairly high at all sites located inside the greater Cairo area. The maximum hourly average PM10 concentrations were high during February 2001 but not as high as the previous month. Some conclusions from the above table are: • The Air Quality Limit value of SO2 of (350’ g/m3) didnᑺt exceeds the Air Quality Limit Value during February 2001. • At Shoubra Elkheima, the SO2 concentration was very high exceeding the Air Quality Limit Value 314 ’ g/m3. This could be because of emissions from the smelters and small workshops that are located there. •
The SO2 concentrations along streets like Qulaly, Gomhoreya Street and Fum Elkhalig were fairly high but inside the Air Quality limit ranging from 342 ’ g/m3 to 298 ’ g/m3 as a result of emissions from diesel buses passed through these streets.
•
At Tabbin station, high value of SO2 was observed equal to 179 ’ g/m3 when observing the meteorological data, it was found that southerly wind occur in which this high value could be due to emissions from the industrial area located at Tabbin south,
•
At Abbaseya station, the SO2 concentrations were very high reaching 228 ’ g/m3. This could be an impact from Shoubra ElKheima area which located north west from this station.
•
At Kafr ElZayat station, the SO2 concentrations were also high recording 281 ’ g/m3. This could be an impact of the bricks factories located on this area.
•
The Air Quality Limit value of NO2 of (400 ’ g/m3) was exceeded once during February 2001at Giza station.
•
The NO2 concentration at Giza station recorded 404 ’ g/m3, this could be an impact from the street.
•
The NO2 concentration was high along streets, reach about 75-56% of the Air Quality Limit in Kolaly and Gomhoreya streets.
•
The NO2 concentrations were relatively low at the rest of the stations. This could be due to the low temperature experienced during February 2001.
•
PM10 concentrations were very high at all stations.
•
CO concentration exceeded the Air Quality limit value in Gomhoreya Street due to the frequent traffic jams occurred in this area recorded 32 mg/m3.
•
Ozone concentrations were not exceeded the air quality limit value during February 2001.
•
Ozone concentrations were relatively low during February 2001.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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5. Meteorology and air Quality during February 2001: 5.1 wind frequency distribution in Greater Cairo :
Shoubra Abbasyia
Giza Fum El-Khalig
Maadi
N
During February 2001 the wind was most frequently blowing from around north north east, southerly winds were observed at all measurement sites located in Greater Cairo. At Abbasyia the winds were blowing from south, south south west during 20% of the time. At Tabbin the most frequent wind directions were from north-northwest and 7 % from south. At Shoubra ElKheima also the wind were blowing from north north east and west south west. The winds observed during February 2001 seem to be representative for this time of the year in Cairo.
Tabbin
10 Km
Figure 8: wind distribution in Greater Cairo. 5.2. Wind frequency distribution in Alex , Delta:
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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Figure 7: Wind frequency distribution in Alex regional station during February 2001.
Figure 8: Wind frequency distribution in Delta during February 2001.
Figure from 7 and 8 represents the wind frequency distribution during February 2001 in Delta, Alexandria. Figure 7 represent the wind distribution for Alex regional station and the wind was mostly blowing from north-north-west. Southerly winds occurred about 9% of the time, which is high compared to the other months Figure 8 represents the wind distribution for ElMansoura station, which represents the Delta. The wind were blowing mostly from east and east south east.
EIMP/ Monthly Report, February 2001
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