New Trade Theories
New Trade Theories Introduction/Theoretical critique of HO: The HeckscherOhlin cannot be extended to a multicountry, Ncommodity trade system that is reflective of real life. Comparative advantage and relative abundance of factors are taken as a given, and there is no room for economic policy. Frederich List argued against free trade advocacy, on the grounds that it only worked for countries of equal development, that gov’t intervention was required to promote development and not through markets. Domestic strength is promoted in an inherently oligopolistic framework.
Benefits of New Trade Theories New trade theories advocate increasing returns to scale and falling average costs. External economies of scale are where falling costs per unit depend solely on the size of the industry and exhibit competitive firm behaviour. Internal economies of scale are falling costs per unit depending on the size of the firm, and thus have oligopolistic market behaviour. The gains from trade go beyond comparative advantages, enhancing efficiency and allowing for intraindustry trade via product diversification. Through this, new trade theories are better at explaining actual trade patterns. I will discuss the implications, which are…. Autarky If we analyse the market in autarky, we can observe the gains from trade. The country with a lower price and potential of falling avg. costs increases output and exports. Gains from trade occur through concentration of production and specialisation. Prices will fall everywhere due to higher demand and higher consumption levels. Horizontally differentiated products will enable intraindustry trade demand, and as such, there will be no equalisation of prices.
Dynamic Increasing returns to scale The above example of gains from trade is a static model. Alternatively, average costs may decrease as cumulative output increases. I.e. learning by doing and the accumulation of knowledge. Kaldor suggested the idea initially that economies develop by evolutionary
Benefits of New Trade Theories New trade theories advocate increasing returns to scale and falling average costs. External economies of scale are where falling costs per unit depend solely on the size of the industry and exhibit competitive firm behaviour. Internal economies of scale are falling costs per unit depending on the size of the firm, and thus have oligopolistic market behaviour. The gains from trade go beyond comparative advantages, enhancing efficiency and allowing for intraindustry trade via product diversification. Through this, new trade theories are better at explaining actual trade patterns. I will discuss the implications, which are…. Autarky If we analyse the market in autarky, we can observe the gains from trade. The country with a lower price and potential of falling avg. costs increases output and exports. Gains from trade occur through concentration of production and specialisation. Prices will fall everywhere due to higher demand and higher consumption levels. Horizontally differentiated products will enable intraindustry trade demand, and as such, there will be no equalisation of prices.
Dynamic Increasing returns to scale The above example of gains from trade is a static model. Alternatively, average costs may decrease as cumulative output increases. I.e. learning by doing and the accumulation of knowledge. Kaldor suggested the idea initially that economies develop by evolutionary
