organic and non organic waste recycling management
ORGANIC AND NON ORGANIC WASTE RECYCLING MANAGEMENT Y. M. ATINUKE, M. AGUNBIADE, S. DAN Yakum amoylive oil and gasoline enterprises , 21, Muritala Road, Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental protection, Unversity of Ilorin, Kwara state Nigeria.
SUMMARY: Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa with a current population of over 180 million. With the increment of Nigeria population and as Nigerians make a heavy demand on resources and also generated large quantities of solid waste. Approximately 10 million tons of untreated industrial waste were neglected Such waste being generated from agricultural ,on shore and offshore oil and gas, nylon and plastic waste and foundry (metal) waste electrical and electronic devices (e-waste) that are imported from developed countries into developing country like Nigeria that can be transforming to valuable products, ,this is the country whereby approximately 90-95% of generated solid wastes are transferred to the landfill for disposal and just 5-10% of wastes recycled or processed for other usage. However, if the compost materials are not recycled, the corresponding savings in cost become 8.6% and 20.6%, respectively. Meanwhile in other way round the organic and non-organic waste fractions can be reduced by 10% due to waste minimization, and by 40 to 50% due to recycling. To practicalise this, will plays an important role for the improvement of environmental management that will give a great impact on Nigeria economic development with respect to resource conservation, social progression, creation of job opportunities, technical and technological improvements etc. This paper approaches to materials recycling, examines the status of recovery and recycling in current waste management practice in Nigeria and its environ
1. INTRODUCTION Our planet is one of the most precious gifts handed to humans by the higher power in the skies. This planet acts as a habitat and home to all the millions of living organisms, no matter which species they come from. This would range from single cell organism up till the gigantic dinosaurs that used to roam the same areas we have colonized in our modern ages. However, as humans developed and technology has become a main part of the presence of humans, a huge challenge rose. There is always a directly proportional relation between the advancement of technology and the pollution to our planet. Most of the different technologies and tools developed through the ages have had a lot of different wastes that directly pollutes the waters, the greeneries and even the atmosphere. This diminishing in the nature causes a huge risk and endangerment to the millions of living organisms on the planet. This problem keeps increasing due to the highly accelerated increase in demand occurring due to the fast progression of the populations worldwide. Proceedings Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium/ 2 - 6 October 2017 S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy / © 2017 by CISA Publisher, Italy
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
Going more specific towards this problem, some countries out there have more extreme cases compared to other more developed countries. This is due to the weak waste treatment infrastructure that is developed or the lack of presence. Deep down in Africa, we are more concerned with the most populated country on the continent. Nigeria, with a population over 180 million, is one of the main countries that suffer greatly from the tons of waste materials that are produced daily, yet with weak or no treatment systems to handle itStudies have shown that there is up to 10 million tons of waste present in Nigeria alone, with not a single movement towards treating it. Studies has shown that there is up to 32 million tons of solid waste is produced every year in Nigeria. About 20-30% only of this waste is collected and treated, while the rest is usually disposed within sewer systems or bodies of water which leads to blockage in these systems and contamination of the water supply for the locals.(BioEnergy Consult, 2016}This wastes are a huge form of danger towards the Nigerian community together with the environment that exists in the area. 2. SUB-SAHARA: NIGERIA’S CASE
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
A recent study studied the connection between the high density of a population and the huge environmental issues that might arise. The study was concerned with ten main areas, which showed a relatively high growth in the populations. Five of these areas were in West Africa, all originated in Nigeria (A. J. Dommen,1988). Furthermore, these solid waste materials are originally generated from agricultural, onshore and offshore oil and gas, nylon and plastic waste, foundry (metal) waste and electrical and electronic devices (e-waste) that are imported from developed countries into developing countries like Nigeria. These wastes can be treated and developed in order to be used in the production of a lot of useful items and products. However, approximately 90-95% of generated solid wastes are transferred to the landfill for disposal with only 5-10% of wastes recycled or processed for further usage. It is important to learn and understand the importance of waste treatment for the community living in such places. Furthermore, the goal is to study the different solutions that has been proposed and implemented; which in the case of Nigeria are minor. These waste materials are generally generated from normal households or as the normal expected case, through the waste disposal of industries or traders. This littering forms a huge problem, aiding the pollution which has to be stopped right in time in order to prevent natural disasters topped by global warming. The main issue in Nigeria is the fact that the high number of population forms a higher percentage of waste producing country lacks enough funds in order to create efficient waste management systems, thus only a few percentage can be dealt with, while the rest remains to tear the environment. The United Nations Habit Watch has stated that the population in African countries will triple over the next four decades, including Nigeria. This has left a lot of different communities and slums with the chance of not being developed in all aspects, specifically waste management systems.
This area shows (metal) waste and electrical and electronic devices (e-waste) that are imported from developed countries being dumped in Nigeria. 2.1 Lagos Case
Lagos, one of the biggest cities in Nigeria, is ranked as the second city in Africa with the most growing population which also makes it the largest city in Africa by far, considering its population (21 million citizen). This high number of population forms a production of 10,000 tons of waste daily. In Lagos, the Lagos State Waste Management Agency (LAWMA) is an
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
organization responsible for the waste management of all the cities litter. However, it alone is not capable of providing enough to handle all the mass amount of waste. The resources, funds, man power and technology is not well-developed to reach the needed levels of progress. This has also led to a delay in the collection of the wastes from certain gather points which leads to weeks of accumulation of wastes which is harder to collect and treat compared to frequent collection. More and more problems exist in the process of collection by which environmentalist argue that it is not safe and does not meet all the standards of transportation.
This are the workers being employed by government environmental agency to sort out wasted plastics so as to be reproduce to Notebook cover.
2.2 Oyo’s Case Another important city in Nigeria, other than Lagos, is the state of Oyo which has a population of almost six million people. The conditions of the solid waste treatment is collected and maintained by the Oyo State Solid Waste Management Authority (OYOWMA) which are having a hard time trying to carry out their job effectively. Compared to all the problems that were stated previously on the city of Lagos, Oyo is considered to have it worse! This is because Oyo’s infrastructure is outdated that it does not
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
have a stable waste management system. The lines of the waste management map only crosses the major parts of the city, disregarding other small towns on the side of the road. This reality has caused the people living in neighboring towns to use other resorts and methods that are dangerous in all means. The main method used by the Oyo’s locals is to burn the excess waste lying with no treatment on the way. Other individuals and industries chooses to get rid of the excess waste by direct disposal in flood paths which eventually leads to the main water sources inside of the city. 3. THE SOLUTION In this section we discuss the different proposed solutions that has been implemented or that is yet to be implemented. Furthermore, a discussion on obtaining new ideas to solve the problem is to be discussed. To begin with it is important to state and name the factors that are the main cause of the stated problem of solid waste management. As states earlier, the first main problem obviously is the weak infrastructure for handling such cases in all the cities inside of Nigeria. This is due to the low number of agencies out there that are specialized in this particular field. Furthermore, due to the lack of funds, the agencies and the government cannot invest any more of the money available towards this scenario. In addition, there has not been any form of funding movements towards this problem, probably due to the other major problems that are occurring daily inside the borders of Nigeria. Another main issue that all specialists have agreed upon, is the uncontrollable growth in the population size and density which in turn creates an increase in the waste production and disposal. Hence, when focusing on solving the main issue in hand, it is important to consider all of these factors and find ways to aid at least one of them in order to form a solution that is groundbreaking towards the risks of lack of solid waste management.
This is the awareness poster for the populace to maintain waste items and how it can be useful for other things
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
Table 2 Representation of the right solutions to waste management disposal 3.1 Government Suggestions It is obvious that the government of Nigeria needs to start taking decisive steps towards this problem and to raise a high level of concern towards finding solutions to such an existing phenomena. This can be done by enforcing or creating a general framework on private sectors that pushes them to invest in systems that are specialized in this problem in particular (waste collection, recycling and reusing). This can be promoted by providing a certain incentive towards private business and business men in the country and by recognizing any good practice that is being carried out in order to encourage people to join in and reenact what they have seen. It is important to understand that all of these solutions should be in parallel with the major change that the government should inhibit which would focus on building more waste treatment/management facilities throughout all the different areas (especially the dense ones) in order to ensure a sustainable breach towards the problem. The current situation in Nigeria, requires that all the different community levels and shareholders in the country to work hand in hand in order to reach a better initial level. This would focus on correct disposal of the waste in the system together with education on the right ways of disposal, treatment and transportation; as by far this whole process has been showing a great deal of danger to the population and the environment. 3.2 Companies Responsability Another smart suggestion introduced by companies working in the manufacturing field, is to provide a monetary incentive to individuals who will focus on turning in different solid wastes, in hopes of encouraging people to start aiding in solving the problem. This program has been named “from waste to wealth” and has been adopted by many companies out there due to its success over a small range.
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
3.3 Person-in-ithe-Port Person-in-the-port (PiP) is a project founded by the United Nations (funded by the German Senior Expert Service and the EPA) and located in Nigeria. This project focused on the handling and managing of waste materials, specifically e-waste (electronic waste), by having an expert create a market research on the amount of wastes imported to Nigeria (Lagos State) for almost half a year. Together with aids from certain Nigerian companies and agencies a huge partnership was created with the Nigerian Port Authority (NPA), Nigeria’s regulatory agency (NESREA) and the Nigerian Customs Services (NCS). These organizations worked together in order to provide enough documentation that would illustrate the full details of all the imports. The whole purpose of the study is to have a clear image on the amount of imports that is being utilized rather than just adding to the currently existing problem. 4. CONCLUSION As seen throughout this paper, waste management is not something to be taken lightly as it has a lot of different side effects towards the people, the environment and is overall considered hazardous to not deal with. It has been seen how dismantling an issue can reach higher levels which might be considered impossible to reverse at a certain point. The many different factors that have led to the main problem has been stated effectively and the different solutions out there have been stated. It is important for all responsible personnel to start taking forward steps towards the projects and initiatives suggested as this might be the first step towards solving one of the main problems in our current times. Having all the different levels of the community contributing in the solution will definitely be enough to improve the currently existing state and sustain and capitalize the new initial point. REFERENCES Waste management. (1991). Waste Management, 11(4). doi:10.1016/0956-053x(91)90079-k Solomon, U. U. (2009). The state of solid waste management in Nigeria. Waste Management, 29(10), 2787-2788. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.030 Ozabor, F., & Obaro, H. N. (2016). Health effects of poor waste management in Nigeria: a case study of Abraka in Delta State. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 18(3), 195. doi:10.1504/ijewm.2016.080790 Imam, A., Mohammed, B., Wilson, D., & Cheeseman, C. (2008). Solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria. Waste Management, 28(2), 468-472. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.006 Johnson Badmos {1991},environmental protection and recycling behavioral strategies in sub sahara countries in africa, vol 23, no 4, pp.5-17 {in Nigeria}.
SUMMARY: Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa with a current population of over 180 million. With the increment of Nigeria population and as Nigerians make a heavy demand on resources and also generated large quantities of solid waste. Approximately 10 million tons of untreated industrial waste were neglected Such waste being generated from agricultural ,on shore and offshore oil and gas, nylon and plastic waste and foundry (metal) waste electrical and electronic devices (e-waste) that are imported from developed countries into developing country like Nigeria that can be transforming to valuable products, ,this is the country whereby approximately 90-95% of generated solid wastes are transferred to the landfill for disposal and just 5-10% of wastes recycled or processed for other usage. However, if the compost materials are not recycled, the corresponding savings in cost become 8.6% and 20.6%, respectively. Meanwhile in other way round the organic and non-organic waste fractions can be reduced by 10% due to waste minimization, and by 40 to 50% due to recycling. To practicalise this, will plays an important role for the improvement of environmental management that will give a great impact on Nigeria economic development with respect to resource conservation, social progression, creation of job opportunities, technical and technological improvements etc. This paper approaches to materials recycling, examines the status of recovery and recycling in current waste management practice in Nigeria and its environ
1. INTRODUCTION Our planet is one of the most precious gifts handed to humans by the higher power in the skies. This planet acts as a habitat and home to all the millions of living organisms, no matter which species they come from. This would range from single cell organism up till the gigantic dinosaurs that used to roam the same areas we have colonized in our modern ages. However, as humans developed and technology has become a main part of the presence of humans, a huge challenge rose. There is always a directly proportional relation between the advancement of technology and the pollution to our planet. Most of the different technologies and tools developed through the ages have had a lot of different wastes that directly pollutes the waters, the greeneries and even the atmosphere. This diminishing in the nature causes a huge risk and endangerment to the millions of living organisms on the planet. This problem keeps increasing due to the highly accelerated increase in demand occurring due to the fast progression of the populations worldwide. Proceedings Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium/ 2 - 6 October 2017 S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy / © 2017 by CISA Publisher, Italy
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
Going more specific towards this problem, some countries out there have more extreme cases compared to other more developed countries. This is due to the weak waste treatment infrastructure that is developed or the lack of presence. Deep down in Africa, we are more concerned with the most populated country on the continent. Nigeria, with a population over 180 million, is one of the main countries that suffer greatly from the tons of waste materials that are produced daily, yet with weak or no treatment systems to handle itStudies have shown that there is up to 10 million tons of waste present in Nigeria alone, with not a single movement towards treating it. Studies has shown that there is up to 32 million tons of solid waste is produced every year in Nigeria. About 20-30% only of this waste is collected and treated, while the rest is usually disposed within sewer systems or bodies of water which leads to blockage in these systems and contamination of the water supply for the locals.(BioEnergy Consult, 2016}This wastes are a huge form of danger towards the Nigerian community together with the environment that exists in the area. 2. SUB-SAHARA: NIGERIA’S CASE
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
A recent study studied the connection between the high density of a population and the huge environmental issues that might arise. The study was concerned with ten main areas, which showed a relatively high growth in the populations. Five of these areas were in West Africa, all originated in Nigeria (A. J. Dommen,1988). Furthermore, these solid waste materials are originally generated from agricultural, onshore and offshore oil and gas, nylon and plastic waste, foundry (metal) waste and electrical and electronic devices (e-waste) that are imported from developed countries into developing countries like Nigeria. These wastes can be treated and developed in order to be used in the production of a lot of useful items and products. However, approximately 90-95% of generated solid wastes are transferred to the landfill for disposal with only 5-10% of wastes recycled or processed for further usage. It is important to learn and understand the importance of waste treatment for the community living in such places. Furthermore, the goal is to study the different solutions that has been proposed and implemented; which in the case of Nigeria are minor. These waste materials are generally generated from normal households or as the normal expected case, through the waste disposal of industries or traders. This littering forms a huge problem, aiding the pollution which has to be stopped right in time in order to prevent natural disasters topped by global warming. The main issue in Nigeria is the fact that the high number of population forms a higher percentage of waste producing country lacks enough funds in order to create efficient waste management systems, thus only a few percentage can be dealt with, while the rest remains to tear the environment. The United Nations Habit Watch has stated that the population in African countries will triple over the next four decades, including Nigeria. This has left a lot of different communities and slums with the chance of not being developed in all aspects, specifically waste management systems.
This area shows (metal) waste and electrical and electronic devices (e-waste) that are imported from developed countries being dumped in Nigeria. 2.1 Lagos Case
Lagos, one of the biggest cities in Nigeria, is ranked as the second city in Africa with the most growing population which also makes it the largest city in Africa by far, considering its population (21 million citizen). This high number of population forms a production of 10,000 tons of waste daily. In Lagos, the Lagos State Waste Management Agency (LAWMA) is an
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
organization responsible for the waste management of all the cities litter. However, it alone is not capable of providing enough to handle all the mass amount of waste. The resources, funds, man power and technology is not well-developed to reach the needed levels of progress. This has also led to a delay in the collection of the wastes from certain gather points which leads to weeks of accumulation of wastes which is harder to collect and treat compared to frequent collection. More and more problems exist in the process of collection by which environmentalist argue that it is not safe and does not meet all the standards of transportation.
This are the workers being employed by government environmental agency to sort out wasted plastics so as to be reproduce to Notebook cover.
2.2 Oyo’s Case Another important city in Nigeria, other than Lagos, is the state of Oyo which has a population of almost six million people. The conditions of the solid waste treatment is collected and maintained by the Oyo State Solid Waste Management Authority (OYOWMA) which are having a hard time trying to carry out their job effectively. Compared to all the problems that were stated previously on the city of Lagos, Oyo is considered to have it worse! This is because Oyo’s infrastructure is outdated that it does not
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
have a stable waste management system. The lines of the waste management map only crosses the major parts of the city, disregarding other small towns on the side of the road. This reality has caused the people living in neighboring towns to use other resorts and methods that are dangerous in all means. The main method used by the Oyo’s locals is to burn the excess waste lying with no treatment on the way. Other individuals and industries chooses to get rid of the excess waste by direct disposal in flood paths which eventually leads to the main water sources inside of the city. 3. THE SOLUTION In this section we discuss the different proposed solutions that has been implemented or that is yet to be implemented. Furthermore, a discussion on obtaining new ideas to solve the problem is to be discussed. To begin with it is important to state and name the factors that are the main cause of the stated problem of solid waste management. As states earlier, the first main problem obviously is the weak infrastructure for handling such cases in all the cities inside of Nigeria. This is due to the low number of agencies out there that are specialized in this particular field. Furthermore, due to the lack of funds, the agencies and the government cannot invest any more of the money available towards this scenario. In addition, there has not been any form of funding movements towards this problem, probably due to the other major problems that are occurring daily inside the borders of Nigeria. Another main issue that all specialists have agreed upon, is the uncontrollable growth in the population size and density which in turn creates an increase in the waste production and disposal. Hence, when focusing on solving the main issue in hand, it is important to consider all of these factors and find ways to aid at least one of them in order to form a solution that is groundbreaking towards the risks of lack of solid waste management.
This is the awareness poster for the populace to maintain waste items and how it can be useful for other things
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
Table 2 Representation of the right solutions to waste management disposal 3.1 Government Suggestions It is obvious that the government of Nigeria needs to start taking decisive steps towards this problem and to raise a high level of concern towards finding solutions to such an existing phenomena. This can be done by enforcing or creating a general framework on private sectors that pushes them to invest in systems that are specialized in this problem in particular (waste collection, recycling and reusing). This can be promoted by providing a certain incentive towards private business and business men in the country and by recognizing any good practice that is being carried out in order to encourage people to join in and reenact what they have seen. It is important to understand that all of these solutions should be in parallel with the major change that the government should inhibit which would focus on building more waste treatment/management facilities throughout all the different areas (especially the dense ones) in order to ensure a sustainable breach towards the problem. The current situation in Nigeria, requires that all the different community levels and shareholders in the country to work hand in hand in order to reach a better initial level. This would focus on correct disposal of the waste in the system together with education on the right ways of disposal, treatment and transportation; as by far this whole process has been showing a great deal of danger to the population and the environment. 3.2 Companies Responsability Another smart suggestion introduced by companies working in the manufacturing field, is to provide a monetary incentive to individuals who will focus on turning in different solid wastes, in hopes of encouraging people to start aiding in solving the problem. This program has been named “from waste to wealth” and has been adopted by many companies out there due to its success over a small range.
Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017
3.3 Person-in-ithe-Port Person-in-the-port (PiP) is a project founded by the United Nations (funded by the German Senior Expert Service and the EPA) and located in Nigeria. This project focused on the handling and managing of waste materials, specifically e-waste (electronic waste), by having an expert create a market research on the amount of wastes imported to Nigeria (Lagos State) for almost half a year. Together with aids from certain Nigerian companies and agencies a huge partnership was created with the Nigerian Port Authority (NPA), Nigeria’s regulatory agency (NESREA) and the Nigerian Customs Services (NCS). These organizations worked together in order to provide enough documentation that would illustrate the full details of all the imports. The whole purpose of the study is to have a clear image on the amount of imports that is being utilized rather than just adding to the currently existing problem. 4. CONCLUSION As seen throughout this paper, waste management is not something to be taken lightly as it has a lot of different side effects towards the people, the environment and is overall considered hazardous to not deal with. It has been seen how dismantling an issue can reach higher levels which might be considered impossible to reverse at a certain point. The many different factors that have led to the main problem has been stated effectively and the different solutions out there have been stated. It is important for all responsible personnel to start taking forward steps towards the projects and initiatives suggested as this might be the first step towards solving one of the main problems in our current times. Having all the different levels of the community contributing in the solution will definitely be enough to improve the currently existing state and sustain and capitalize the new initial point. REFERENCES Waste management. (1991). Waste Management, 11(4). doi:10.1016/0956-053x(91)90079-k Solomon, U. U. (2009). The state of solid waste management in Nigeria. Waste Management, 29(10), 2787-2788. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.030 Ozabor, F., & Obaro, H. N. (2016). Health effects of poor waste management in Nigeria: a case study of Abraka in Delta State. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 18(3), 195. doi:10.1504/ijewm.2016.080790 Imam, A., Mohammed, B., Wilson, D., & Cheeseman, C. (2008). Solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria. Waste Management, 28(2), 468-472. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.006 Johnson Badmos {1991},environmental protection and recycling behavioral strategies in sub sahara countries in africa, vol 23, no 4, pp.5-17 {in Nigeria}.
