Nucleus
Nucleus
Main function (with ribosomes) –> DNA transcribed to RNA translated to protein • Nuclear Envelope o Double membrane system (2 lipid bilayers) o Encloses the nucleus away from the cytoplasm o Selectively permeable pores allowing enter/exit of molecules • mRNA • Nuclear Lamina o Netlike array of protein filaments o Maintains shape of the nucleus by supporting the envelope • Nuclear Matrix o Framework of protein fibres throughout the nuclear interior o Organise genetic material • Nucleolus o Inside the nucleus o Made of proteins and nucleic acids o "Factory" • mRNA is made from DNA instructions. • Proteins come from cytoplasm to join the mRNA creating small/large ribosome subunits which exit the nuclear envelope pore to assemble into a ribosome • Nucleoplasm o Fluid inside the nucleus • Chromosome o Carriers of genetic information - 1 DNA double helix & proteins o Chromatin: Complex of all the chromosomes (46 or 23 pairs in humans)
Ribosomes
Made of rRNA and proteins • Made of small and large subunit • Free ribosomes: made in the cytosol and proteins made for cellular use • Bound ribosomes: embed in rough ER usually to be exported out of the cell • Coordinates/catalyses protein synthesis o Converts genetic information carried by mRNA into proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Mesh of interconnected membranes that continues from the nuclear envelope • Series of Organelles responsible for o Modifying protein chains into their final form o Synthesising lipids o Pack lipids and proteins into vesicles for inter/intracellular export 1. Rough o "Rough" = numerous ribosomes studded along the ER o Bound Ribosomes attach to Rough ER • Polypeptide chain embeds into ER lumen causing 3D folding § Once synthesised they are grouped into vesicles to travel to the Golgi Apparatus 2. Smooth o "Smooth" = lacking the studded ribosomes o Involved in: • Lipid synthesis • Metabolise carbohydrate • Detoxification of drugs
Golgi Apparatus • •
Receives transport vesicles from the ER Molecules pass through the layers directionally to be: o Packaged and secreted o Modified o Sorted
• •
Sends proteins to the right place through recognising specific amino acid combinations Molecular tags allow sorting and packaging and placement
Transport vesicles • • •
Small membrane sacks Travels along the cytoplasmic tracks Molecules packaged in their for transport inter/intracellular o Bud off the Rough ER o Pinch off the Golgi Apparatus
Vacuoles
that are
Large vesicles diverse maintenance compartments • It is selective in transporting solutes • Many different types of vacuoles which have different cytosol
compositions o Food vacuoles o Contractile vacuoles o Central vacuoles • Prominent organelle in a plant cell • Storage, breakdown of waste, hydrolysis of the macromolecules • The enlargement of this organelle is the major component of plant growth • Replaces the lysosomes in a plant cell
Lysosomes • •
Small organelles containing enzymes Enzymes to breakdown material o Recycled atoms o Remove junk • Example: hydrolysis of macromolecules
Plasma Membrane • • •
Made of lipids and proteins Separates inside from the outside of the cell Controls molecules entering/exiting cell
Cell Wall • •
Outermost layer Protecting it from mechanical damage and maintaining rigid shape
Plasmodesmata •
Cytoplasmic channels that connect the cytoplasm between 2 neighbouring cells
Main function (with ribosomes) –> DNA transcribed to RNA translated to protein • Nuclear Envelope o Double membrane system (2 lipid bilayers) o Encloses the nucleus away from the cytoplasm o Selectively permeable pores allowing enter/exit of molecules • mRNA • Nuclear Lamina o Netlike array of protein filaments o Maintains shape of the nucleus by supporting the envelope • Nuclear Matrix o Framework of protein fibres throughout the nuclear interior o Organise genetic material • Nucleolus o Inside the nucleus o Made of proteins and nucleic acids o "Factory" • mRNA is made from DNA instructions. • Proteins come from cytoplasm to join the mRNA creating small/large ribosome subunits which exit the nuclear envelope pore to assemble into a ribosome • Nucleoplasm o Fluid inside the nucleus • Chromosome o Carriers of genetic information - 1 DNA double helix & proteins o Chromatin: Complex of all the chromosomes (46 or 23 pairs in humans)
Ribosomes
Made of rRNA and proteins • Made of small and large subunit • Free ribosomes: made in the cytosol and proteins made for cellular use • Bound ribosomes: embed in rough ER usually to be exported out of the cell • Coordinates/catalyses protein synthesis o Converts genetic information carried by mRNA into proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Mesh of interconnected membranes that continues from the nuclear envelope • Series of Organelles responsible for o Modifying protein chains into their final form o Synthesising lipids o Pack lipids and proteins into vesicles for inter/intracellular export 1. Rough o "Rough" = numerous ribosomes studded along the ER o Bound Ribosomes attach to Rough ER • Polypeptide chain embeds into ER lumen causing 3D folding § Once synthesised they are grouped into vesicles to travel to the Golgi Apparatus 2. Smooth o "Smooth" = lacking the studded ribosomes o Involved in: • Lipid synthesis • Metabolise carbohydrate • Detoxification of drugs
Golgi Apparatus • •
Receives transport vesicles from the ER Molecules pass through the layers directionally to be: o Packaged and secreted o Modified o Sorted
• •
Sends proteins to the right place through recognising specific amino acid combinations Molecular tags allow sorting and packaging and placement
Transport vesicles • • •
Small membrane sacks Travels along the cytoplasmic tracks Molecules packaged in their for transport inter/intracellular o Bud off the Rough ER o Pinch off the Golgi Apparatus
Vacuoles
that are
Large vesicles diverse maintenance compartments • It is selective in transporting solutes • Many different types of vacuoles which have different cytosol
compositions o Food vacuoles o Contractile vacuoles o Central vacuoles • Prominent organelle in a plant cell • Storage, breakdown of waste, hydrolysis of the macromolecules • The enlargement of this organelle is the major component of plant growth • Replaces the lysosomes in a plant cell
Lysosomes • •
Small organelles containing enzymes Enzymes to breakdown material o Recycled atoms o Remove junk • Example: hydrolysis of macromolecules
Plasma Membrane • • •
Made of lipids and proteins Separates inside from the outside of the cell Controls molecules entering/exiting cell
Cell Wall • •
Outermost layer Protecting it from mechanical damage and maintaining rigid shape
Plasmodesmata •
Cytoplasmic channels that connect the cytoplasm between 2 neighbouring cells
