non-equilibrium thermodynamics
HEAT ENERGY TRANSFERRED BY VIRTUE OF A TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Rohsenow and Hartnett, Handbook of Heat Transfer, 1973
HEAT TRANSFER • INVOLVES ENERGY TRANSPORT --NOT ENERGY CONVERSION • FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF HEAT TRANSFER ARE NOT THERMODYNAMIC LAWS
HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS
HEAT CONDUCTION RADIATIVE TRANSFER
HEAT TRANSFER GENERAL MECHANISMS
• HEAT CONDUCTION • RADIATIVE TRANSFER • HEAT CONVECTION
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER IN THE PRESENCE OF FLUID FLOW CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER AND RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER ARE BOTH PRESENT IN FLUID FLOW
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER • FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
The Time Rate of Heat Transfer Through A Material is Proportional to the Negative Gradient in the Temperature and to the Area
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER (HEAT CONDUCTION INVOLVING FLUID FLOW)
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING The Rate of Heat Loss from a Body Is Proportional to the Difference In Temperature between the Body And the Environment
RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER STEFAN-BOLTZMANN’S LAW The Total Energy Radiated from a surface area of a ‘Black’ Body per Unit Time is Directly Proportional to the FOURTH Power of the ABSOLUTE Thermodynamic Temperature
HEAT, MASS & MOMENTUM TRANSFER
NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS CREATE THE DRIVING FORCES FOR HEAT TRANSFER ALSO - FOR MASS TRANSFER ALSO - MOMENTUM (FORCE) TRANSFER
TRANSFER PROCESSES NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS GENERATE THE DRIVING FORCES FOR ENERGY TRANSPORT REQUIRE TIME TO OCCUR INTRODUCE RATES AND PROCESSES INTO THERMODYNAMIC / ENERGY SYSTEMS CREATE ENERGY LOSSES NECESSARY TO TRANSPORT ENERGY IN THE THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES THAT CONVERT ENERGY FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
HEAT TRANSFER IS IT PART OF THERMODYNAMICS ???? CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS
NO HEAT TRANSFER IS NOT PART OF CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS
THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS INVOLVE ENERGY CONVERSION – NOT ENERGY TRANSPORT OR HEAT TRANSFER
WHY - Classical Thermodynamics Involves Changes between Equilibrium States (Uniform System Conditions) Necessitated to Facilitate the Thermodynamic Analysis
WHY - Classical Thermodynamics is Concerned Only with Initial and Final State Conditions which are in Equilibrium by Definition
HEAT TRANSFER IS IT PART OF THERMODYNAMICS ? ????? NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS
YES ! ! ! ! THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS DO NOT PROHIBIT THE CONCURRENT ANALYSIS OF ENERGY TRANSFERS, MOMENTUM AND MASS TRANSFERS, OR THE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES
NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS INCORPORATES THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS, AS WELL AS, OTHER FUNDAMENTAL LAWS TO ANALYSIS ENERGY CONVERSION
TIME, TRANSIENTS, RATES, CHANGING STATE CONDITIONS, TRANSPORT PHENOMENON ARE INCORPORATED INTO NON-EQUILIBRIUM THRERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY MUST BE TRANSPORTED IN ORDER TO BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
ENERGY TRANSPORT REQUIRED FOR ENERGY CONVERSION CREATES SIGNIFICANT IRREVERSIBLE LOSSES
ENERGY CONVERSION REQUIRES ENERGY TRANSPORT THAT REQUIRES DRIVING FORCES AND, THEREFORE. TIME TO OCCUR
ENERGY CONVERSION IS THE DRIVING FORCE OF CHANGE, I.E., LIFE AS WE KNOW IT.
COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS A NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS TIME DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONVERSION IN ASSOCIATION WITH ENERGY, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT
COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS A NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS ENERGY CONVERSION IN ASSOCIATION WITH ENERGY, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT
TIME DEPENDENT THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPLEX NUMERICAL ANALYSIS UTILIZING COMPUTATIONAL METHODS REQUIRES LARGE COMPUTATIONAL EFFORT CAN NOT MAKE ACCURATE PREDICTIONS WITHOUT USER ADJUSTMENTS REQUIRES CONSIDERABLE EFFORT BY AN EXPERIENCED USER TO PRODUCE USEFUL RESULTS
THERMODYNAMICS AND FIRE DYNAMICS • COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS: • A Comprehensive Thermal-Fluid Mechanic Study • A “Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Analysis”
• THIS IS THE
VIDEO ! ! !
• OF FIRE INVESTIGATION------Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
• THERMOPHYSICAL DATA – MUST BE KNOWN – FOR SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS – WITHIN A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM Enthalpy, Internal Energy, Entropy, Density, Specific Heats, Viscosity, Surface Tension, Thermal Conductivity, Specific Volume, Sonic Velocity, etc.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS PHYSICAL DATA IS A MANDATORY AND INTEGRAL PART OF THERMODYNAMICS
BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS • “Energy, the source of all life on earth, begins as nuclear reactions that convert mass into nuclear energy inside the sun which creates the electromagnetic energy that drives photosynthesis. Photosynthesis creates glucose from air, water, and sunlight, i.e., converts light energy into chemical energy. Glucose is the basic building block of both starch and cellulose, the molecular structures that plants use to store energy. Sugars, starches, and cellulosics, i.e., carbohydrates [Morowitz, Energy Flow in Biology, 1968] are the feed materials for most of the chemical fuels encountered in fire science and for the food for living organisms.” * •
* --- Thomas E. Eaton, “THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED AND DISCUSSED, (Eaton Engineering Co. , 2016)
BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS ‘Original Objective: Define THERMODYNAMICS ………………’
“The science of energy conversion” ‘Has Evolved into: “The source of
all life as we know it on the planet Earth.” *
“With life come the intimate issues of THOUGHT, AWARENESS, and CONSCIOUSNESS --- all thermodynamic phenomenon.” * •
* --- Thomas E. Eaton, “THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED AND DISCUSSED, (Eaton Engineering Co. , 2016)
CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS TEMPERATURE ENERGY IRREVERSIBILITY (AVAILABILITY / ENTROPY)
CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS TEMPERATURE - Energy Intensity ENERGY ----------- Energy Quantity AVAILABILITY - Energy Convertibility
THERMODYNAMICS WHAT IS
??? ???
THERMODYNAMICS ???????????? •
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS THE SCIENCE OF ENERGY CONVERSION
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS ? ? ? IS ??? ANYTHING THAT HAS EVER HAPPENED •
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS IS
EVERYTHING THAT IS HAPPENING NOW •
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS IS
EVERYTHING THAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN •
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
WHAT
IS
THERMODYNAMICS --- ENERGY ----- CONVERSION --ENERGY CAUSES
CHANGE
THERMODYNAMICS THE STUDY OF 1. THE PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION, 2. THE RESTRICTIONS REGARDING ENERGY CONVERSION FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER, AND -- THE THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016. Eaton Engineering Co.
WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
IT IS “ WHAT’S HAPPENING “
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS IT IS:
The energy conversion that causes change which is perceived as the passage of time
The source of knowledge of the physical world
The source of Food which makes life possible
The source of thought, consciousness, and the perception of existence
The driving force of life as we know it
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
SCIENCE “KNOWLEDGE” “SCIENCE: knowledge about or study of the natural world ….” * * www.meriam-webster.com/dictionary/science
TECHNOLOGY THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
ENGINEERING THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
THE SCIENCE OF ENERGY CONVERSION CLASSICAL Thermodynamics
WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
THE SCIENCE OF ENERGY General Thermodynamics
WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
AND YOU THOUGHT YOU DIDN’T KNOW
REVIEW
References • See Separate Listing
HEAT TRANSFER • INVOLVES ENERGY TRANSPORT --NOT ENERGY CONVERSION • FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF HEAT TRANSFER ARE NOT THERMODYNAMIC LAWS
HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS
HEAT CONDUCTION RADIATIVE TRANSFER
HEAT TRANSFER GENERAL MECHANISMS
• HEAT CONDUCTION • RADIATIVE TRANSFER • HEAT CONVECTION
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER IN THE PRESENCE OF FLUID FLOW CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER AND RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER ARE BOTH PRESENT IN FLUID FLOW
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER • FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
The Time Rate of Heat Transfer Through A Material is Proportional to the Negative Gradient in the Temperature and to the Area
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER (HEAT CONDUCTION INVOLVING FLUID FLOW)
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING The Rate of Heat Loss from a Body Is Proportional to the Difference In Temperature between the Body And the Environment
RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER STEFAN-BOLTZMANN’S LAW The Total Energy Radiated from a surface area of a ‘Black’ Body per Unit Time is Directly Proportional to the FOURTH Power of the ABSOLUTE Thermodynamic Temperature
HEAT, MASS & MOMENTUM TRANSFER
NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS CREATE THE DRIVING FORCES FOR HEAT TRANSFER ALSO - FOR MASS TRANSFER ALSO - MOMENTUM (FORCE) TRANSFER
TRANSFER PROCESSES NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS GENERATE THE DRIVING FORCES FOR ENERGY TRANSPORT REQUIRE TIME TO OCCUR INTRODUCE RATES AND PROCESSES INTO THERMODYNAMIC / ENERGY SYSTEMS CREATE ENERGY LOSSES NECESSARY TO TRANSPORT ENERGY IN THE THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES THAT CONVERT ENERGY FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
HEAT TRANSFER IS IT PART OF THERMODYNAMICS ???? CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS
NO HEAT TRANSFER IS NOT PART OF CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS
THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS INVOLVE ENERGY CONVERSION – NOT ENERGY TRANSPORT OR HEAT TRANSFER
WHY - Classical Thermodynamics Involves Changes between Equilibrium States (Uniform System Conditions) Necessitated to Facilitate the Thermodynamic Analysis
WHY - Classical Thermodynamics is Concerned Only with Initial and Final State Conditions which are in Equilibrium by Definition
HEAT TRANSFER IS IT PART OF THERMODYNAMICS ? ????? NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS
YES ! ! ! ! THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS DO NOT PROHIBIT THE CONCURRENT ANALYSIS OF ENERGY TRANSFERS, MOMENTUM AND MASS TRANSFERS, OR THE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES
NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS INCORPORATES THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS, AS WELL AS, OTHER FUNDAMENTAL LAWS TO ANALYSIS ENERGY CONVERSION
TIME, TRANSIENTS, RATES, CHANGING STATE CONDITIONS, TRANSPORT PHENOMENON ARE INCORPORATED INTO NON-EQUILIBRIUM THRERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY MUST BE TRANSPORTED IN ORDER TO BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
ENERGY TRANSPORT REQUIRED FOR ENERGY CONVERSION CREATES SIGNIFICANT IRREVERSIBLE LOSSES
ENERGY CONVERSION REQUIRES ENERGY TRANSPORT THAT REQUIRES DRIVING FORCES AND, THEREFORE. TIME TO OCCUR
ENERGY CONVERSION IS THE DRIVING FORCE OF CHANGE, I.E., LIFE AS WE KNOW IT.
COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS A NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS TIME DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONVERSION IN ASSOCIATION WITH ENERGY, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT
COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS A NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS ENERGY CONVERSION IN ASSOCIATION WITH ENERGY, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT
TIME DEPENDENT THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPLEX NUMERICAL ANALYSIS UTILIZING COMPUTATIONAL METHODS REQUIRES LARGE COMPUTATIONAL EFFORT CAN NOT MAKE ACCURATE PREDICTIONS WITHOUT USER ADJUSTMENTS REQUIRES CONSIDERABLE EFFORT BY AN EXPERIENCED USER TO PRODUCE USEFUL RESULTS
THERMODYNAMICS AND FIRE DYNAMICS • COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS: • A Comprehensive Thermal-Fluid Mechanic Study • A “Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Analysis”
• THIS IS THE
VIDEO ! ! !
• OF FIRE INVESTIGATION------Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
• THERMOPHYSICAL DATA – MUST BE KNOWN – FOR SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS – WITHIN A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM Enthalpy, Internal Energy, Entropy, Density, Specific Heats, Viscosity, Surface Tension, Thermal Conductivity, Specific Volume, Sonic Velocity, etc.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS PHYSICAL DATA IS A MANDATORY AND INTEGRAL PART OF THERMODYNAMICS
BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS • “Energy, the source of all life on earth, begins as nuclear reactions that convert mass into nuclear energy inside the sun which creates the electromagnetic energy that drives photosynthesis. Photosynthesis creates glucose from air, water, and sunlight, i.e., converts light energy into chemical energy. Glucose is the basic building block of both starch and cellulose, the molecular structures that plants use to store energy. Sugars, starches, and cellulosics, i.e., carbohydrates [Morowitz, Energy Flow in Biology, 1968] are the feed materials for most of the chemical fuels encountered in fire science and for the food for living organisms.” * •
* --- Thomas E. Eaton, “THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED AND DISCUSSED, (Eaton Engineering Co. , 2016)
BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS ‘Original Objective: Define THERMODYNAMICS ………………’
“The science of energy conversion” ‘Has Evolved into: “The source of
all life as we know it on the planet Earth.” *
“With life come the intimate issues of THOUGHT, AWARENESS, and CONSCIOUSNESS --- all thermodynamic phenomenon.” * •
* --- Thomas E. Eaton, “THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED AND DISCUSSED, (Eaton Engineering Co. , 2016)
CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS TEMPERATURE ENERGY IRREVERSIBILITY (AVAILABILITY / ENTROPY)
CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS TEMPERATURE - Energy Intensity ENERGY ----------- Energy Quantity AVAILABILITY - Energy Convertibility
THERMODYNAMICS WHAT IS
??? ???
THERMODYNAMICS ???????????? •
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS THE SCIENCE OF ENERGY CONVERSION
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS ? ? ? IS ??? ANYTHING THAT HAS EVER HAPPENED •
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS IS
EVERYTHING THAT IS HAPPENING NOW •
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS IS
EVERYTHING THAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN •
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
WHAT
IS
THERMODYNAMICS --- ENERGY ----- CONVERSION --ENERGY CAUSES
CHANGE
THERMODYNAMICS THE STUDY OF 1. THE PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION, 2. THE RESTRICTIONS REGARDING ENERGY CONVERSION FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER, AND -- THE THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016. Eaton Engineering Co.
WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
IT IS “ WHAT’S HAPPENING “
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS IT IS:
The energy conversion that causes change which is perceived as the passage of time
The source of knowledge of the physical world
The source of Food which makes life possible
The source of thought, consciousness, and the perception of existence
The driving force of life as we know it
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
SCIENCE “KNOWLEDGE” “SCIENCE: knowledge about or study of the natural world ….” * * www.meriam-webster.com/dictionary/science
TECHNOLOGY THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
ENGINEERING THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
THE SCIENCE OF ENERGY CONVERSION CLASSICAL Thermodynamics
WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
THE SCIENCE OF ENERGY General Thermodynamics
WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
AND YOU THOUGHT YOU DIDN’T KNOW
REVIEW
References • See Separate Listing
