Ohio Department of Health Bureau of Environmental Health ...

Ohio Department of Health Bureau of Environmental Health Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio Introduction The Ottawa County Health Department (OCHD) notified the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) on August 3, 2004, of an increasing number of gastrointestinal illnesses from visitors to South Bass Island, Ottawa County. Multiple agencies became involved in the investigation with ODH including the OCHD, Ohio EPA, Ohio Department of Agriculture, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). By Labor Day, more than 1, 400 people reported symptoms. Interviews with ill persons revealed that people started getting sick in June and ranged in age from 7 months to 83 years, with most ill persons being visitors to the island. Campylobacter, Giardia, norovirus and Salmonella were among the clinically diagnosed illnesses identified. Information from the CDC investigative work suggested contaminated public and private water as the possible source of illness. Initial water sampling also indicated ground water contamination, and resulted in Ohio EPA issuing no-use orders for many of the transient, non-community supplies on the island. ODH urged island residents using private wells to consider boiling their water prior to use and recommended that visitors consume bottled water. As a result of these actions, ODH established several goals: 1) To determine the cause or causes of the illnesses; 2) To conduct an environmental assessment of the ground water quality beneath the island; 3) To establish recommendations to prevent and control the outbreak. This report addresses Goal 2 cited above and describes the results of the ground water study implemented by ODH, with support and assistance from the CDC, National Center for Environmental Health. Overview of Island Water and Wastewater Systems Current water supplies on the island include both public and private water systems. Public water systems are defined as systems that supply more than 25 people regularly more than 60 days out of the year, or having greater than 15 service connections. Public water supply systems on the island include the Village of Put In Bay, which obtains water from Lake Erie and serves the incorporated areas of the village, and 13 transient, non-community supplies relying on ground water wells outside of the village Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 1

boundaries. Outside of the village, residential dwellings and small businesses use ground water from wells for drinking water and potable uses. These systems are private water systems and are defined under Ohio Administrative Code (OAC) Section 3701-28-01 (ZZ): “Private water system” means any water system, other than a public water supply system, for the provision of water for human consumption, if the system has fewer than fifteen service connections and does not regularly serve an average of at least twenty-five individuals daily at least sixty days each year. A private water system includes any well, spring, cistern, pond, or hauled water…” The Ottawa County Health Department (OCHD) issues permits to construct, alter or seal private water systems on the island in accordance with OAC Chapter 3701-28, Private Water System Rules. The OCHD issues approximately 10-15 permits per year for new construction on the island which are primarily drilled water wells, with 131 permits issued from 1995 through 2004 (Table 1.) The Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, has approximately 500 records of water well log constructed on the island from 1945 to the present. Data from the Ottawa County Regional Planning Commission shows there are just over 1,000 housing units on South Bass Island. A percentage of the total number of water wells are replacement wells at existing homes, thus it is estimated that the total number of private wells in service is roughly equivalent to the number of residential dwellings outside of the village limits. Table 1. Number of private water systems and household sewage treatment systems installed on South Bass Island, 1995-2004 (OCHD, 2005). Year

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 Totals

Private Water Systems Permits 14 13 9 10 8 13 14 28 10 5 124

Household Sewage System – permits 4 16 14 11 10 20 16 27 10 21 149

Soil Absorption

Aeration

1 10 6 3 6 9 13 19 5 9 81

1 2 3 5 3 10 2 8 5 12 51

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Aeration Replacement

2 5 3 5 1 1

17

Experimental

2 2

4

Page 2

Wells have also been drilled on the island to provide water for other uses including geothermal heating/cooling and irrigation. Many businesses in the Village of Put-In-Bay had an auxiliary well installed for geothermal heating/cooling and to augment water supplies for toilet flushing. Ohio EPA identified that some of these systems had possible cross-connections to the municipal water distribution systems. Many of these auxiliary wells were located in the downtown village area, near the lake shore. These wells were routinely pumping ground water for extended periods in the summer for cooling purposes. Wastewater treatment on the island is also served by public and private systems. The OCHD permits household wastewater treatment systems for one, two and three family dwellings in accordance with OAC Chapter 3701-29. Public wastewater treatment systems on the island are under the jurisdiction of the Ohio EPA. Outside of the village, residents and businesses rely on on-site sewage treatment systems that vary substantially in the level of treatment, system age and installation. The OCHD issues wastewater permits for all one, two and three family dwellings; all other systems are under the jurisdiction of Ohio EPA. Since 1983, the OCHD has conducted operational inspections and encouraged homeowner service contracts for off lot aeration systems that exist throughout the county, including the islands. While there are a significant number of off lot aeration systems on South Bass Island, in more recent years, efforts were taken to utilize alternative technologies for onsite systems through the experimental variance process. Since 1994, service contracts have been required for permits issued for aeration systems. The Ottawa County Health Department has progressed over time toward permitting more onsite soil-based systems. Careful consideration is given to lot conditions when designing and permitting replacement systems for existing lots. According to the OCHD, the majority of household sewage treatment systems installed on the island include: 1) aeration systems to discharge for most lots adjacent to Lake Erie; 2) standard septic tank to soil absorption trenches where some thickness of soils are present; 3) a few evapotranspiration mounds; 4) a few tanks to mounded soil absorption beds issued under experimental concurrence from ODH; 5) and over the last several years, 3 septic tank to peat biofilter to a modified mound system where 1-2 feet of natural soil is present. The OCHD board has adopted a resolution allowing only 10 aeration systems installed with discharge per ¼ mile of lakeshore for existing lots. There are no discharging systems permitted for new lots since 1996. The OCHD issued 150 permits for household sewage treatment systems from 1995 to 2005 for South Bass Island, 13 of which were identified as replacement systems (Table 1). For a number of years, a septic tank waste hauler was permitted by the OCHD for land application of septage on a property located near the center of the western portion of the island. The land application of septage was voluntarily ceased by the hauler in Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 3

August 8, 2004, and on September 14, 2004, the OCHD board required that all septage be taken to the Put-in Bay wastewater treatment plant for disposal. Geology and Hydrogeology of South Bass Island Ground water is defined as any water below the surface of the earth in a zone of saturation. An aquifer is a consolidated or unconsolidated geologic formation or series of formations that is capable of receiving, storing or transmitting water to wells or springs. In Ohio, aquifers consist of unconsolidated (loose) sands and gravels, or consolidated (cemented or hard) rock such as limestone, dolomite, sandstone or shale. The bedrock exposed at the surface on South Bass Island is mapped as the Bass Island dolomite by Larsen and Vorbau (1999). Well logs indicate the South Bass Island dolomite ranges in thickness from 30 to 65 feet across the island. The Bass Island formation is the upper aquifer on the island. Directly underlying the Bass Island dolomite is the Salina Group, which is the lower aquifer. The Salina Group is over 200 feet thick in this area of Ohio. The Preliminary Structure Contour Map of the Salina Group (Larsen, 1995) places the elevation of the contact between the Bass Island and the Salina groups at approximately 545 feet mean sea level in the area of South Bass Island. Lake Erie directly overlies the Salina Group where it is exposed in the lake bed, and contacts the outcrops of the Bass Island dolomite on the island at elevations below lake level (572 ft. MSL). The Bass Island and Salina Group formations are very fractured; have solution features, and cave formation is common. Ground water in both formations is stored and moves through a series of interconnected fractures and solution channels (visualize a 3-D grid of pipes in the rock, both horizontally and vertically oriented). The presence of voids beneath the surface are commonly identified on well log records for the island. Sinkholes and closed depressions are also present on the island. Visible fractures extending to the surface show primary and secondary trending patterns. Drilled wells intersect these fracture sets to obtain the water moving through them. Numerous caves have been mapped near the central part of the island (Verber and Stansbery, 1953). Limestone and dolomite geologic formations exhibiting these features are described as karst aquifers. Karst aquifers are called triple-porosity aquifers because ground water moves within three distinct, but connected, frameworks: matrix, fractures, and conduits. In the matrix, ground water moves relatively slowly, in fractures velocities can be higher, and in conduits the water can move exceedingly fast. These geologic conditions can be found on the other Lake Erie islands in this area including Middle and North Bass and Kelley’s Island. Ground water flow on the island is recharged by precipitation that falls on the surface and infiltrates into the ground water system. Ground water flow and recharge are also controlled by variations in the lake level. The direction of ground water flow on an island is typically from areas of higher topography to the elevation where the island is in Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 4

contact with the surrounding water body, forming a mound with radial flow from the center of the island (Figure 1). Given the juxtaposition of both formations with Lake Erie, and the degree of fracturing present, there is likely a hydraulic connection between the lake and the aquifers. Verber and Stansbery (1953) identified a three hour time lag between water level fluctuations in Lake Erie and water levels in Kindt’s I cave. Storm events on the lake will cause distinct fluctuations in lake levels in addition to normal seasonal variations. Surface water impacts on ground water quality in a karst aquifer elsewhere in Ohio have been documented by Bendula and Moore (1999). This study showed a correlation between precipitation events and bacterial contamination of wells, with wells that tested negative for E. coli showing dramatic increases in colony counts for E. coli after precipitation events. Figure 1. Typical ground water flow conditions in an island geologic setting demonstrating radial flow (A) and the influence on ground water flow by pumping wells (B) (U.S. Geological Survey, 2000).

The combined effect of multiple pumping water wells on the island can also cause changes in the natural direction of ground water flow. Areas of increased pumping can induce water to flow from a nearby surface water body, in this case, Lake Erie, into the ground water system via the fractures that interconnect the Bass Island and Salina group aquifers to the Lake. The combined pumping of many geothermal and auxiliary wells on the island during the summer seasons can increase the amount of induced infiltration that occurs, and may add further contribution of the lake water to the aquifer. This concept is demonstrated in Figure 1 (B).

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 5

Soils on the island are variable and generally thin to absent. Thin patchy glacial till (less than 10 feet) has been mapped in the northeast portion of the island. Thin till is also present in a narrow band on the southeast shore. A slightly thicker till area is present in the north-central portion of the main island area (Larsen, 1999). The Soil Survey of Ottawa County (USDA, 1985) shows five soil series on the island, and two classifications related to disturbed soils. Soil series include Castalia, Dunbridge, Milton, Nappanee and Rawson. Castalia, Dunbridge, Milton and Rawson soils all have bedrock at depths from 20 to 40 inches below the surface, with vertical fractures present (Figure 2) . The Nappanee and Rawson soils are slowly permeable with seasonal wetness (Figure 3). The primary soil series on the island is Castalia, with the limiting factor being shallow depth to bedrock and rapid permeability . A review of water well logs on the island shows a typical well construction with 25 ft of casing or less, and due to the age of the wells, it is assumed that little to no grouting (sealing with special clay or cement) of the annular space around the casing is present. This will also allow surface water to infiltrate around the well casings. Also, because of the very minimal casing lengths that have been used, the boreholes of the wells are open to the rock and ground water from 25 feet to the bottom of the well allowing mixing of water between the two aquifers. Well depths range from 30 feet to 300 feet in depth, with depths less than 150 feet most common. ODNR, Division of Water reports 644 well logs on file for South Bass Island, 129 well logs for Middle Bass Island, 2 well logs for North Bass Island, and 130 well logs for Kelley’s Island. Due to the presence of thin soils to absent soils overlying fractured limestone/dolomite, there is minimal to no natural filtration of surface water runoff (or any other contaminant) from precipitation before the water reaches the ground water system. Karst geologic formations that form aquifers are very vulnerable to surface contamination (Figure 4). Ground water at 25 feet in this hydrogeologic setting has had very little opportunity for natural filtration, and due to the rapid movement and recharge through the fractured rock to the ground water, very little time for natural die-off of bacteria, viruses, and parasites, or attenuation of chemical contaminants. Data suggests that both aquifers are hydraulically connected to Lake Erie, therefore, lake water quality may also have an influence on ground water quality.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 6

Figure 2. Average depth to bedrock for soils on South Bass Island

Preliminary Evaluation of Soil Limitations for Onsite Sewage Systems

ChB 2.5 ChB 2.5

T S

0357

MtB 2.5

ChB 2.5 ChB 2.5 MtB 2.5

DuB 2.5 ChB 2.5 ChB 2.5

ChB 2.5

MtB 2.5

DuB 2.5

DuB 2.5

ChB 25

Avg. Depth To Bedrock 0 - 1 feet 1 - 2 feet 2 - 3 feet 3 - 4 feet 4 - 5 feet

Disclaimer: This map is intended for initial evaluation of parameters and is not meant to replace onsite investigations. See User's Guidance Document for description of functions and data layers used in this map.

-

0

0.25

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

0.5

Miles

Page 7

Figure 3. Average depth to water table for soils on South Bass Island. Preliminary Evaluation of Soil Limitations for Onsite Sewage Systems

T S

RaB 3.2

0357

RaB 3.2

NpA 2.8 RaB 3.2

RaB 3.2

NpA 2.8

RaB 3.2

RaB 3.2

NpA 2.8

RaB 3.2

Avg. Depth To Water Table 0 - 1 feet 1 - 2 feet 2 - 3 feet 3 - 4 feet 4 - 5 feet

Disclaimer: This map is intended for initial evaluation of parameters and is not meant to replace onsite investigations. See User's Guidance Document for description of functions and data layers used in this map.

-

0

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

0.25

0.5

Miles

Page 8

Figure 4. Diagram of karst aquifer and ground water flow (U.S. Geological Survey, 2000).

Water Sampling Results ODH developed a sampling plan for South Bass Island with the goal of determining the water quality of the ground water (aquifers) beneath the island and to provide recommendations on how island residents with wells can minimize associated health risks from consuming contaminated ground water. Water well log data for the island was obtained from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. Based on 644 well logs on file for the island, a statistical sample set target of 86 samples was selected. The island was divided by grids into 22 areas to provide equal geographic and demographic coverage for sample sites. Each surveyor was to identify and collect a sample at four sites within each grid. Sample sites within each grid were then chosen based on the availability of a well log (for aquifer and well depth information) and sampling access. A sanitary survey was conducted at each sample site to identify well surface construction and location, and onsite wastewater treatment. Attachment 1 is the sanitary survey used. Attachment 2 lists information regarding the wells sampled. Water sampling was conducted by ODH during Sept. 8-10, 2004, and 79 samples (2 duplicates) were collected from private wells on South Bass Island. Water samples were analyzed for total coliform, E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, nitrates and chlorides using standard protocols for sample collection and analysis. Attachment 3 describes the sampling protocols used at each site. Bacteriological parameters were selected based on confirmed cause of illnesses, and standard analytical methods were used to detect contamination in water. Water samples were analyzed by Benchmark Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 9

Laboratories and the Consumer Analytical Lab, Ohio Department of Agriculture. Nitrates and chlorides were selected for analysis because they can be indicators of sewage contamination (in addition to the bacteriological parameters). A review of studies by Canter and Knox (1986) identify representative physical and chemical parameter effluent concentrations from septic tanks as 40 mg/l for total nitrogen (organic, ammonia and nitrate forms combined). Geochemical conditions in the subsurface soils and rock will then determine which form of nitrogen migrates into the ground water system. Typically, nitrates are the common form of nitrogen found in ground water systems. Chloride concentrations in septic tank effluent have been reported to range from 37 to 101 mg/l (Canter and Knox, 1986). Out of 79 samples analyzed, 78% were positive and 22% were negative for total coliform. Samples analyzed for E. coli showed 31% positive and 69% negative. One hundred percent (100%, 1 well) of the wells less than 30 feet in depth, and 60%(9) of the wells less than 50 feet in depth, were positive for E. coli. Eighteen percent (18%) of the wells greater than 50 feet deep were positive for E. coli. No campylobacter or salmonella were detected in any private water wells sampled by ODH. Table 2. Distribution of E.Coli positive results by well depth for samples collected September 8-10, 2004, South Bass Island (NCEH, 2005).

Depth of Well in Feet 0 – 10 11 – 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 91 - 100 101 – 110 111 - 120 121 – 130 131 - 140 141 – 150 151 – 160 161 - 170 Total

Number of Wells at this Depth 00 00 01 06 15 16 12 17 05 02 01 00 00 00 00 00 01 76

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

E. coli Positive Wells at this Depth 01 04 09 04 00 04 01 01 00 00 24

% of E.coli Positive Wells at this Depth 100% 66.67% 60.00% 25.00% 0% 23.53% 20.00% 50.00% 0% 0% 31.58%

Page 10

Table 3. E. Coli positive results by well depths for ground water samples collected September 8-10, 2004, South Bass Island. Depth of Well in Feet

Number of Wells at this Depth

% of Wells at this Depth

Number of E. coli Positive Wells at this Depth

% of E. coli Positive Wells at this Depth

0 – 50 Feet

22

28.95%

14

63.64%

51 – 162 Feet

54

71.05%

10

18.52%

The total coliform and E. coli sample results from each well were plotted as being completed into the Bass Island or Salina Group aquifer depending on the well depth and elevation. Figures 5 and 6 show the distribution of total coliform and E.coli sample results for the Bass Island and Salina Group aquifers. Please note that all well results are not plotted on the following diagrams due to absence of accurate locational data. Of the 79 sample sites, based on well log data, 41 wells are completed into the upper aquifer, the Bass Island formation. Thirty-four (34) wells are completed into the lower aquifer, the Salina Group formation. Two sample sites did not have well logs, and two sample sites were duplicates, leaving 75 sample results. Table 4 shows the distribution of total coliform and E. coli positive results for both aquifers.

Table 4. Bacteriological sample results for the Bass Island and Salina Group aquifers. Aquifer (75 sample sites*)

Total Coliform Postive Total Number (%), 32 (78%)

Bass Island (upper aquifer), N=41 Salina Group (lower 28 (82%) aquifer) N=34 *79 total samples collected, 2 sites had duplicate samples, 2 sites aquifer is unknown.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

E. coli Positive Total Number (%), 8 (20%) 16 (47%)

Page 11

Figure 5. Distribution of total coliform and E. coli for wells sampled in the Bass Island aquifer.

Symbols Total Coliforms - Positive E Coli - Positive Wells under 51 feet Wells between 51 and 100 feet Wells between 101 and 170 feet

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 12

Figure 6. Distribution of total coliform and E. coli for wells sampled in the Salina Group aquifer.

Symbols Total Coliforms - Positive E Coli - Positive Wells under 51 feet Wells between 51 and 100 feet Wells between 101 and 170 feet

Well depth elevations were calculated for all sampled wells with well logs. The depth of the well bottoms were compared to the average depth of Lake Erie near the island (540 feet MSL). Forty-one (41) wells were drilled to depths ranging from 408 to 540 feet. Of these 41 wells, 8 (20%) were positive for E. coli. For wells completed at least 20 feet below the lake bottom elevation (540 ft. MSL) with depths ranging from 408 to 520 feet (MSL), the number of E. coli positives out of 20 wells was 1 (.05%). Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 13

Chloride levels ranged from 3 to 91 mg/l (parts per million). The median value was 15 mg/l. None of the wells sampled exceeded the secondary standard (aesthetic) used for public water supply wells of 200 mg/l. Nineteen samples (24%) exceeded a level of 20 mg/l of chlorides. Chloride samples in the Bass Island aquifer (upper) ranged from 6 to 90 mg/l. Chloride samples in the Salina Group aquifer (lower) ranged from 5 to 59.1 mg/l. Figures 7 and 8 show the distribution of chloride levels in the Bass Island and Salina Group aquifers. Figure 7. Distribution of chloride levels in mg/l for the Bass Island aquifer.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 14

Figure 8. Distribution of chloride levels in mg/l for the Salina Group aquifer.

Nitrate levels ranged from 0 to 11.9 mg/l. The median nitrate value was 0.3 mg/l for all samples. Only one well exceeded the private water systems drinking water standard of 10 mg/l. However, nineteen (19) samples (24%) out of 75 total analyses exceeded a level of 2 mg/l of nitrates (commonly accepted background level). Nitrate levels in the Bass Island aquifer (upper) ranged from 0 to 11.9 mg/l. Twelve (28%) exceeded background levels of 2 mg/l. Nitrate levels in the Salina Group aquifer (lower) ranged from 0 to 7.67 mg/l. Eight (24%) samples in this formation exceeded background values of 2 mg/l. Figures 9 and 10 show the distribution of nitrate levels in the Bass Island and Salina Group aquifers.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 15

Figure 9. Distribution of nitrate levels in mg/l for the Bass Island aquifer.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 16

Figure 10. Distribution of nitrate levels in mg/l for the Salina Group aquifer.

Historical Water Quality Data Information on historical water quality data on South Bass Island was obtained from several sources. This information was compared to water quality data collected in September, 2004 to identify fluctuations in water quality in the aquifer. Total coliform and E. coli data is collected by the OCHD during routine sampling of newly constructed or altered private water systems and for real estate transactions. Table 5 shows historic total coliform and E. coli data collected from private water systems by the Ottawa County Health Department from 2001 to August, 2004. The August data is broken out separately from the January to July, 2004 data due to the increased number of sampling requests from well owners during the peak of the outbreak. Examination of the data shows a significant increase in the total percentage of E. coli positives in calendar year 2004. In response to requests from concerned citizens, the OCHD collected 64 samples from private water system wells between August 23 and September 8, 2004. Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 17

The results of these samples show that 27 (42%) were total coliform positive and 19 (30%) were E. coli positive (OCHD, 2004). Table 5. Water Quality Analysis Results, Private Water Systems South Bass Island, Ohio, 2001 - August 2004 (OCHD, 2004). Year

Number Total Coliform Positive 18

Percent Total Coliform Positive 62%

Number E. coli Positive 02

Percent E.coli Positive

2001

Number of Samples Collected 29

2002

23

09

39%

02

9%

2003

28

14

50%

03

11%

Jan – July 2004 August 2004 Total

13

10

77%

02

15%

54

36

67%

14

26%

147

87

59%

23

16%

7%

Water quality data in the Salina Group aquifer on South Bass Island, nearby Catawba Island, and Castalia, has also been collected by the U.S. Geological Survey, and Ohio EPA, Division of Drinking and Ground Water, from the ambient ground water monitoring network. Table 6 shows the results for several parameters sampled. Table 6. Water Quality Analysis results for other well points near and on South Bass Island (U.S. Geological Survey, 2005 and Ohio EPA, 2005). Sample location

Depth of Well (ft, below land surface)

Sample Date

pH (standard units)

Ammonia (mg/l) as nitrogen

O-2, Catawba Island O-19 at Perry’s Monument O-20 at Perry’s Monument O-21 at Perry’s Monument Castalia Well MB4

62

8/26/97

6.9

147.0

9/2/81

100.0

Total Nitrogen (mg/l)

.02

Nitrite +nitrate (mg/l) as nitrogen .31

7.3

.03

.03

2.0

6/10/82

7.1

.630

.10

80.0

6/11/82

7.3

.01

.60

150

10/2/97

7.21

0.59

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Calcium (mg/l)

Magnesium (mg/l)

Chlorides (mg/l)

Sodium (mg/l)

81.1

38.3

83.0

37

8.7

7.1

90.0

49.0

49.0

1

4.4

100

43.0

34.0

28.0

.16

372

35

25.6

14

3.06

Page 18

Average background values for total nitrogen from samples collected historically in this geologic formation are approximately 3.0 mg/l based on the sample results listed in this table, and chlorides average 29.3 mg/l. Recognizing that this data is historic and may not represent current conditions, other references were consulted to provide representative background water nitrate values. Myers, et al.(2000) suggest regional background levels of nitrates in ground water at 2.0 mg/l, with background levels being indicative of little to no human impact. Data for regional background values in Lake Erie water for nitrates was not readily available, however, the water treatment plant at Put-In-Bay reported finished water nitrate values of 1.60 mg/l (7-11-04), 1.10 mg/l (8-1-04), and 0.26 mg/l (9-7-04). These nitrate values would generally represent Lake Erie nitrate values near the island as conventional surface water treatment does not substantially remove nitrates from drinking water. It is important to note that nitrate values at the water treatment plant may also be influenced by nearby discharges of wastewater into the lake. Myers, et al.(2000) describe the quality of rivers discharging into Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair. Findings from this National Water Quality Assessment Program show that water quality in the drainage basin is greatly influenced by land use and human activities with detections of the major pesticides used in the basins. These pesticides drain into the lakes via the rivers and may be present in Lake Erie water and/or sediment, and may also impact ground water quality beneath South Bass Island. Water Level Data Results Water well log data for the island for the wells sampled during the study was obtained from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. Well elevations were obtained by comparing the well location with the digital elevation data for the island, and adjusted to mean sea level. The elevation of the bottom of each well was also determined by subtracting the well depth from the well elevation. Once the elevation of the bottom of the well was identified, the wells were grouped into those wells completed in the Bass Island dolomite (well bottom elevation greater than 545 feet) and those completed in the Salina Group (well bottom elevation less than 545 feet). Similarly, the static water level recorded on the well log was subtracted from the well elevation to determine the elevation (feet, mean sea level) of the water level in the well. Water level data were again grouped by those wells completed in the upper and lower aquifers and plotted (Figures 11 and 12). The static water levels on the well logs reflect water levels recorded by the driller during different years and seasons, however, consideration of this data over a period of years shows long term trends in ground water elevations and subsequently, directions of ground water flow.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 19

Figure 11. Static water levels in feet (MSL), Bass Island aquifer.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 20

Figure 12. Static water levels in feet (MSL), Salina Group aquifer.

Water level data for the Bass Island aquifer shows a general ground water flow direction from the center of the southwest portion of the island in a radial pattern towards the edge of the island where ground water levels approximate lake levels of 572 feet (MSL). Flow in the Salina Group aquifer also indicates somewhat higher water levels in the southwestern portion of the island with flow in a radial flow pattern towards the edges of the island, however, most water levels in the aquifer are at or below lake level (572 feet MSL). Figure 13 shows a plot of well depth elevation versus static water level in feet (MSL) for the wells sampled in the study. The trend line shows higher water levels where total Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 21

well depth elevations are higher, and lower water levels where well elevations are deeper, with the midpoint of the trendline near lake level at 572 feet. The average water static water level elevation for all data points is 573.3 (MSL). This relationship shows that, in general, ground water is mounded near the center of the island with radial flow towards the lake. This flow occurs due to precipitation on the island that recharges the aquifer. Water levels in wells near the lake approximate lake level or are below lake level. This data supports the conclusion that the lake appears to be hydraulically connected to both aquifers. The extent of the lake interconnection and the resulting impact on ground water quality in the aquifers is unclear. Further, this data suggests that both aquifers are hydraulically connected to each other, in part, due to interconnections via vertical fractures and open boreholes that penetrate both aquifers allowing mixing of water.

Figure 13. Well depth elevation versus static water level elevation in feet (MSL). Elevation of Well Bottom vs. Static Water Level 610

600

Static Water Level (MSL, ft)

590

580 SWL Linear (SWL) 570

560

550

540 480

490

500

510

520

530

540

550

560

570

580

Elevation of Well Bottom (MSL, ft)

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 22

Precipitation Data Precipitation recharges the ground water on the island and impacts the quality of the lake water after storm events. Normal seasonal fluctuations in ground water levels on the island will also occur. Precipitation in karst aquifers causes slugs of water carrying surface contaminants into the ground water. Where soils are thin or absent, there is little natural filtration of the recharged water as it moves from the surface into the ground water system via the fractures. This allows contaminants to be flushed from the surface rapidly into the ground water with little to no treatment. Recharge in karst aquifers from precipitation is rapid, with water levels rising and falling sharply in response. Rapid recharge causes significant fluctuations in water quality over a period of days to weeks. Rapid fluctuations in water quality were demonstrated in a similar karst area in southwestern Ohio by Bendula and Moore (1999). Research by Personne, et al (1998) in a karst aquifer showed that precipitation events caused significant increases in biological contaminants, and that attenuation of these contaminants in the aquifer occurred during more prolonged dry periods. The reduction in biological contaminants was attributed to normal die-off in a hostile ground water environment and predation by other bacteria. Figure 14 shows the monthly and average precipitation for the North Central Climatic Region of Ohio where South Bass Island is located. Monthly precipitation exceeded normal average precipitation during the months of May through August of 2004. An examination of departures from normal (Table 7), shows that May, June and July of 2004 were also wet months for this region. Six, twelve and twenty-four month cumulative departures from normal precipitation during September, 2004 were also significantly above normal for both climatic regions (Table 8). Table 7. Monthly departure from normal precipitation (inches), base period 1951-2000 for the North Central and Northwest Climatic Regions of Ohio (ODNR, Division of Water, 2004). Climatic Region of Ohio

Jan

Feb

March April

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

North Central Northwest

+.04

-1.26

+0.95

-1.03

+4.58

+1.22

+0.32

+0.41

-0.99

-.16

-1.4

-0.60

-2.56

+2.86

+.097

+1.59

+1.24

-0.55

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 23

Figure 14. Monthly and average precipitation for the North Central Climatic Region (inches) 2004.

Precipitation North Central Region, Ohio, 2004 (ODNR, 2005) 9

8

7

Precipitation (inches)

6

5

Monthly Precipitation Data

4

Monthly Average Precipitation Data (1951 2000)

3

2

1

0 JAN

FEB

APR MAR

JUN MAY

JUL

SEP AUG

OCT

NOV

DEC

Table 8. Cumulative departure from normal precipitation (inches), base period 19512000 for the North Central and Northwest Climatic Regions of Ohio as of September, 2004. (ODNR, Division of Water, 2004) Climatic Region 3 month departure North Central +0.24 Northwest +1.84

Past 6 month departure +5.04 +3.08

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Past 12 month departure +6.42 +0.69

Past 24 month departure +11.22 +7.04

Page 24

Conclusions A review of the geology of the island, water well log records, static water levels, and water quality data suggests that the Bass Island and Salina Group aquifers are hydraulically connected either via fractures or open boreholes. Karst conditions with solution channels, conduit flow and cave formation are common on the island, causing the ground water to be highly vulnerable to any contaminant applied to the land surface. Thin to absent soils across the island increase the vulnerability of the aquifer due to the absence of natural filtration that occurs in the soil horizon. Natural removal or attenuation of microbiological or chemical contaminants that enter the aquifer will be very limited. The static water level and water quality data shows that ground water mounding occurs near the center of the island (areas of higher topography), with radial flow of ground water to the edges of the island. As ground water flow approaches the edges of the island, water levels approximate Lake Erie levels. The contact of Lake Erie with the Bass Island and Salina Group formations may also affect ground water flow and quality, especially in near shore areas. While data suggests that the lake is hydraulically connected to the aquifers, the extent and role that the lake water quality influences ground water quality remains unclear. Further evaluation of lake and ground water quality data and ground water flow patterns is needed. Sampling of private water systems on South Bass Island indicate that contamination of ground water has occurred from multiple sources. Total coliform positives generally reflect the presence of biofilms in wells and may not be representative of true ground water quality. A better indicator is the occurrence of E. coli and other human pathogens. Out of 79 samples collected, 31% were positive for E. coli which significantly exceeds the reported annual rate of approximately 1% of all wells sampled statewide. E. coli rates declined from 100% (1 well) for wells less than 30 feet deep to 18% for all wells greater than 50 feet deep. Contamination at shallow depths is greatest, and many wells are unprotected from shallow contamination due to the short lengths of casing (20-27 feet) installed in the well. Wells drilled to depths at least 20 feet below the elevation of the lake bottom (540 ft mean sea level) showed one detection of E. coli. Wells that are drilled, cased, and properly grouted to a minimum of 520 feet (mean sea level) may provide protection from microbiological contaminants due to a longer travel time through the aquifer allowing for natural die-off and predation. Water quality at these depths in the Salina Group should be further evaluated to determine if this represents a more protected, reliable source of ground water. No culterable Campylobacter or Salmonella were detected in any private water wells. However, detailed sampling of 112 public water supplies by Ohio EPA and CDC showed indicators of other microbiological contaminants indicating possible sewage, Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 25

surface contamination, and lake water sources in many public water supply wells across the island. These contaminants include Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. Coli, Enterococci, Somatic and f-specific coliphages, adenovirus, enterovirus, C. perfrigens, and Giardia cysts. Attachment 4 provides a detailed summary of the water sampling results of public water supply wells on the island. Nitrate levels ranged from 0 to 11.9 mg/l (parts per million). Only one well exceeded the private water systems drinking water standard of 10 mg/l, however, 24% (20 out of 75 total samples) of the total samples exceeded background levels of 2 mg/l. The percentage of nitrate values exceeding background levels of 2 mg/l were similar for both aquifers; 28% for the Bass Island, and 24% for the Salina Group formations. Although the median nitrate value for all samples was 0.3 mg/l, the total percentage of nitrate samples exceeding the background value of 2 mg/l indicates that wastewater contamination may be elevating nitrate levels in some areas. In general, nitrate values are elevated near the central part of the island where cave formation is prevalent. Nitrate values in the East Point area of the island are generally below background nitrate levels, and levels near the lake shore are generally at or below background nitrate levels. Chloride levels ranged from 3 to 91 mg/l (parts per million), and 24% of the samples exceed a value of 20 mg/l. Samples exceeding these values could be attributed to discharging on-site systems, water softener discharge, or naturally occurring saline horizons in the limestone/dolomite. Chloride values in the Bass Island aquifer appear to be lower in the center of the island and increase towards the edges of the island, suggesting increasing contribution from chloride sources along shallow ground water flow paths. None of the wells exceeded the secondary standard (aesthetic) used for public water supply wells of 200 mg/l. The chloride data does not appear to demonstrate a significant impact to ground water quality from land use on the island. Evaluation of historic total coliform and E. coli data from the Ottawa County Health Department showed a substantial increase in E. coli positive wells from July to August, 2004. Water quality degredation has most likely occurred over a long period of time, however, it appears that significantly above normal precipitation before and during the summer may have caused the flushing of more contaminants into the aquifer. Precipitation just before and during the time of the outbreak for the North Central climatic region was substantially above normal, especially during the months of May through August. Rainfall occurred as a series of more frequent daily rain events, rather than large storms. Other researchers have identified that precipitation events serve to flush slugs of microbiological contaminants into a karst aquifer, with subsequent reduction in colony counts (die-off or predation) during dry periods. During the outbreak period, frequent and prolonged precipitation events may have continually flushed pathogens into the aquifer from surface contamination sources, with limited time for normal die-off to occur. During this time, Lake Erie also received more contaminants in Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 26

the form of surface runoff and combined sewer overflows. Although the full extent of the interaction between the aquifers and Lake Erie water is unclear, additional contaminant load to the Lake may have contributed to the ground water contamination. Increased tourism and visitation to the island on the weekends and during the summer period will cause increased discharge of contaminants via public, commercial and private sewage treatment systems into the ground water. These surges of wastewater can overload treatment systems allowing poorly treated effluent to migrate into the karst aquifer. The lack of natural filtration and attenuation mechanisms in the fractured rock allow for the transport of contaminants very quickly (hours to days) into the ground water system. Discharges to Lake Erie from lake lot aeration systems, and fluctuations in lake water quality from storm events, may also migrate into the ground water system. Concurrently, increased use of ground water on the island occurs during peak visitation periods, drawing down water levels in the aquifer, allowing for migration of contaminants through fractures from the surface and inducing infiltration of lake water. The microbiological contaminants identified in the sample results are primary indicators of fecal contamination. The level and extent of the microbiological parameters identified, such as E. coli, suggest that the largest load of contamination to the ground water is from public and private wastewater treatment systems on the island. Many older sewage systems across Ohio (pre-regulation) have unknown construction and operating characteristics, and older systems on the islands that were installed without current permit review and approval are likely discharging contaminants as well. The land application of septage has occurred historically, and while this operation has ceased on the island, it may have contributed to the level of ground water contamination in the past. Other land uses, including runoff from paved surfaces, and yards with pet and animal wastes will further contribute to contamination of the aquifers. Although not evaluated in this study, leaking sewer lines, and septic tanks that are not watertight can also be a source of contamination in this type of geologic setting. Induced infiltration of lake water from concentrated areas of pumping wells may also influence the level of contamination. On South Bass Island, there are serious challenges for the siting of soil-based treatment systems due to shallow depths to bedrock, rapid permeability, and high water tables. Traditional leaching trenches may often be unsuitable in the presence of one or more of these limiting conditions depending on the specific site. In addition to the challenges and increased cost of using alternative treatment and soil dispersal systems, there are other factors related to access to and installation of watertight septic tanks, and the effect of seasonal usage on selected treatment technologies. For example, some treatment technologies require a continued introduction of bacteria to maintain effective treatment of sewage effluent and solids.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 27

Data detailing hydrogeologic and environmental conditions indicate that contamination of the karst aquifer beneath the island has occurred from multiple land uses such as private and commercial on-site septic systems, land application of septage, infiltration of land run-off, and possibly, hydraulic connection with Lake Erie. Subsequent pathways for consumption of contaminated ground water via drinking water wells at private residences, transient, non-community water supplies, and cross-connection of the municipal supply with auxiliary wells may have occurred. Indicators of fecal contamination were found in a large percentage of ground water samples collected across the island. Historical data suggests that contamination of the ground water has been present for a period of time due to the hydrogeologic vulnerability of the island, and the methods of land use, including wastewater disposal. .

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 28

Recommendations The following recommendations are intended to be short term to address immediate public health protection interventions. Some of these recommendations have already been implemented while others point towards future actions. Given the vulnerable ground water conditions present in this area, the long term strategy to protect public health is providing public water and wastewater for the entire island. In addition, ODH recommends that the following actions be considered for all of the Lake Erie Islands in the area due to the similar hydrogeologic conditions present. Private Water Systems - Existing 1. Due to the vulnerability and variability of flow in the karst aquifers, existing well owners should routinely sample their wells and test for total coliform, E. coli and nitrates. All wells should be sampled monthly for a period of one year due to the variability of water quality in the aquifer due to precipitation events, and hydraulic conductivity with the lake. Where total coliform is present, well owners are advised to conduct a one-time disinfection of the well according to ODH procedures and resample. 2. Well owners with any E. coli positive results are advised to not use the water for potable uses. These owners should have their private water system evaluated by a registered private water systems contractor to ensure that problems with the system (i.e. leakage around the casing) are not occurring. One time disinfection of the system can be attempted, but sampling for total coliform and E. coli should continue on a monthly basis to monitor any fluctuations in water quality. Water from these wells should not be used for potable uses until the water tests negative for E. coli for a period of one year. 3. Well owners with E. coli detections and properly constructed systems should install continuous disinfection equipment that meets the requirements of Ohio Administrative Code (OAC) Chapter 3701-28-09. Due to the identified presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the aquifers, ultraviolet light systems that meet NSF Standard 55 Class A, or continuous disinfection using chlorine combined with an NSF Standard 55 Class A system must be used. 4. Well owners with nitrate detections should consider the health risks of consuming nitrates in excess of the private water systems standard, and/or consider the installation of treatment equipment for the removal of nitrate. Infants and elderly persons may be at risk when consuming water containing nitrates in excess of the private water systems standard of 10 mg/l. 5. ODH and OCHD will work to develop and implement a strategy and process to inventory and identify private water system wells on South Bass Island that serve other than single family dwellings. This would include wells serving dormitories, campgrounds, rental cabins, bed and breakfasts, and small mobile home parks. Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 29

This would also include any systems that were previously public water systems, and due to reconfiguration or addition of wells, now qualify as private water systems. This process will address the need for scheduled, periodic testing of these systems for microbiological indicators and inorganic parameters as necessary, and installation/inspection of any subsequent treatment systems. 6. ODH will identify a representative subset of the water wells sampled in September, 2004 for sampling of inorganic constituents, volatile organic compounds, and semi-volatile organic compounds (pesticides) to determine the extent of their presence in the aquifer due to the vulnerability of the formation from direct infiltration from the surface and the lake. Review and testing of deeper wells on the island should be evaluated to determine if an alternative, protected source of water may be present. 7. Any private water systems well that is no longer in use due to the extension of water lines or the installation of a replacement well, should be properly sealed in accordance with OAC Chapter 3701-28 to prevent further cross connection between the aquifers, and migration of surface contaminants down the well. Private Water Systems – New Construction and Alterations 1. ODH and OCHD will work together to develop alternatives for new and replacement private water systems on the island that are protective of public health. Alternative sources may include hauled water and rainwater cisterns. This strategy will evaluate source water alternatives available to property owners, consideration of sampling needs, and water treatment options. Household Sewage Treatment Systems - Existing 1. ODH and OCHD will work together to develop and implement an inventory of existing sewage treatment systems on the island under the jurisdiction of OAC Chapter 3701-28, with consideration given to system type, functionality and age, balanced with assessment of risk due to soils and geologic conditions. 2. OCHD should continue the current operation inspection program for aeration systems. 3. OCHD should continue to require maintenance contracts and/or inspections for all aeration and approved experimental (new technology) systems on the island, and collect and report data on all experimental systems installed as required under concurrence approval from ODH to evaluate the functionality of these systems under these soils and geologic conditions. 4. OCHD should continue to evaluate requests for replacement systems based on site specific conditions. Effort should be made to install replacement systems that meet OAC Chapter 3701-29 or ODH experimental (newer technology) concurrence requirements for use in areas with suitable soils to reduce sources of contamination to the aquifer. Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 30

5. Efforts should be make to determine how new or replacement septic or aeration tanks can be installed and tested to ensure watertightness to prevent leakage of sewage effluent into the ground water. 6. OCHD should continue to implement their policy of minimizing and eliminating discharging systems where possible, and consideration should be given to use of discharging systems only for replacement system sites and existing lots where an on site system is not feasible.

Household Sewage Treatment Systems – Future 1. OCHD should continue their policy that new lots on the island are not approved for on-site household sewage treatment systems unless those lots have suitable soil conditions present, and a system that meets OAC Chapter 3701-29 or an approved experimental (new technology) system can be installed with concurrence from ODH. Systems must be designed, installed, and maintained to minimize the discharge of contaminants into the aquifers. 2. A plan that clearly identifies multiple approaches for comprehensive wastewater management on the island should be developed cooperatively with island officials, residents, businesses, county officials and the OCHD. This may include a combination of traditional and new technology household system types in areas where suitable soils are present, decentralized clustered systems, or the installation of public sewers in more vulnerable ground water areas where bedrock is near the surface. Evaluation of risks to ground water resources with existing systems based on ground water vulnerability and soils, and management needs for existing systems must be evaluated and considered when prioritizing the extension of public sewers on the island. An interim plan will also be needed to address lot development activities that are in progress or will occur until a comprehensive wastewater management plan is developed and/or public sewers are extended across the island.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 31

References

Bendula, R. and B. Moore, 1999. Surface Water Impacts on Ground Water Quality in a Shallow Limestone and Dolomite Bedrock Aquifer, Clark County, Ohio. The Professional Geologist, March 1999., p. 8-11. Canter, L. W., and R.C. Knox, 1986. Septic System Effects on Ground Water Quality. Lewis Publishers, Michigan, 333 pps. Larsen, G., 1995. Preliminary Structure Contour Map of the Top of the Salina Group (Ssg), Put-In-Bay Quadrangle. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. Larsen, G., 1999, Put-In-Bay Quadrangel Stack Map (draft). Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. Larsen, G. and K. Vorbau, 1999. Preliminary Bedrock Geology of the Put-In-Bay Quadrangle. Open File Map BG-D3F7. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. Myers, D., M. Thomas, J. Frey, Stephen Rheaume, and D. Button, 2000. Water Quality in the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Drainage Basins, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1203, 35 pps. National Center for Environmental Health, 2005 (draft). Environmental Assessment, South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, 2004. Monthly Water Inventory Report, January to September, 2004. Ohio EPA, Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 2005. Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network. www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/pdu/index.html. Ottawa County Health Department, 2004. Private Water Systems Total Coliform/E. Coli Sampling Results, 2001 – 2004. Ottawa County Health Department, 2005. Private Water and Household Sewage Treatment System Permit Data, 1995-2005. Personne, J.C., F. Poty, L. Vaute, and C. Drogue, 1998. Survival, transport, and dissemination of Eshcerichia coli and enterococci in a fissured environment. Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 32

Study of a flood in a karstic aquifer. Journal of Applied Microbiology, Volume 84, pgs. 431-438. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1985. Soil Survey of Ottawa County, Ohio. U.S. Geological Survey, 2000. Importance of Ground Water in the Great Lakes Region, Water Resources Investigation Report 00-4008. U.S. Geological Survey, 2005. Water Quality Samples for Ohio. National Water Information System, www.nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov. Verber, J.L. and D.H. Stansbery, 1953. Caves in the Lake Erie Islands, Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. 53, pages 358-362.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 33

Attachment 1

South Bass Island - Sanitary Survey Owner Name________________________________________________________________ Address (street number, name)________________________________________________ GPS Coordinates (NAD 83) _________________________________________________ Sample collected?_ ANSWER YES OR NO, FILL IN, OR CIRCLE AS APPLICABLE Water Well Information Well Currently Used for Drinking Water______ Well Casing (circle one) - Steel

PVC

Well casing (circle) - Above grade

In Pit

Well casing height above grade__________ Well Log Number_____________________ Condition of casing (circle)

Good

Fair

Deteriorated

Holes/cracks in casing

Well Cap(circle) Aluminum 2 Part gasketed Sanitary Seal Condition of cap_____________________________________________________________ Type of pump (circle)

Jet Deep(2 lines) Jet Shallow

Submersible

Hand pump

Pitless Adapter______

Well Pit ______(wet or dry)

Well House_____________________

Conditions around well (subsidence, slope, rock at surface)____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Comments__________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

HSTS Information Tank/Risers visible______ Distribution Boxes____ ATU visible______

Discharge ______

Location of Discharge_______________Lake discharge______ Discharge - clear, cloudy, odor (circle) Elevated leach field or mound______ Aeration sytem – motor present?______

Chlorinator present and filled?_______

Comments on system conditions (surfacing sewage, wet areas, green stripes, etc. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

Water Treatment Information Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 34

System type (circle one) – Softener Oxidizing Unit(chlorine/iodine) Continuous chlorination Carbon Filter Sediment Filter Other________________________________________________________________

Ultraviolet

Sampling port or bypass present_____________________________________________

Survey completed by:_________________________________________________________ Date:_________________________________________

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 35

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 36

Attachment 2 ODH - Private Water Systems Sample Sites and Results September 8-10, 2004

Well_log 229283 241741 270513 270520 270539 270543 356862 491872 491879 491885 502248 504062 524052 524055 561884 602243 602245 602247 612074 631419 631421 656337 662531 673299 674106 674107

Well_depth 68 44 80 37 43 52 43 75 75 75 65 50 50 75 75 57 50 41 75 50 60 57 50 60 60 60

Static_level 27 62 26 29 29 15 34 15 20 12 27 5 40 40 15 18 24 15 21 35 10 20 35 12 30

Date_comp 10/18/1960 5/25/1962 4/21/1964 9/14/1964 5/19/1966 7/28/1966 9/17/1968 3/10/1975 9/2/1975 9/4/1975 7/28/1976 7/29/1976 7/12/1977 7/13/1977 10/5/1979 6/23/1981 6/19/1981 6/22/1981 6/8/1982 5/19/1986 5/20/1986 10/23/1986 4/10/1987 4/14/1988 4/19/1988 4/20/1988

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Elevaton 585.00 595.00 623.84 603.80 603.75 595.02 585.00 586.30 581.00 582.00 582.48 598.80 576.23 612.57 611.21

Well Elevation 517 551 543.84 566.8 560.75 543.02 542 511.3 506 507 517.48 548.8 526.23 537.57 536.21

578.00 595.00 586.31 600.00 312.30 570.00 602.37 603.79 585.00 615.00

528 554 511.31 550 552.3 513 552.37 543.79 525 555

SWL 585 568 562 578 575 566 570 552

570 572 571 573 571

571 571 577 582 569 573 585

Aquifer upper lower upper lower lower upper lower upper lower upper lower upper upper upper lower lower upper upper lower lower lower upper upper lower Page 37

TC Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Neg Pos Pos Neg Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Neg Pos Pos Pos Pos Neg Pos

EC Neg Pos Neg Pos Pos Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Pos Neg Pos Neg Pos Pos Pos Neg Neg Pos Neg Pos Neg Neg Neg

Chloride 17 45.3 11.8 15 18 24 12 6 15 8 13 18 21 13.3 17.7 23.6 11 19.7 17 34.5 15.8 8 6 11.8 10 15.8

Nitrate 0 7.67 4.01 0 0.1 1 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 7.95 1.31 0.76 0 4.2 0 1.32 0 0 0 7.67 2.6 4.32

687710 690842 705084 705084 705087 712292 712293 718903 718923 722407 734520 734520 741652 741655 756240 759363 759368 759370 759374 759376 766654 766656 766658 774852 774932 774933 776659 787826 825955 826035 826887 826891 847635

80 70 80 80 37 60 38 70 55 75 90 90 50 50 60 60 95 60 65 68 85 65 70 100 75 50 58 70 75 80 85 90 70

11 8 23 23 4 9 16 48 38 25 26 26 7 20 25 21 13 8 18 27 41 6 28 50 25 20 12 36 25 30 12 45 22

10/27/1988 10/19/1988 10/14/1989 10/14/1989 10/21/1989 7/8/1990 7/10/1990 8/6/1990 10/17/1990 5/24/1991 8/31/1991 8/31/1991 10/9/1991 10/11/1991 10/27/1992 9/10/1992 10/8/1992 10/8/1992 10/8/1992 10/10/1992 7/2/1992 7/6/1993 7/6/1993 7/5/1993 5/27/1994 5/27/1994 10/31/1993 6/30/1994 12/31/1995 4/23/1997 4/17/1996 4/19/1996 7/12/1997

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

600.00 581.00

520 511

589

upper lower

620.00 584.96 595.00 588.75 606.27 598.80 592.64 612.45

540 547.96 535 550.75 536.27 543.8 517.64 522.45

597 581

upper lower lower lower upper upper upper upper

579.00 595.00 596.00 593.77 600.00 577.46 597.65 593.73 612.45 586.19 595.00 621.30 588.80 590.00 583.78 598.77 612.00 630.00 576.22 613.00 587.60

529 545 536 533.77 504 506.46 532.65 525.73 527.45 521.19 525 521.3 513.8 540 525.78 528.77 537 550 491.22 523 517.6

573 558 561 568 586

575 573 587 559 580 567 571 580 567 571 564 570 572 563 600 564 566

lower lower lower upper upper upper upper upper upper upper upper upper upper upper lower upper lower lower upper lower upper Page 38

Pos Neg Pos Pos Pos Neg Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Neg Pos Pos Pos Pos Neg Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Pos Neg Pos Pos Neg Pos

Neg Neg Neg Neg Pos Neg Neg Neg Neg Pos Neg Neg Pos Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Pos Neg Neg Pos Neg Pos Pos Neg Neg Pos Neg Neg Neg

22 8 12.8 12.8 17 59.1 10 23 13 11 17.7 14 5 10 11.3 23 18 17 90 33 10 13 40.4 10 30 83 8 14.8 14.8 13.8 12 15.8 91

0.3 0 4.05 4.05 2.5 4.42 0.5 0.8 0 0 2.27 2.2 0 0 6.25 0 0.2 0 0 0 0.1 1 11.89 4.3 0 0.1 0 3.01 1.45 5.64 0 1.03 0

847636 856090 856098 865161 915731 915732 915734 926681 926682 926684 926721 936511 936515 936517 953231 967784 967787 967865 TBD

71 40 65 85 60 78 43 60 78 40 40 72 102 162 48 80 68 48 70 27

18

5 9 30 43 40 12 10 6 11 19 25 22 37 35 36

7/27/1997 9/29/1997 9/23/1997 10/7/1997 11/19/2000 11/25/2000 11/15/2000 4/25/2001 4/26/2001 5/8/2001 9/15/2001 4/4/2002 4/27/2002 5/1/2002 6/9/2003 12/2/2003 12/3/2003 6/6/2003

577.46 575.00 612.00 585.00 585.00 604.92 603.00 606.21 591.14 587.34 590.10 588.78 570.00 570.00 602.54 607.54 611.00 610.00 593.00

506.46 535 547 500 525 526.92 560 546.21 531.14 547.34 550.1 516.78 468 408 554.54 527.54 543 562

1/1/1954

589.00

562

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

559

580 576 575 566 579 577 584 578

581 571 574

upper lower upper upper upper upper upper lower upper lower lower upper lower lower lower upper lower lower

Neg Pos Neg Pos Pos Pos Neg Pos Neg Pos Pos Neg Neg Pos Pos Pos Neg Pos Pos

Neg Pos Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Pos Neg Neg Pos Neg Neg Neg Neg Pos Neg Pos Neg

25 19 12.8 17 13 12 7.9 2.8 10 7 16 21 10 13 5 14.8 7.9 38.4 50

0 0 2.56 0.4 0 0.1 1.4 1.36 0.9 1 0.7 0 0 1 0.2 3.52 1.09 3.62 2.9

upper

Pos

Pos

12.8

3.56

Page 39

Attachment 3 Water Quality Sampling Procedure Samples Collected September 8-10, 2004, South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio Department of Health

Water samples from private water systems wells were collected on September 8 -10, 2004 from South Bass Island. The sample analyses were performed by Benchmark Laboratory in Columbus, Ohio, and the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) in Reynoldsburg, Ohio. Each lab processed up to 20 sample sets per day. Bacteriological and inorganic samples collected by each surveyor for each site were transported to and analyzed at the same laboratory. One sample set was collected at each site, with field duplicates collected at two sites. Sample analysis and collection material included: 1. Total Coliform, E. coli – MMO-MUG Test Both Labs - one-100ml bottle 2. Campylobacter Bench mark – two 1 liter bottles or Ohio Department of Agriculture Laboratory - one 3 liter bottle. 3. Salmonella Bench mark –two 1 liter bottles or Ohio Department of Agriculture Laboratory- one 3 liter bottle. 4. Nitrate Both Labs- one quart container (Both labs will fix the samples with acid preservative (H2SO4) in their lab) 5. Chloride Both Labs - one quart container (no preservative) The following procedure was implemented by the surveyor for each sample site: 1. Identify and confirm well log for the property to be sampled. 2. Review the site and perform the sanitary survey as completely as possible. If the owner is present, request information as necessary. 3. Locate a convenient sample tap inside or outside the site that has not gone though any form of water treatment. 4. Check for chlorine with a chorine test strip. -If any chlorine is detected, do not sample that site and proceed on to another sampling site. Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 40

-If chlorine is not detected then continue by following the sampling protocol listed below. 5. If possible have owner by-pass any treatment if being used. 6. If treatment unknown, or unable to be bypassed, then indicated NA or “unable to by-pass treatment” on sanitary survey. For treatment other than chlorine you may still collect the samples 7. Remove aerators or hoses from sample taps. 8. Disinfect the sample tap by flaming for a minimum of 10 seconds. Be careful not to damage any plastic parts. 9. Flush the system by letting the water run at least 10 minutes. 10. Complete the sanitary survey of the property, label the bottles with name, address, sample date and time, and fill out the lab forms while the water is running. Do not let the containers get wet prior to collecting the sample or it may be difficult for the containers to be properly labeled. 11. Reduce the water flow then fill each container following sanitary sampling procedures. 12. Place all samples in the cooler immediately with ice, keeping the container upright. 13. Use hand sanitizer provided to disinfect hands between collection sites. Samples were transported to the ferry by 3:30 pm each data and returned to the Ottawa County Health Department. The samples were picked by a courier service at the Ottawa County Health Department at 4:30 pm of each day and transported immediately to the designated laboratory.

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 41

Attachment 4 Summary of Ohio EPA and CDC Water Sampling Data for Public Water Supplies In total, 112 samples were collected from transient public water systems. The following summarizes the results of all samples collected at public water systems as part of this investigation. •

• • •

• • • • • • • • • •

Of the eighteen (18) transient non-community water systems sampled, all had at least one positive detection of an indicator organism in samples collected from their well(s). Sixteen (16) have had positive detections for organisms other than total coliform bacteria. Among the sixteen (16) systems that tested positive for indicators other than total coliform bacteria, E. coli and Campylobacter-like DNA are the most frequently detected organisms. Twelve (12) tested positive for E. coli Twelve (12) tested positive for Campylobacter-like DNA (further speciation yielded fifteen (15) Campylobacter jejuni, one (1) Campylobacter upsaliensis and Arcobacter butzleri, eight (8) Arcobacter butzleri, and one Acinetobacter rhizosphearae) Seven (7) tested positive for Enterococci Six (6) tested positive for Somatic Coliphages Four (4) tested positive for Fecal Coliforms, Salmonella DNA and/or Cryptosporidium DNA Three (3) tested positive F-specific Coliphages Two (2) tested positive for Campylobacter-like culture (further speciation yielded one (1) Campylobacter jejuni and one (1) Arcobacter butzleri) One (1) system tested positive for C. perfrigens, Giardia Cysts, Adenovirus and/or Enterovirus There were four (4) wells at three (3) public water systems that tested negative for E. coli, but positive for other organisms. One (1) tested positive for Enterococci One (1) tested positive for Somatic Coliphages and Salmonella DNA Two (2) tested positive for Campylobacter DNA

Investigation of the Ground Water Quality of South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio

Page 42