Page 1 68 105 37-76 * ** * DOI:10.6166/TJPS.68(37-76) ** E-mail ...
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡Ɵࢱ 37-76
ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ дነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ ԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶*ژ Ղჴබ**
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ώࡁտӀϡܕϒཌྷநኢ۞ۺᄮᄃਕ˧शĂᑭෛᒖဩԔϒཌྷ дԧ઼ነгࢦޙ၁ચ̚၁ኹ۞ӧဩĂซ҃ଣ৶ར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞͚ ୧ІĄѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃߏ၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞८͕ĂώࡁտӀϡ ԧ઼ௐ˘࣎ৼˢϔிણᄃ፟۞טѳߖ˿гГӀϡϯቑࢍ൪ĂᖣϤםӄ ેҖϔிણᄃ࿅Ăಶ៍ܕ၅ϔிણᄃдநຐᄃ၁ᅫ˯۞मĄࡁտ ൴னۺᄮᄃਕ˧˟۰Ϲ࠹ᇆᜩϔிણᄃ۞࿅ĂӀचᙯܼ۰كѩ ͻۺᄮĂጱϔிણᄃજ̙֖፟Ă҃ϔிͻຽਕ˧Ă˵Я҃ڱ ၁ኳᚥ࠹ٺᙯՙඉ࿅Ąώ͛ޢ੫၆ϔிણᄃજ፟ᄃણᄃਕ˧ ࣎ࢬШĂ೩ೀ࣎၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷٺԧ઼ነгࢦޙ၁ચ۞Аՙ୧ІĄ ̶Ҿߏ߆ۺܝొعᄮѳߖצच۰۞ຫεᄃѳߖಞӬᙝاϔ۞ᒖဩࢲ ᐍćѳߖಞӬᙝاϔۺᄮҋ̎۞ᒖဩᝋćͽ̈́ણᄃϔிᅮࢋຽۢ ᙊ۞྅౯Ą ᙯᔣෟĈ ᒖဩڼநăᒖဩϒཌྷăᒖဩԔϒཌྷăነгࢦ߆ޙඉăѳߖ гГӀϡ
* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.68(37-76)Ą ** ઼ϲ̚ϒ̂ጯ߆ڼጯրିĂE-mail: [email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 2 ͡ 26 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 6 ͡ 28 ͟
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ಥă݈֏ ϒཌྷĞjusticeğ˟фĂд༊̫۞ۤົྻજᄃ߆ྻڼજ̚Էႊ࠹༊ࢦ ࢋ۞֎ҒĂϒཌྷ෪ᇈ˘ͼܕৠཐ̙ΞܬϚ۞ૣᇇĂٙͽ࣍ጱϒཌྷ ᄃՐϒཌྷ၆ߏ࣎߆ڼϒቁ۞ҖજĂЇң෦ՐΪࢋΐˢϒཌྷ˟фĂ΄ܮ ˠሤҕڳᛡĄ҃ĂϤٺϒཌྷ۞ໄهপҾ٩෪Ăߊ՟ѣᕇՀ՟ѣᕇĂ ٙͽĂՐϒཌྷ۞፬ଐटٽᐌۤົְІ̙Гזצᙯ̼୶҃ڦĂҌٺтң ѩ٩෪ໄهᄃ̳ВҖ߆၁ચඕЪĂٕߏтңరၔϒཌྷ۞ໄ̳ٺهВ߆ඉ ۞ఢထᄃેҖ̚ĂــटنזצٽரĄώ͛ࢋ۞ࡁտϫ۞Ăߏྏဦٛ ܕ٩෪۞ᒖဩϒཌྷໄهᄃ߆ඉ၁ચ̝ม۞ᗓĂᖣϤ˘࣎ነгࢦ۞ޙ၁ᅫ ९ּĂᑭෛᒖဩϒཌྷໄ̝̚هᒖဩԔϒཌྷд၁ኹ˯۞ӧᙱĂ֭ᖣѩଣ৶ ར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞͚୧ІĂซ҃੫၆ֱ͚୧І۞ૈዳĂ೩߆ඉ ޙᛉĄ дᒖဩ߆ඉᅳા̚ĂᒖဩϒཌྷĞenvironmental justiceğߏ༊̫۞߹ ៍ᕇ̝˘ĂϤٺι઼࡚ٺဩ̰ᒖဩѳߖ̙ј̶ּͧοٺপົۤؠཏវ ĞѣҒˠğ۞ன෪Ăٙͽͽߏܐ၆ԩᒖဩཌྷĞenvironmental racismğࠎࢋ෦ՐĂҭႬ۞ޢ൴ण̙ܮГٺࢨצᒖဩཌྷĂ҃ᕖण ࠎ၆Бˠᙷ۞ᒖဩϒཌྷĂӈૺۤົ˯ٙѣϔிдᒖဩӀৈᄃࢲᐍ˯ᅮצ ̳זπ۞၆ޞĂপҾߏд઼࡚ͽγٙ൴ण۞ᒖဩϒཌྷྻજĂஉᄏࢬ˵Я ዋᑕ̙Т઼छ۞߆ڼᄃۤົրඛ҃តՀᆵᇃĂּтࡻ઼۞ᒖဩϒཌྷĂ֭ ̙ჸ൏ٺĂ҃ߏჸ൏˯ົۤٺజଵੵ۰ᄃऴ۰Ğӈۤົᄃགྷᑻऴ ๕ğ Ăᙯᘃࣇٙ۞ፋវᒖဩݡኳĂΒ߁Ϡ߿ᒖဩă۩ঈݡኳăҋྤ ۞ତפܕϡඈඈĂ˵ಶߏᒖဩπඈĞenvironmental equalityğ۞ໄهĞWalker, 2012: 26-27ğĄ ᒖဩϒཌྷໄهд̙Т઼छ۞߆ڼᄃۤົրඛ൴ण̝˭Ăؠཌྷ˯ѣবѣ ᇃĂ̂ొ̶ౌߏ˘ਠّٕࣧ۞ّౘĄᒖဩϒཌྷጯ۰ Walker (2012: 8-9) ଂ̙Т઼छᄃ̙Тຽᅳા̚ᑭෛᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ؠཌྷĂ൴னЧؠཌྷౌ̙௲ᗓ ͽ˭ˬ࣎ቑᘞĂ̶Ҿߏ̶੨ϒཌྷĞdistributive justiceğ ăԔϒཌྷĞprocedural
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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justiceğă ͽ ̈́ ۺᄮ ϒ ཌྷ Ğ justice as recognitionğĄ 1 Ω ˘ ᒖ ဩ ϒ ཌྷ ጯ ۰ Schlosberg (2007) ͔ϡ༊߆ࣰڼጯᅳા̚၆ϒཌྷ۞ኢĂᄮࠎᒖဩϒ ཌྷੵ˞ଂ̶੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷֽޥ҂̝γĂᔘᑕྍྃ·ۺᄮϒཌྷĂͽ̈́ଂ ਕ˧शĞcapacity approachğֽᑭෛĄֱ၆ٺᒖဩϒཌྷ۞кࢦᑭෛĂ̏ ֹᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ኢ่̙ࢨ̶ٺ੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷ۞ᑕࣧĂ҃ߏՀ ቜгଂ၁ચࢬֽᑭෛֱໄ߁ّ۞ࣧࠎңڱ၁ኹĂྏဦՀ៍гޥ҂Ă ֱࣹߏغזৌ၁͵ࠧ྆۞ۤົրඛЯ৵Ăጱ̶੨̙ϒཌྷᄃԔ̙ϒཌྷĉ ԧࣇͽ૱జ͔ϡ۞ᒖဩϒཌྷؠཌྷֽ࠻ĂಶΞͽ˞ྋңͽۺᄮϒཌྷᄃ ਕ˧शు႙జᒖဩϒཌྷጯ۰ٙࢦෛĄϤٺᒖဩϒཌྷྻજ઼࡚ؕٺĂЯ ѩĂ઼઼࡚छᒖဩ᜕ܲԊĞUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyğ ᒖဩϒཌྷᏱ̳ވĞOffice of Environmental Justiceğ၆ٺᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ؠཌྷߏ జᇃ͔ھϡ۞Ąྍؠཌྷт˭Ĉ Ķᒖဩϒཌྷߏ̙ኢăቲҒă઼ࣧؕᚱăٕ ќˢĂٙѣˠϔдᒖဩޠڱăఢăᄃ߆ඉ۞൴णăેҖᄃૻ߉טҖ˯Ăౌ υืజπඈ၆֭ޞਕѣຍཌྷгણᄃķ 2ĞUS Environmental Protection Agency, 2016ağĄଂ઼઼݈࡚छᒖဩ᜕ܲԊ၆ᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ؠཌྷĂΞͽ࠻ᒖဩϒ ཌྷҌ͌Β߁˞࣎ࢋొЊĂߏ˘Ķπඈ၆ޞķ Ăߏ˟Ķѣຍཌྷгણᄃķ Ą ٙᏜ۞πඈ၆ޞĂߏĶ՟ѣЇңཏវᑕྍ̙јּͧгٚצЯ̍ຽă߆ع ٕથຽّኳ۞ᒉྻٕ߆ඉٙጱ۞ࢬᒖဩᇆᜩķ 3 ĞUS Environmental Protection Agency, 2016ağ ĄొЊঘᒖဩՙඉેҖ̝ޢĂᒖဩࢲᐍᄃјώ ۞̶੨ඕڍĂᛳ̶ٺ੨ϒཌྷ۞ቑᘞĄ҃ٙᏜ۞Ķѣຍཌྷгણᄃķ ĂΞଂ˭ ЕαᕇஉཌྷĂ Ķௐ˘Ăˠࣇѣ፟ົણᄃᇆᜩϠ߿ᒖဩᄃઉ̝Җજ
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ֶ Walker ۞ؠཌྷĂ̶੨ϒཌྷຍᖣϤрĞּтྤğᄃᗼĞּт๋चٕࢲᐍğ ۞̶੨ֽၹޥϒཌྷĄԔϒཌྷຍᖣϤՙඉ͞۞ؠטёćϤኡણᄃćͽ̈́ኡѣᇆᜩ˧ ඈ͞ࢬֽၹޥϒཌྷĄۺᄮϒཌྷຍᖣϤኡజࢦćኡѣٕ՟ѣజࢦෛඈࢬШֽၹޥϒ ཌྷĄ ࣧ͛ࠎ “Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.” ࣧ͛ࠎ “(Fair treatment means) no group of people should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, governmental and commercial operations or policies.”
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
۞ՙඉćௐ˟Ă̂ி۞ᚥਕૉᇆᜩგט፟ၹ۞ՙඉćௐˬĂˠࣇٙᙯ͕ ۞ᛉᗟົдՙඉؠט࿅̚జᆶຕ҂ᇋćௐαĂՙඉؠט۰ವԱ֭ᅃӄሕ дצᇆᜩ۰۞ણᄃķ4ĞUS Environmental Protection Agency, 2016ağ Ąᖎ֏̝Ă Ķѣຍཌྷгણᄃķຍдឰሕдצᇆᜩ۰၁ኳણᄃՙඉ࿅ĂᛳٺԔϒཌྷ ቑᘞĞเ̝ഏăเ༄༮Ă2009ać2009bğĄ ˯ᒖဩ۞̶੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷĂౌࠎᒖဩϒཌྷޙၹ˞˘࣎тনћ֣ ਠ۞ؠཌྷĂ҃ࡶซ˘Վᑭෛࣇдৌ၁͵ࠧ۞၁ኹ၁ચĂಶ̙ΞᔖҺг ͔൴˘ֱયᗟĄࢵАĂᒖဩࢲᐍᄃӀৈ̶੨̙ϒཌྷ۞ன෪Ăᔵ૱జྋᛖ ࠎߏξಞགྷᑻ۞υඕڍĞBeen, 1992; 1994ğĂҭڍৌߏтѩĉ༊Ћຽ ՙؠዐᔖన߉۞నཉгᕇॡĂᔵܑࢬ˯࠻ֽߏࠎ˞ໂ̼̈јώ҃Ᏼፄ гᆊ۞آܮٙĂҭ၁дѩ࿅̚Ăᙝاϔߏӎጾѣ֖ૉ۞࠹ᙯྤੈă ຽۢᙊă఼გăᄃ൴ᓏ፟ົĂֽٯԩӈֽᒖဩރ۞ዐᔖన߉ĉ ೱ֏̝Ă̶੨̙ϒཌྷ۞ඕڍĂΞਕϒߏా˘ٺҚ۞Ԕ̙ϒཌྷĄ֤ᆃĂ ତ˭ֽ۞યᗟߏĂߏӎԔϒཌྷߏྋՙᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞։͞ĉ̙֭ߏ࣎ट ٽаඍ۞યᗟĂЯࠎ၁ኹԔϒཌྷĂᅮࢋ˘ֱ୧І۞͚ĂࢋឰӀचᙯܼ ۰Ķѣຍཌྷгણᄃķᒖဩՙඉ࿅ĂְٽܧĄд 1978 ѐ઼࡚৸ࡗэκΐ ٛϝᕰοξĞNiagara Falls, New Yorkğᘕ൴۞ຑറĞLove CanalğְІĂ ˘ཏछलдຑറᙝዐ֧ม֙ࡴᄓะ۞छ͗ঽଈྤफ़Ăజ༊ॡ۞৸ࡗ эઉᝋރ༊ԊᙎࠎĶϡ۞छलྤफ़ķĞuseless housewife datağĂۡ ࡊזጯछ۞ࡁտಡӘᚤ̝ޢĂэ߆̖عৌϒฟؕࢦෛຑറᙝۤડ۞ᚑ ࢦѳߖયᗟĞGibbs, 1983ğ Ą߱።Ϋ·̶ᄲۺ˞ځᄮ۞ࢦࢋّĂᒖဩՙඉ ۞ણᄃ۰ᅮࢋజࢦĂజۺᄮĞrecognizedğĂӎĂӈܮણᄃĂ˵वԛ ёĄΩ˘ּࠎ 1982 ѐ઼࡚ΔΙᘲৼэරࣖĞWarren County, North Carolinağкനᓑࢃᆿୢ˿ପःಞְІĂ༊ॡࡊጯछࣇϡᖎ۞ٽᄬ֏ିጱ༊ гିֈޘ࿆ྵҲ۞ҲќˢѣҒˠاϔĂឰࣇ˞ྋкനᓑࢃ۞ّ߲ ͽ̈́ѣ߲ᆿୢۏପःಞዋЪᎸ̝ޙгኳඈඈ࠹ᙯۢᙊĂࡊጯछࣇֱүࠎ 4
ࣧ͛ࠎ “1. People have an opportunity to participate in decisions about activities that may affect their environment and/or health. 2. the public’s contribution can influence the regulatory agency’s decision, 3. their concerns will be considered in the decision making process, 4. the decision makers seek out and facilitate the involvement of those potentially affected.”
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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۞ࢋϫ۞ĂಶߏᔖҺاϔͻ֖ૉ۞ۢᙊᄃਕ˧ણᄃՙඉ࿅ĞGeiser & Waneck, 1994: 44-48ćMcgurty, 2007: 51ğ Ą߱።Ϋᄲ˞ځਕ˧۞ࢦࢋّĂ ᒖဩՙඉ۞ણᄃ۰ᅮࢋѣ၁ኳણᄃ۞ਕ˧ĂӎӈֹણᄃĂ˵टٽࠎ జજࣶ۞၆෪Ą ᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ໄهϫ݈̏གྷజᇃھᑕϡٺЧᒖဩᛉᗟ۞ኢĂଂቑಛ ྵ̂۞Бື̼ăྭ઼ဩѳߖĞcross-border pollutionğඈᛉᗟĂזቑಛྵ ̈۞̍ຽѳߖצचኪᐺăѳߖгГӀϡăᄃѳߖۤડࢦޙඈᛉᗟĂᒖဩϒ ཌྷ۞៍ᕇੵ˞૱జϡֽଣᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞ன෪ߏӎхдĂ˵૱జϡֽ೩ᏹ Ӏचᙯܼ۰ĞপҾߏ߆ܝొعğдซҖЇңᒖဩՙඉॡᑕᔖҺᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ ۞࿅ᄃඕڍĄώࡁտࢋᙯ۞ڦ൏ᕇĂߏᒖဩԔϒཌྷдԧ઼ѳߖгГ Ӏϡ۞၁ኹ˯ٙᅮࢋ۞͚୧ІĂ҃ࠎ˞ኢ࣎ᗟĂώ͛Ӏϡ˘࣎൴ Ϡٺԧ઼۞၁ּĂֽ៍၅Ԕϒཌྷд၁ኹ˯۞ӧᙱĂ֭ᖣѩ೩ᑒӄ၁ኹ Ԕϒཌྷ۞͚୧ІĄ ώ͛ٙ៍၅۞၁ᅫ९ּĂߏϤԧ઼Җ߆ੰᒖܲཌ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋ ܛૄڼგநົĞͽ˭ᖎჍ˿ѳૄგົğٙ၁ᅫଯજ۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ă ҃Ᏼፄ៍၅ѩ९ּ۞ࢋநϤѣͽ˭ 4 ᕇĄࢵАĂдநኢ˯Ăѳߖડߏ˘ ࣎ϡֽ៍၅ᒖဩԔϒཌྷਕӎར၁۞ໂָಞાĄѳߖડ۞னــЯٺ ߆عᒖဩგந۞༂ஷĂٕߏᒖဩྤᄃᒖဩјώ̶੨̙Ӯ۞̙ϒཌྷĂٙͽ ѳߖડ۞хдώ֗ಶᔳӣ̙ϒཌྷ۞ኳ৵д̰Ąдᇹ۞࣎९̚Ă఼૱ົ ѣځព۞צৈ۰Ğѳߖ۰ğᄃצच۰Ă݈۰ᔵצৈ̙ݒϡٚצᒖဩјώĂ ޢ۰ಏ৷ٚצᒖဩјώĄ˵ЯѩĂѳߖડ఼૱ߏ࣎к̮Ӏৈໂბࡎ۞ г͞Ă̚ѣځពٕሕд۞ѳߖצच۰ăѳߖ۰ă߆࠹عᙯొܝăᒖဩܲ ᜕ᖐඈඈĂࡶঘ̈́ѳߖгГӀϡٕѳߖડ۞ࢦޙĂ֤ᆃΞਕΒӣՀк۞ Ӏचᙯܼ۰Ğּт˿гฟ൴થăγֽԸྤ۰ăາซዏˢ۰ğ Ąдᇹ۞ಞા ̚Ă៍၅тңдӔனᒖဩ̶੨̙ϒཌྷ۞гડ၁ኹԔϒཌྷĂໂຍཌྷĄ ѨĂд၁ચ˯Ăᒖܲཌܕٺೀѐֽฟؕૻአѳߖ˿гГӀϡĞٕჍነгГ Ӏϡğ5 ࢍ൪ĂּтҜٺฯᎩξϹࠧ۞̂ĞҖ߆ੰᒖܲཌĂ2015ğć
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ѳߖ˿гГӀϡᄃѳߖፋ˟ڼ۰̝มѣ̙ٙТĂ݈۰Βӣ˞ޢ۰ĂӈΒӣѳߖੵ̝ ˿۞ޢгӀϡĂࠤҌᙝۤડ۞ፋវࢦޙĄ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ҜٺέΔᎩܛϝϮ۞ࣧέ៉ܛᛳᚩຽ۵Њѣࢨ̳Φ۞ᚩಞᖞӬĞҖ߆ੰᒖ ܲཌĂ2013Ĉ15-19ğćͽ̈́ώࡁտٙ៍၅۞ѳߖಞӬĄ݈˟۰̪дఢထล ߱ĂإϏޙϲ֭ྏҖϔிણᄃ፟טĂޢ۰ზߏԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡ၁ચ ̚ଳৼϔிણᄃ፟ܐ۞טѨဘྏĄኢтңĂነгГӀϡࢍ൪̏јࠎᒖ ܲཌࢦᕇ̍ү̝˘Ăߏְ̙۞ۋ၁ĄГ۰Ăέ៉гবˠ༵Ăਕૉֹϡ۞˿ гώಶȈ̶ѣࢨĂҭϫ݈Ϥᒖܲཌ˿ѳૄგົĞ2016ğ̳Ә̝ѳߖፋڼಞ ӬᄃଠטಞӬᓁᇴ̏྿ 2,967 ࣎Ă̚ĂѣᚑࢦПच઼ϔઉ̈́Ϡ߿ᒖဩ ཱ̝۞ѳߖፋڼಞӬᇴณ྿ 90 ࣎Ă6 ҃ѳߖۏ྿˿ᚓٕг˭ͪѳߖგט ᇾ۰۞ѳߖଠטಞӬᇴณ྿ 2,877 ࣎Ă7 тѩ̂ณ۞ѳߖ˿гϏֽт ңཉĂᙯܼזѳߖгᙝࠎᇴிк۞ϔிاҝݡኳᄃᒖဩщБĂтѩՀ ពነгГӀϡࢍ൪۞ࢦࢋّĄޢĂдࡁտܮӀّ˯Ăඊ۰ώ֗ᑕᔛ၁ᅫ ፆүѩѳߖડГӀϡࢍ൪۞ϔிણᄃ࿅ĂЯѩΞͽܕᗓᑭෛѳߖડд ၁ኹԔϒཌྷ˯۞ӧဩᄃጱЯĄώࡁտдநኢ˯Ăഇ୕ਕૉଂ၁ᅫ९ּ۞ ៍၅ᄃ͛ᚥٙ̚ྶ۞நኢᄃགྷរࡁտඕڍซҖ၆ྖĂ҃д၁ચ˯Ăԓ୕ ਕ೩ֻᒖܲཌдነгࢦޙ၁ચ˯۞ણ҂Ăᖣѩឰ࠹ᙯొܝᒢྋĂӈֹдѳ ߖгГӀϡ߆ඉ˯ѣᇃৼϔிણᄃ۞࡚ຍĂ˵ᅮࢋАஎˢ˞ྋٙࢬ၆۞ ୧ІࢨטĂͽᔖҺڱར၁۞߆ඉనࢍĄ дซҖኢ̝݈Ăώ͛୬Аᗃ̂࣎ณֹϡ۞ᙜຉĂӈĶነгࢦޙķ ᄃĶѳߖгГӀϡķ ĄነгĞbrownfieldsğ˘ෟ઼࡚ٺĂ҃൴णҌ̫Ă Ч઼၆ٺነг۞ؠཌྷѣֱ۞मளĞՂჴබĂ2012Ĉ9ğĄ઼઼ֶ࡚छ ᒖဩ᜕ܲԊ۞ؠཌྷĂ Ķነгߏ˘˿гĂᕖૺăࢦޙăГӀϡĂΞਕົ 8 Яѣ߲ۏኳăѳߖăٕѳߖ۞ۏхдٕሕд҃តኑᗔķĞUS Environmental
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ٙᏜѳߖፋڼಞӬĂֶԧ઼˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڱڼௐ 2 ୧ௐ 18 ഠĂߏĶѳߖଠ טಞӬགྷܐՎෞҤĂѣᚑࢦПच઼ϔઉ̈́Ϡ߿ᒖဩཱ̝Ă҃གྷ̚δგ፟ᙯᆶ८̳ Ә۰ķĄ ٙᏜѳߖଠטಞӬĂֶԧ઼˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڱڼௐ 2 ୧ௐ 17 ഠĂߏĶ˿ᚓѳ ߖٕг˭ͪѳߖֽځቁ̝ಞӬĂѳߖܧۏҋᒖဩхдགྷ՞הă߹οăՕ᎕ă͔ Ăྍѳߖۏ྿˿ᚓٕг˭ͪѳߖგטᇾ۰ķĄ ࣧ͛ࠎ “A brownfield is a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.”
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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Protection Agency, 2016bğĄֶѩؠཌྷĂነгߏזצѳߖރ۞˿гĄд͛ ᚥ̚ĂነгࢦޙĞbrownfield redevelopmentğ˘ෟĂ૱ᄃೀ࣎ෟϹֹ̢ϡĂ ּтΒ߁ಞӬГϠĞsite reclamationğăነгГӀϡĞbrownfield reuseğăነ гॎᎸĞbrownfield revitalizationğăነгፋڼĞbrownfield remediationğඈ ඈĄдώֹ͛̚ϡĶѳߖгГӀϡķ˘ෟĂࢋߏЯࠎώࡁտٙ៍၅۞࣎ ९ĂϤ˿ѳૄგົЩࠎѳߖгГӀϡࢍ൪ĂЯѩдώ͛̚Ăነгࢦޙ ᄃѳߖгГӀϡ˟ෟϹֹ̢ϡĄ ͽ˭ࢵА̬ώࡁտٙ៍၅۞࣎९ಞӬĂѨኢᒖဩϒཌྷநኢĂੵ ˞૱֍۞̶੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷͽγĂГଂܕϒཌྷநኢ۞ྃ·ኢ҃ΐ ˢۺᄮᄃਕ˧शĂޥ҂࣎श၆ٺᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ຍཌྷĄௐˬొЊ ̬ඊ۰д࣎९ಞӬ༊г၁ᅫፆүϔிણᄃ۞࿅Ąତ˭ֽٺૄ၆ѩ ࣎९ᄃϔிણᄃ၁ү۞៍၅Ăଂۺᄮᄃਕ˧श̶ژᒖဩԔϒཌྷдѩ ࣎९۞ར၁˯ົன̦ᆃӧᙱĂซ҃дඕኢ۞ొ̶೩ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ̚ ૻአ۞ϔிણᄃдነгࢦ࣎ޙ९̚ᅮࢋֱࣹ୧І۞͚Ą
෮ă࣎९ࡦഀ̬ ώࡁտٙ៍၅۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪ϫᇾಞӬҜ̚ٺέ៉Ăֶᒖ ܲཌ˿ѳૄგົĞ2016ğ۞ᐂĂᛳྺٺгѳߖಞӬĂዐ۞ా࠹ܕೀ࣎г ̶ཱིҾ ٺ2002 ѐᄃ 2004 ѐజ̳ӘࠎѳߖଠטಞӬĂ9 ̶ᛳ̙ٺТ۞гĂ ᓁࢬ᎕̂ࡗ 2,700 π̳͎͞Ąֱྺг˿ᚓٙ̚ӣ۞ࢦܛᛳ࿖Ă࿅˞˿ ᚓѳߖგטᇾĂٙͽ̳ٺӘ̝ޢĂг˯үۏυื๐ੵᄃዚᒎĂ̙֭ਆ ࢴϡүۏĄ 10 ྍгડགྷᑻѝഇͽྺຽࠎĂϤͪٺ·֖˿ᚓ۲աĂঈዋآĂߏ ྺਆቌү۞рг͞ĂЯѩቌүߏྍгડ֧ϔ۞ࢋགྷᑻϠ߿ֽĂ҃Ѩࢋ གྷᑻֽߏ༲হᄃዳതຽĄ70 ѐͽޢĂ̍ܕܢຽડฟ൴Ăགྷᑻొᄃг
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έ៉۞гᚱϡᄬĂӈ˿г۞በཱིĄ ࠎ˞̙ౄјѳߖಞӬاϔ۞ӧᕘĂώ̙͛វᄲځಞӬ۞ቁ၁гᕇĄώ߱ٙྤ ੈĂ࠰ֽҋ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڼშ၆ྍѳߖಞӬ۞ྤफ़ᐂĄ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
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ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
͞߆ع᎕ໂ͔ซ̍ᇄĂГΐ˯༊ॡଯજމះӈ̍ᇄ۞߆ඉĂྍгડ̰̍થ ຽు႙ྺפຽĂ̈̍ݭᇄனĂ҃ྺਆг͟႙ഴᒺĂྺயќˢు႙̙ Гјࠎ֧ϔࢋ۞གྷᑻֽĂྤ̍ߏ۞̝҃פќˢĄ 80 ѐ̝ޢĂܢ ̍ܕຽડ̰۞̍ᇄు႙γொҌ઼̚Ă̈ݭΐ̍ᇄ˵Я҃৾৾ຽĂ̍ຽ̏ дྍгડঐεĄϫ݈ྍгડ൴णЧҖЧຽĂপҾߏྮ٤ᆵ̝ޢĂ̈ݭ થछڒϲĂ็ྺՅഀ෪̙̏ೇ֍ĞᔁᇉТበĂ2011ğĄ ࣎гડ̝ٙͽனྺгѳߖĂࢋٺѝഇ็ຽĄϤٺ༊гϒ рҜٺ߹՞᎕πࣧ˯ĂҲгᕆ˿۞˿ኳᐹ։ĂЯѩѝдလᇉѐมಶ̏ѣ ᎑ϞຽĂ҃ޢ൴णͽϠயϔϠϡࠎݡ۞ᄦቍᄃ፵ຽĄ͟ڼॡഇ͟ ώ߆عд༊гనཉк۞ቍಞĂቍຽฟؕቿݎ൴णĂᛳ៍ٺካϡ۞ ຽᎸĄ˟Ѩ̂ጼᘕ൴ޢĂ៍ካϡ۞யݡዚณ˭ĂГΐ˯ቱᄃ ̣ܛᄦ۞ݡனĂϔϠϡ۞ݡᄦݡዚณՀߏזצᑝĂጱ༊гቍຽ˘ ᙖ̙ॎĄϔ઼ 88 ѐ۞˝˟˘̂гዩĂԯ็ॻ፵ᖞఏቍዩĂٙͽϫ݈г ͛͞Ϋ̍ү۰םТ߆࠹عᙯొܝϒྏဦଯજг͞ຽ۞ࢦ̍ޙүĞᔁᇉТ በĂ2011ğ Ąтѩஎ็̼͛ຍཌྷ۞ቍಞĂݒд˿ᚓ̚˭˞࿖ѳߖĂ ࢋߏЯࠎд፵ᄦ࿅̚Ăࠎ˞࡚៍ــᅮࢋдγᆸ˯࿏Ă҃࿏఼̚૱ ӣ̂ณ۞ࢦܛᛳĂপҾߏ࿖ӣณޝĄ ඊ۰ᏐҌѳߖಞӬٙдгĂ൴னྍгડߏϫ݈дέ៉זΞ֍۞̈ݭ ݱξĂ֧ϔ̂кͽ˘ਠϔมܫЈࠎĂѣࠎᇴ̙͌۞ᇁцޙĄѩγĂ ୕ீٸΝĂ̈ͯ۞ྺг̚มӈѣјཏะ۞னҝшĂ٤ᆵ۞̂ྮय़ѣ ЧёથछᄃܮӀથظĂి̳ྮϹ߹य़ӈΞ࠻זҝથϡ۞າޙ९Ă γᒖྮ˯֘ዃֽֽــೳੱੱဧ˿Ăࡶ̙ߏѣֱҝшۤડय़̪ѣ̈ݭ ྺϣങЧёྺүۏĂೀͼޝᙱ࿅ྺ۞ـՅঈिĄಶдѳߖಞӬᙝĂ ᗓ̙ ז10 ̳͎ಶѣјଵ۞ۤડϔшĂѣֱҝछ۞֘ऱ̂ܝಶϒ၆ѳߖ гĄѳߖಞӬᙝ֭՟ѣځព۞֍ٽᛋӘᇾᄫĂीीгᄃϔшͧዐ҃اĄ ࿖غז၆ٺˠវົౄј̦ᆃПचĉͽώ͛៍၅۞࣎९҃֏Ăᄃ࿖ѳߖ۞˿ г࠹ዐ҃اĂᔵ̙Ҍٺౄј̂ณͷϲӈ۞࿖߲̚Ăҭᒖဩ̚Ҳ፧۞ޘ࿖ᇷ ᜨĂ၆ٺˠវ۞ઉ̪ົѣࢬ۞ᇆᜩĂּтҕᑅă͕ҕგ়ঽ̈́̚ ࢲѪ˸தඈඈĂপҾߏ၆ٺආ۞๋चՀځពĂट͔ٽ൴ޅආംથᄃᄮۢ ਕ˧ᅪᘣඈયᗟĂ҃ϫ݈ࢋ۞ˠវ࿖ᇷᜨֽĂߏѷဧᄃ۞̚˿ڪ࿖Ă
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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ѣధк߹ҖঽጯአߤពϯĂ˿ᚓ̚۞࿖Ăاҝޅ۞˯ආ̈́اϔҕ࿖ ĞڔڒሇĂ2014ćAgency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, 2015ğĄ ϤѩΞۢĂᄃ࿖ѳߖ˿гͧዐ҃اĂඈߏٺᇷᜨٺ࿖ѳߖ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍ̚Ą
ણăநኢૄᖂ ߆ࣰڼጯछ Swift (2006: 11) ගϒཌྷ˭˞˘࣎ܧ૱ᖎಏځቁ۞ؠཌྷĂ֤ ಶߏĶගˠࣇᑕྍග۞Ă֭ͷ̙ග̙ྍග۞ĄķࡶଂѩֽؼҩҌᒖဩϒཌྷĂ ֤ಶߏගˠࣇᑕྍග۞ᒖဩӀৈĂ̙ග̙ྍග۞ᒖဩӀৈćֹˠࣇٚྍצ ٚ۞צᒖဩјώĂ̙҃ග̙ྍٚ۞צᒖဩјώćගˠࣇྍග۞ᒖဩՙඉણ ᄃ፟ົĂ̙ග̙ྍග۞ᒖဩՙඉણᄃ፟ົĄֶᇹֽ࠻Ăࡶѣˠֳ˞צ ̙ྍֳ۞צᒖဩӀৈĞּт՟ѣٚྍזצᒖဩӀৈ౹ౄ࿅ٙ̚யϠ۞ᒖ ဩјώğ Ăٕߏѣˠٚྍ̙˞צٚ۞צᒖဩјώĞּт՟ѣֳྍזצᒖဩј ώֽٙ۞ᒖဩӀৈğ Ăٕߏజኬ̟˞Щ̙၁۞ᒖဩՙඉ፟ົĞּтᓝᏱ ˞̳ົ̙ݒឰણᄃ۰ܑ྿ຍ֍ğ Ă֤ᆃಶߏᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷĄ̶੨ϒཌྷᄃ Ԕϒཌྷ˟۰ٙೡ۞ౌߏ˘Ķᑕķ۞ࣧĄͽ̶੨ϒཌྷֽ࠻Ăᒖဩϒ ཌྷ۞ࢋ෦Րಶߏᒖဩࢲᐍٕјώд̙Тۤົཏវ̝ม۞̳π၆ޞĂࠤҌ ߏд̙Т࣎ˠ̝ม۞̳π၆ޞĂ҃ҌٺԔϒཌྷĂߏឰᒖဩՙඉ۞Ӏच ᙯܼ۰ਕૉѣຍཌྷгણᄃՙඉ࿅Ą҃Ăѩநຐ۞၁ኹᅮࢋЧ͞୧І ۞੨ЪĂຐࢋٛܕநຐᄃன၁̝ม۞मĂಶυืଂன၁ᆸࢬֽᑭෛĂז ֱࣹߏغЯ৵ܡᘣ˞ϒཌྷ۞၁ኹĄ Schlosberg (2007: 4-5) ᄮࠎĂܕѐֽϒཌྷநኢ൴णቿݎĂੵ˞ٚᜈ Rawls ̶੨ϒཌྷࣧ۞ኢĂͽ̈́ؼҩҋҋϤཌྷጯ۰၆ٺநຐݭ Ԕϒཌྷ۞ኢͽγĂᔘѣ˘ֱϒཌྷநኢĂּтۺᄮᄃਕ˧࣎शĂߏଂ ன၁ࢬᑭෛϒཌྷ۞၁ኹӧဩٙ൴णֽ҃۞Ăֱϒཌྷநኢ֭ܧϡ̶ֽפ ੨ϒཌྷٕԔϒཌྷĂ҃ߏϡͽྃ·ࣧϒཌྷநኢ۞̙֖Ąͽ˭ᄲځтңଂ ۺᄮᄃਕ˧शֽᑭෛᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞၁ኹĄ
˘ăᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞៍၅ࢬШ ࢵАĂٙᏜ۞ۺᄮĂॲፂࢮͩ̂ф۞ྋᛖĂಶߏᄮᙊ֭ତ࣎˘צˠ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
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ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
Ğٕ˘Іְğ Ă֭ෛࠎৌ၁۞ăࢦࢋ۞ăЪ۞ڱăѣᝋ۞ރĂ11 ҃ॲ ፂͱߺ̂ф۞ྋᛖĂۺᄮಶߏ˘࠹̢ۺᄮ۞Җજᄃ࿅Ă࣎Җજٕ ࿅ಶߏֶ࿅Ν۞གྷរٕۢᙊĂֽቁᄮ˘࣎ˠٕ˘ІְଐĂٚᄮĞιğ ۞хдᄃϒ༊ّĄ 12 ᖎಏ҃֏Ăۺᄮ̙Ϊຍקૄۢٺᙊֽ҃۞ᄮᙊĂᔘ ѣٚᄮхд۞ࢦࢋّăѣड़ّăᄃϒ༊ّĄۺᄮѝߏజϡֽᑭෛ̶੨ ̙ϒཌྷ۞ன෪Ăܑˠߏۏ༊߆ڼநኢጯछ Iris YoungĂଂ̂ி၆ۤٺ ົमள۞ۺᄮֽ̙֖ᑭෛ̶੨̙ϒཌྷĄYoung (1990: 22-23) ૄٺ၆ன၁۞ ៍၅Ă൴னۤົ˯дซҖ̶੨۞࿅̚Ăхд၆ۤົкᇹّ۞ۺᄮ̙֖Ă ன෪ͽЧԛё۞௧ăࣤ݇ăԺ҃хдĂ֭័ಷົۤٺඕၹă͛ ̼ᆊࣃăٕߏ߆ڼրඛ̚Ăٙͽۤົٕ߆ڼಞાົனజᑅԺ۞࣎ˠٕཏ វĂࣇజܡᘣڱણᄃՙඉ࿅Ăտጱ̙̳π۞̶੨Ăԛј̶੨̙ ϒཌྷ۞ன෪Ą ְ၁˯Ăۺᄮ̙֖˵னдԔ̙ϒཌྷ̚Ą઼݈࡚৸ࡗэຑറְІ ྆Ăۤડछलࣇᓑ͘ᄓะ۞ྤफ़జᝋރ༊ԊෛࠎϡĂޝΞਕߏ߆ع ࣶۡءᛇ̙࠹ܫछल౯ᄓะѣड़ྤੈ۞ਕ˧ĂٕߏגຍԺछल дᒖဩѳߖࡊጯຽ̚۞гҜĂҭ̙ኢтңĂౌߏ၆ཏࠎˠϓ ۰ࠎޅආઉ҃ጬጼ۞Ӆ˧ͻۺᄮĂ˵ߏ၆сࣇܜഇ؋֕ٺዐ֧มٙᒔ ۞дгྤੈͻۺᄮĄЯѩĂӈֹཏࣇਕૉ࿅ߙֱგֽ൴ܑ ֙ࡴᄓะֽ҃۞ྤफ़Ăٕߏጾѣ፟ົд̳ົ˯൴֏ĂҭϤٺۺזצڱ ᄮĂࣇ۞ણᄃΞਕΪົवԛёĂڱ၁ኳᇆᜩՙඉ࿅ᄃඕڍĄ ˘࣎ˠдۤົ̢જ۞࿅̚ĂᐌॡᐌгౌдซҖ۞Ăಶߏۺᄮˠ ᄃజˠۺᄮĄ࠹̢ۺᄮ۞࿅Ă̼͛זצᄃ۞ޘטᇆᜩ̂ޝĂ༊ ˵ͅ࿅ֽݭăΐૻăᜈ˞ߊѣ۞̼͛ᄃޘטĄˠᄃˠ̝ม۞ۤົᙯܼĂ ᖣϤۤົఢቑăࣧăᄬ֏ăཱིඈඈؠཌྷֽ҃ĂЯѩĂଂ̚ԧࣇΞͽ ៍၅ཏវᄃཏវ̝มăˠᄃˠ̝ม۞मளߏтңг̙ࢦצෛٕࠤҌజن 11
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ࣧ͛ࠎ “the act of accepting that something is true or important or that it exists”; “the act of accepting someone or something as having legal or official authority” ࣧ͛ࠎ “The action or process of recognizing or being recognized, in particular: identification of a thing or person from previous encounters or knowledge; acknowledgement of the existence, validity, or legality of something.
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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ரĞFraser, 1997ğĄ ͻۺᄮΞਕಶᔳӣߊٺѣ۞߆ඉٕ྆ޘטĂࠤҌߏజΒ྅д˘࣎࠻ Ҭ։ච۞߆ඉ̝̰ĄּтĂ઼࡚ҹٛఈэĞOklahomağسݲĞQuapawğ Оௐщܲડ̰ĂҜٺϩݵႬĞPitcherğᄃΙႬ˚ĞCardinğ۞৺ૄ ܛಞӬĞTar Creek Superfund SiteğĂЯѝഇໂ˘ॡ۞࿖ᚩᄃዘᚩฟଳĂ ҃ጱᚑࢦ۞ᒖဩѳߖĂ༊ѳߖְІᘕ൴̝ޢĂэ߆عд߆ڼᄃјώड़ৈ ҂ณ̝˭Ăՙͽؠξᆊᔉ෴ѳߖડᙝاϔ۞ٗ̄ĂឰاϔວᗓĂ҃ܧၔ غநѳߖፋ۞ڼયᗟĄ҃Ăᇹ۞ந͞ёഅజԲෞ̙ࢦ༊г็ ۞Огщ̼͛ĂЯࠎاϔວᗓ۞ඕڍĂ˵ඈރٺ˞۞̼͛سݲдг็ٚ ĞMeyers, 2010ğĄ҃ͷĂͽξᆊᔉ෴ѳߖצच۰ϔшĂ࠻ҬЪநĂ၁̙ Ąѳߖડണ۞ҝшξᆊҲຆĂاϔޏٙॲώ̙ૉ͚;ᘀ̂۞ວछ ϡͽ̈́дΩᔉҝш۞ϡĄ༊߆ܝొعٙัϡ۞ٗޏᝥᆊ̳Φдٗ ᆊ˯ᄃצच۰͝͝ࢍྵॡĂព˵ߏͻࢦ˘ְ࣎၁ǕǕצच۰۞ҝш Гިᆃണ˵ߏ˘࣎ĶछķĂҲຆ۞ޏٙࣇࠎڱೱΩ˘࣎छ ĞMeyers, 2010ğĄ ѩγĂͻۺᄮ˵Ξਕܜഇхд̼͛ົۤٺրඛ̝̚Ăּт၆ٺĶγ ᚱ੨ઊķٕĶγᚱ౻̍ķயϠ̙Т۞͕ଐຏࠤצҌ൴ण̙Т۞၆͞ޞёĄ ༊Ăజنரٕ̙צࢦ۞ຏצĂߏ˘ܧ૱ӻ˫៍۞͕நېၗĂ γˠ̙֍ਕវ៍၅זĂΪਕያ༊ְ۰ೡ̖ਕۢĄГ۰Ăӈֹ༊ ְ۰ۢᛇĂ˵ܑ̙ϯͻۺᄮ۞ன෪̙хдĂЯࠎޝΞਕߏ༊ְ۰၆ ѩְ۞ୂຏྵޘҲĄ ۺᄮੵ˞ֽҋٺҾˠĂ˵ֽҋٺҋ̎၆ҋ̎хдᆊࣃᄃᝋӀ۞ᄮᙊᄃ ࢦĄдෛϔࠎ͵ᆊࣃ۞̫͟Ăϔி၆ٺҋ̎д߆ڼᅳા྆۞хдᆊ ࣃᄃᝋӀͧྵୂຏĂּт̚රϔ઼̳ϔጾѣ֏ኢҋϤăะົඕۤ۞ҋϤă ͽ̈́ણ߆ᝋĂࡶֱҋϤٕᝋӀజࣤဳĂ๕υ͔ໂ̂۞ͅᇅĄҭߏĂд ᒖဩᅳા྆Ăϔி၆ٺҋ̎хдᆊࣃᄃᝋӀ۞ୂຏޘѣޞᑭរĄ̚රϔ ઼ጳڱௐ 15 ୧ٙኬ̟۞Ϡхᝋă̍үᝋăᄃੑயᝋĂྵ͌జϔிٸˢᒖဩ ѳߖ۞ଐဩֽ྆ᑭෛĂٕధϤٺᒖဩѳߖயϠࢬᇆᜩ۞࿅ߏܜഇăၙ ّă҃ᐖ۞Ăٙͽ̂ி၆ٺҋ̎۞Ϡхă̍үăੑயזצᒖဩѳߖ۞๋ चྵᛋᛇĂ༊˵ྵ͌Я҃ૺҋ̎ѣҺٺజᇷᜨдᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ᝋӀĄ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
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ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ពĂಶߏ၆ٺҋ̎ώ֗дᒖဩᅳા̚хдᆊࣃᄃᝋӀ۞ۺᄮ̙֖Ą Bryant and Mohai (2011: 34) ଂᒖဩϒཌྷྻજ۰ֹٙϡ۞ᄬ֏̚൴னĂܜഇ זצᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ၆઼࡚۞ޞѣҒˠᄃҲќˢϔிĂۡܕזഇ̖ฟؕᑖ ాඕᒖဩᝋᄃϔᝋĂ˵ಶߏۤડ̰Я̍ຽѳߖٙౄј۞ᒖဩ૪ᗼᄃϠ߿ ݡኳٸд˘ޥ҂ĄࢋѣѩᒖဩۢᛇĞenvironmental awarenessğ̝݈Ă ᅮࢋАۺᄮҋ̎۞ᒖဩᝋĂ̖ਕૉ೩̿ҋ̎၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ۢᛇޘĂ˵ ѣтѩĂӀचᙯܼ۰̖ਕϒෛҋ̎ણᄃᒖဩՙඉ࿅۞ࢦࢋّĄ ੵ˞ۺᄮ̝γĂΩ˘ྃ·̶੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷ۞ໄهಶߏਕ˧शĂ ӈଂˠࣇ၆ٺҋ̶̎ٙ੨̝זੑఱ۞நਕ˧Ğcapabilitiesğֽޥ҂ϒཌྷĂ ೩࠹ᙯኢᕇ۰ѣᏚ֓Ⴌགྷᑻጯረ Amartya Sen ᄃ઼ࣰ࡚ጯछ Martha NussbaumĄਕ˧शٙ̚Ꮬ۞ਕ˧Ă۞ߏԯԧࣇٙ͘̚ጾѣ۞ੑఱᖼ̼ ࠎ၆ԧࣇϠ߿ѣΑਕ۞ਕ˧ĞSen, 1999: 75ğĂࡶͻਕ˧Ăӈֹߏጾ ѣੑఱĂ˵̙ਕܲᙋਕૉጾѣ։р۞Ϡ߿ݡኳĄּтĂጾѣܛ̙֭ඈٺ ԆјĶЫڌҘͽჯវ˧ķ۞ΑਕĂጾѣՠ̙֭֘ඈٺԆјĶזᗁੰଭཱི ͽᗁ়ڼঽķ۞ΑਕĄЯѩĂϒཌྷ۞ᑭෛ̙ਕ่ͤٺ၆Ķ̶੨˞̦ᆃķٕ ߏĶጾѣ˞̦ᆃķ۞ᙯڦĂ˵ᑕྍޥ҂ԧࣇߏӎਕૉචϡҋ̎ٙጾѣ۞ֽ јಶЧϠ߿ΑਕĂ҃Β߁ጾѣ۰ߏӎѣĶ፟ົķචϡҋ̎ٙጾѣ۞Ă ͽ̈́ߏӎѣֹϡ፟ົ۞ĶҋϤķĞSen, 1985: 197ğĄ࣎ໄٕهధΞͽ ᇹΐͽநྋĂТᇹ۞ੑఱд̙Т۞ˠ͘˯ĂົЯࠎ̙Т۞ਕ˧҃൴೭̙ Т۞ΑਕĂЯѩĂтڍಏያੑఱ۞̶੨ֽᑭෛϒཌྷĂ֤ߏ̙ૉ۞Ą ֤ᆃĂغזਕ˧Β߁˞ֱࣹĉNussbaum (2006: 76-78) അ୧Е˘इٙ Ꮬ۞ૄώਕ˧ĂΒ߁ૄώ۞Ϡ߿ă֗វઉăଐຏăޥ҂ඈඈĂี˘̚ ಶߏ၆ٺᒖဩ۞ଠטĂঘ߆ڼણᄃ۞ᝋӀĂͽ̈́д၆ੑய۞ጾѣᄃଠט ˯Ăᄃˠѣπඈ۞፟ົĄᄃ Nussbaum ̙Т۞ߏĂSen ᄮࠎਕ˧ٙΒӣ۞ ၁ኳ̰टĂᅮࢋགྷ࿅ϔણᄃ۞Ԕ̖ਕࠧؠĂ̙ਕϤЇңˠᄲ˞ಶზĂ Яѩ՟ѣ၆ਕ˧ซҖྵࠎវ۞ೡĄ҃Ăֱࣹ୧ІΞͽܳซ྆ٙ Ꮬ۞ਕ˧ĉଂ Sen ۞үĶଂҋϤ࠻൴णĞDevelopment as Freedomğķ̚Ă Ξͽ࠻ĶҋϤķ၆ܳٺซਕ˧۞ࢦࢋّĄSen ᄮࠎĂҋϤߏ൴ण۞ ϫᇾĂ˵ߏ൴ण۞̍Ăّࢋࢦдٺਕૉᆧซ࣎ˠᑒӄҋ̎۞ਕ˧Ă҃ ώ३̚˞̣ҋϤĂ̶Ҿߏ߆ڼҋϤĞpolitical freedomsğăགྷᑻన߉
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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Ğ economic facilities ğă ۤ ົ ፟ ົ Ğ social opportunities ğă ܲ ۞ ځᙋ Ğtransparency guaranteesğ ăᄃ᜕ّܲщБĞprotective securityğ ĞSen, 1999: 19ğ Ą̣ҋϤिि࠹ᙯͷ࠹̢ాજĂڼ߆̚ҋϤ೩˞זϔிܑ྿ຍ֍ ۞ϔણᄃăۤົ፟ົ೩˞זϔி۞ۤົણᄃă҃ܲ۞ځᙋঘ߆ع ྤੈ۞ځΞܫĄԧࣇҬͼΞͽᇹநྋĂ၆ ٺSen ҃֏Ăણᄃಶߏ˘ ҋϤĂΞͽᑒӄܳซਕ˧Ăឰϔிਕૉٙጾѣ۞ྤᖼ̼ࠎϠ߿ΑਕĂ ͽܳซ൴णĂٙͽҋϤߏ൴ण۞̍ĄҭТॡĂણᄃ˵Ξਕߏ˘Ϡ߿Α ਕĂᖣϤણᄃĂΞͽᆧซ˯۞ЧҋϤĂٙͽҋϤ˵ߏ൴ण۞ϫ۞Ą ᑕϡᇹ۞ໄهҌᒖဩϒཌྷ˯Ăඈٺ٤ण˞Ԕϒཌྷ۞ޥ҂எޘĄ ԔϒཌྷૻአࢋឰӀचᙯܼ۰ѣຍཌྷгણᄃᒖဩՙඉ࿅ĂҭӀचᙯܼ۰ጾ ѣણᄃ۞፟ົ̙֭ඈТࣇٺѣਕ˧ᖼ̼ٙ͘̚ጾѣ۞፟ົֹ҃ѣ೩ ̿ᒖဩݡኳ۞၁ኳΑਕĄּтĂᒖဩѳߖᄃፋڼΒӣ˞࠹༊к۞ຽયᗟĂ ࢋਕૉАྭຽۢᙊ۞ܝᕣ̖ਕ၁ኳણᄃ࠹ᙯયᗟ۞ኢĄдͻۢᙊ ᄃྤੈ۞ଐ˭ڶĂጾѣણᄃኢ۞፟ົܑ̙֭ਕૉᖣѩᇆᜩՙඉ࿅Ğࡰ ۘ۾Ă2014ğ ĄГ۰ĂϤٺຽۢᙊ̙֖Ă̂ி̂ౌΪົᙯ۞֍࠻ڦયᗟĂ ҃࠻̙۞זયᗟटٽజنரĞGreenberg and Schneider, 1996ćSlovic, 1987ğ Ăּт̍ᇄଵٸѣள۞קᆿঈटٽዎזϔி۞ԩᛉĂҭࡶ̍ᇄଵٸ Ғਙ۞ᆿͪĂӈֹᚑࢦѳߖг˭ͪĂੵܧᘕ൴ཏะّ۞̳चঽĂӎ ̙टזצٽᙯڦĄಶт Perkins (2007: 530) ٙ֏Ăдᒖဩѳߖгડ۞ࢦޙ ࿅̚Ăࡶࢋឰצѳߖۤડ۞ણᄃՀຍཌྷĂᙯᔣ۞ಶߏۤડاϔࢋА ౯р࠹ᙯۢᙊĄѩγĂࡶଂ݈ Nussbaum ۞៍ᕇֽ࠻ĂӀचᙯܼ۰ᔵ ጾѣણᄃ፟ົĂҭߏдૄώϠ߿ٙᅮإϏ႕֖̝݈Ăтңણᄃĉϒт Solitare (2005) അ೩ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃ݈೩ࢋІ̚Ă̳ϔߏӎѣ֖ૉ۞ॡ มણᄃܮЕࠎ˘Ăྏຐࠎ˞ᔇछ͗҃িٺ؋۞ϔிĂਕૉѣк ͌౺ዶ۞ॡมᄃჟ˧ણᄃ̳Вְચՙඉ࿅ĉГଂ Sen ۞៍ᕇޥ҂Ăࠎ˞ ᔇछ֖͗҃ૉ۞ॡมᄃჟ˧ણᄃ̳Вְચ۞ϔிĂԧࣇߏӎਕૉ ކჍࣇጾѣણᄃՙඉ࿅۞ĶҋϤķĉࣇৌ۞ጾѣĶҋϤķֹֽϡ ࣎ણᄃ۞፟ົĉ ˯۞ϒཌྷநኢтңፆү̼ࠎវ۞៍၅ࢬШĉϤٺώࡁտჸ൏ٺ ԔϒཌྷĂЯѩͽ˭Ϊ੫၆Ԕϒཌྷ۞៍၅ࢬШ೩ᄲځĄᒖဩԔϒཌྷ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
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ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ૺᒖဩՙඉ۞Ӏचᙯܼ۰дՙඉ࿅̚Էႊ᎕ໂᄃѣड़۞֎ҒĂૄѩĂд ώࡁտ྆Ă៍၅۞ࢦᕇಶߏነгࢦ۞ޙӀचᙯܼ۰дࢦޙ࿅ٙ̚Էႊ۞ ֎ҒĄͽώ࣎९ϫ݈۞൴ण҃֏ĂϤإٺдࢦؕܐޙล߱ĂٙͽӀचᙯܼ ཏវΒ߁˞߆࠹عᙯಏҜăѳߖ˿г̝гăͽ̈́ѳߖ˿гᙝاϔĄ ̚ĂϤߏܝొع߆ٺጱ۰ĂٙͽĂгᄃѳߖ˿гᙝاϔਕӎԷႊ᎕ ໂѣड़۞֎ҒĂಶјࠎ၁ኹԔϒཌྷ۞ࢦᕇĄ༊Ăࢋᑭෛгᄃᙝا ϔਕӎ၁ኳણᄃࢦޙ࿅Ăಶଂଣ৶ߏӎዎ࿃ણ돠ᘣֽ͘Ąଂ˯ ϒཌྷநኢ۞ਇॶ̚ĂΞͽ࠻ѣ࣎ᅪᘣֽĄௐ˘ߏдᒖဩՙඉ࿅̚Ă Ӏचᙯܼ۰̝มͻ࠹̢ۺᄮĂጱڱјಶ၁ኳણᄃĄдώࡁտ̚Ă੫ ၆˘ᕇ۞៍၅Ăᑭෛ߆عᒖܲಏҜăгăͽ̈́ѳߖ˿гᙝاϔ̝ มߏӎͻ࠹̢ۺᄮĂࡶѣĂᑭෛͻ۞ۺᄮࠎңĄௐ˟ߏՙඉ࿅۞ ણᄃ۰ͻਕ˧Ăֹڱචϡѩણᄃ፟ົֽ೩̿ҋ̎۞ᒖဩӀৈĄώࡁ տ၆˘ᕇ۞៍၅Ăჸ൏ٺጾѣણᄃ፟ົ۞Ӏचᙯܼ۰ĞপҾߏгᄃ ಞӬᙝاϔğਕӎӀϡણᄃ፟ົֽ၁ኳણᄃነгࢦޙ࿅Ăͽ೩̿ٙ ۤડ۞ᒖဩݡኳĄ˯ѣᙯώࡁտ۞ໄߛهၹӔனٺဦ 1 ̚Ą ဦ1
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ώࡁտໄߛهၹ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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˟ăۺᄮᄃਕ˧д̏ฟ൴઼छነгࢦ࣎ޙ९̚۞ࢦࢋّ ଂ̏ฟ൴઼छነгࢦ۞ޙјΑ९ּ̚Ă̙ᙱ࠻ۺᄮᄃਕ˧۞ࢦࢋّĄ Ӏचᙯܼ۰̝ม࠹̢۞ۺᄮĂͽ̈́ણᄃነгࢦޙ࿅ٙᅮ౯۞ຽۢ ᙊᄃਕ˧Ă˟۰Ϲ࠹үϡ̝˭၆ޙࢦٺ࿅யϠ˞࠹༊ϒࢬ۞ᇆᜩĄѝഇ ܧ૱Щ۞ᒖဩϒཌྷ࣎९ǕǕ઼࡚ΔΙᘲֽৼэĞNorth CarolinaĂͽ˭ᖎ ჍΔΙэğරࣖĞWarren Countyğ۞кനᓑࢃᆿୢ˿ପःಞԩְۋІĂ ಶߏ˘࣎рּ̄Ąд 1980 ѐĂරࣖߏБэโˠˠ˾ּͧ۞Ăπ ӮٙݒᅈҲٺэπӮĂՀഅдБэ 100 ࣎̚ೀͼاϐĞௐ 98 Щğ Ğ Bullard, 1990: 36ğĄдтѩ˘࣎ۤົᄃགྷᑻऴ๕̝ડĂэ߆ૻعҖд༊гనཉѣ߲ ᆿୢ˿ପःಞĂᔵЯѩ҃д 1982 ѐ͔൴઼࡚ҋϔᝋྻજͽֽ͌ᇴ̂۞ݭ ϔᝋԩᛉְІĞLabalme, 1987: 2ğĂฟୁ˞઼࡚ᒖဩϒཌྷྻજ̝ؕĂҭэ߆ ૻ۞ع๕үࠎ̪ ٺ1983 ѐјΑᎸ˞ޙପःಞĄ҃Ă࣎జ༊ॡΔΙэܜ Hunt ཱིჍિͧ۞ପःಞдᎸޙԆј 3 ࣎͡ޢฟؕனщБયᗟĂ͔൴ ˞༊гاϔ࿅ 20 ѐ۞ܜഇԩۋĞLabalme, 1987: 26; 1988: 29ğĄ ଂପःಞࢍдරࣖనཉ͔ٙ൴۞̂ݭԩᛉְІĂ ז2003 ѐэ߆ع Ԇјѣ߲ѳߖ˿дгੵ߲ࢍထĂдႝ۞ܜ໐̚͡ĂΞͽ៍၅ۤזડاϔ тңૈዳຽ۞ણᄃਕ˧Ăͽ̈́э߆عтңአፋࢬ၆યᗟ۞ၗޘĄдѩ࣎ ९̚Ăاϔ˞ྋܜࢋזഇჯ˘࣎ۤົྻજυืࢋѣநّຽ۞ኢਕ˧ ֽኳႷ߆߆عඉĂֶ่҃ܧᏥଐჰّҖજĂЯѩࣇವՐ֧ᜋ̂ጯ˿ᚓ ࡊጯछ۞ᑒӄĂෞҤරࣖ۞˿ኳߏӎዋЪᎸޙପःಞĞLabalme, 1988: 25ğĂ اϔ˵അะඕܠٛ͐эĞAlabamağછߤᆿୢ˿ொҌэ۞ΞҖّĂ ֱү ࠎഅགྷᛏ ˞э߆ ؼعᏵ८ࣞପः ಞనཉ۞ՙ ؠĞ Mcgurty, 2007: 50-51ă75ğĄѩγĂۤડاϔ࿅ᄃγొშඛ۞ะඕᄃજࣶĂᄃ̈́ି؟ˠ ᝋဥវЪүĂ෦Ր೩̿ҌБ࡚ᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ՀᆸѨĂࠤҌࠎ˞̙࿁ͅϒ ཌྷ۞ჟৠĂ̙ГವՐொੵѳߖ˿Ҍг۞ΞਕّĂ҃ߏૺಶгੵѳߖ ˿ّ߲Ąੵ˞೩̿෦Ր۞ᆸѨĂ༊гاϔనڱΐૻણᄃг̳͞Вְચ۞ਕ ˧Ă࿅г͞Ᏼᓝឰ઼ཱྀ࡚ܧˠᛏර̰ࣖ̂ొ̶۞ϔᏴࣶءᖚҜ ĞBullard, 1990: 37ćLabalme, 1988: 30ğĄֱۤડૈ˧۞үࠎĂᛏ˞э ߆ۺ۞عᄮĂ҃༊э ܜHunt дעЇᇴѐГޘ༊Ᏼ̝ޢĂаᑕ˞ۤડ۞෦
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
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ՐĂ೩ੵ߲ࢍထ۞ზĂ͘ซҖੵ߲̍Ąдэ߆۞عචຍаᑕ̚Ă ࠹ᙯొܑܝன˞࠹ྵـͽٺՀࠎ۞ځՙඉ࿅ĂࠤҌдੵ߲ಞӬय़నཉ ៍۞ځ၅έĂᐌॡ೩ֻاϔ˞ྋੵ߲ซ࠹۞ޘᙯྤੈĞRoberts, 1998ğĄ ˘࣎ۤགྷ࠹၆ऴ๕۞ۤડĂਕૉᛏэ߆ۺ۞عᄮĂឰэ߆ᙸعຍਈ̂ ఢሀˠ˧ੵ˧ۏѳߖĂд༊ॡ࿆జᄮࠎߏᒖဩϒཌྷྻજ۞˘̂౼ӀĄ Ω˘࣎Щ۞ነгࢦ࣎ޙ९ĂҜ઼ࡻٺતၔপĞManchesterğ۞щ ਬĞAncoatsğĂྍгഅߏࡻ઼̍ຽࢭ۞ອᚰĞRose et al., 2001ğĂ҃ ̍ຽ൴णֽ˞ᚑࢦ۞ᒖဩѳߖĂεΝ̍ຽᐹ๕̝ޢĂזᐞ᧯۞ٗ۽ᄃ ̍ᇄӬ΄ፋ࣎ۤડ࠻ֽᐞᆿ̙ಝĂ ˞ז1990 ѐĂщਬࢬᓜ˞ధкۤ ົᄃགྷᑻયᗟĂּт̂ณ۞ˠ˾γொăϚཋதăళඈඈĄдતၔপ В 32 ࣎Ᏼડ̚Ăщਬٙᛳ۞Ᏼડߏ۞˛ડ̝˘ĞShaoul, 2010ğ Ąત ၔপ࿆хд۞ᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷĂΞଂ̙Тۤົลᆸдاҝ۩ม˯۞ځព ડ࠻Ăజ࢝Яళ҃اҝٺщਬۤડ۞તၔপξϔĂᑀᒖဩѳ ߖֽٙ۞ઉރĂপҾߏ༊г·႕ѣ፟ۏኳᄃ೭൴ঈវ۞۩ঈѳߖĂ ֹاϔᎮଈ۱ঽ۞ּͧܧ૱Ăߏࢠડاϔ۞ 4 ࢺĂពĂщਬߏત ၔপξ߆عѳߖଠ߆טඉεୀ۞צच۰ĞPlatt, 2004: 39-41ğĄ щਬۤડ۞ࢦࢍޙ൪ؕ ٺ2003 ѐĂ۞ؕܐጱ፟ၹߏ઼छᆸ ৺۞ࡻॾᜋ˧םᖐĞEnglish Partnershipğ Ă13 ߏ˘࣎Ϥг͞߆عᄃۤડ ొĞDepartment of Communities and Local Governmentğ۞གྷ͚̝˭۞ Ķົొܧᖐ̳ВវķĞNon-Departmental Public BodyğĂయࡻ઼઼छᆸ ৺۞ۤડࢦࢍޙထĞConstructing Excellence, 2008ğĂፋវԼౄ˞щਬۤ ડĂ֭јࠎݭነгࢦ۞ޙĶڌતၔপሀёķ Ăྍгϫ݈ߏࡻ઼Чг͞߆ ౌ̂ޙࢦعξय़ᖞ̍ຽᆿᆦࠎ̝اآг۞ણ҂ቑĞConstructing Excellence, 2008ğ Ąщਬ۞ࢦޙᔵߏ࣎Ϥ˯҃˭ેҖࢍထ۞࣎९Ăҭܧݒ૱ૻአ̳ ռူҡᙯܼĂপҾࢦෛۤડاϔ۞ຍ֍Ăૻአࢋឰۤડاϔѣຍཌྷ۞ણᄃĄ ЯѩĂࠎ˞೩̿ۤડاϔ۞ܫЇĂฟ൴۰ົд՟ѣనᖡဦ۞ଐ˭ڶĂᄃ اϔӱ˭఼ֽĂ˞ྋاϔ۞ᅮՐĂГֶاϔ۞ᅮՐఢ൪ࢦ͞ޙШĂ҃ѩ
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ࡻॾᜋ˧םᖐ ٺ2008 ѐјࠎछलᄃۤડཌĞHome and Community Agencyğ۞˘ ొЊĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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үڱቁ၁ᛏ˞༊гاϔ۞ܫЇᄃЪүĞSustainable Urban Neighbourhoods Network, 2011ğ Ą၆ۤٺડاϔ۞ۺᄮĂᔘͅᑕдщਬ۞ࢦޙ၁ચ˯Ăּ тૻአࢋԯщਬࢦ࣎˘ࠎޙĶۤົЪķĞsocial mixğ۞ۤડĂӈ̙Т ᄃٙͪ۞ˠౌਕТҝдۤડ̚Ă҃ߏ̪ܧপؠཏវჸ۞اг͞ ĞDixon et al., 2007: 85ğĄٙͽĂࠎ˞χۤົཏវ̝ม۞ᘸ៊Ăಶυืӛ ͔Ըྤ۰۞ܦ༚Ăᚶ҃ӛ͔̙Тᙷ̍۞ݭүˠ˾ொྍاгĂߏٺĂፋ࣎ࢦ ࢍޙထ܅˞ 1,200 ༱ࡻᗅԸྤۤٺડ̳В۩ม۞ԼౄĂឰۤડ࠻ֽՀ ѣԸྤّĂซ҃ӛ͔થຽԸྤ۰۞ԸྤᎸĂ߿ඛ˞༊г۞થຽ߿જĂ೩ ֻ˞ྵк۞ಶຽ፟ົĄҌٺдۤົࢬШ˯Ăࢦࢍޙထࢦ۞ߏۤડщБă ҝш೩ֻăдг̼͛۞ܲăͽ̈́ۤડ̙؝ϲĞӈᖣϤྻ۞ګᎸֹ҃ޙщ ਬᄃዐۤܕડాඕğ ĞConstructing Excellence, 2008ğ ĄপҾߏдг̼͛۞ ܲᄃۤડ̙؝ϲĂౌΞͽឰاϔຏזצՙඉ۰၆اٺҝг۞ࢦĄ ᔵ݈Ϊѣࡻ࡚࣎࣎९Ăҭְ၁˯៍၅ధк̏ฟ൴઼छ۞ነ гࢦޙ९ּĂּт઼࡚ݑΙᘲֽৼэ͐ᛡߦĞSpartanburg, South Carolinağ ă ࢦ̍ຽѳߖ̝˛ҒЩ۞͟ώتᎩ̂ѸϣξăΔ˝эξඈඈĂֱࢦ ̍ޘຽѳߖડ۞ࢦޙĂౌགྷ࿅̳ռొ̝ܝมଂࡎזЪү۞ႝܜ࿅Ă҃ ۺᄮᄃਕ˧ߏࡎᗕ͞ᔙШ˧םЪү۞ࢋྮशĄ˘࣎எ̍צຽѳߖٙ ࡴ۞ۤડࡶ୬ଲ௲ѳߖ۞ޙࢦ҃ڮڪĂԮᖼᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷĂӀचᙯܼ۰̝ม ۞࠹̢ࢦෛ֭ૈዳكѩ۞ણᄃਕ˧ҌࠎᙯᔣĄᔵᄲֱ࣎९д̙Т۞߆ڼ གྷᑻᄃۤົਔඛ̚Ăࢋ͚۞ྮ̝ޙࢦـ఼І̙Ⴝ࠹ТĂҭֱ࣎९˵ ౌѣ˘࣎ВТᕇĂӈѳߖડצचاϔ۞᎕ໂણᄃĄѣֱ࣎९۞ؕᕇࠤ Ҍಶߏاϔ۞ҋ൴ّҖજĂּтΔ˝эξ˘ཏјˠົ၆ԩ̳चĞΔ ˝эξॡとࢲの౾ۏᐡְચԊĂ2013ğ Ăරࣖ۞اϔ൴જԩͤܡۋପःಞ నཉĂͽ̈́͐ᛡߦ۞ਨॲّᖐ ReGenesis ซҖгડّ۞ᖙᖼࢍ൪ĞFields, 2014ğ Ăౌߏָּ̝Ąࡶᄲֱ࣎९၆ٺԧ઼ѣЇң۞ୁ൴Ă֤ಶߏѳߖ ડᙝاϔ۞ણᄃજ፟ᑕՀࠎᙯᔣĂலౣѣ˞ણᄃજ፟Ăޢᜈ̖Ξਕଂ זѣгૈዳણᄃਕ˧Ą ͽώࡁտٙ៍၅۞࣎९҃֏ĂᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞јಶĂࢦᕇдٺгᄃ ᙝاϔ᎕ໂણᄃነгࢦޙ࿅ĂҭᅪᘣĂଂۺᄮᄃਕ˧ࢬ࣎Шֽ ៍၅Ăೱ֏̝Ăࡶѩ˟࣎ࢬШ۞ᅪᘣਕૉഴ͌ࠤҌΝੵĂѣӄٺᒖဩ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
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Ԕϒཌྷдነгࢦޙ࿅̚۞၁ኹĄͽ˭ώ͛ଂԧ઼ௐ˘࣎ྏဦৼˢϔி ણᄃ፟۞טѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ă៍၅ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдԧ઼ነгࢦޙ࿅ ̚۞၁ኹᅪᘣĂГᖣѩޥ҂Ăᑕྍૈዳң୧ІͽࢫҲ၁ኹᅪᘣĄ
དྷăϔிણᄃдѳߖડ۞၁ᅫፆү࿅ ѩѨϤᒖܲཌଯજ۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ăࢋ۞ϫ۞ߏԓ୕ᖣѩ ޙϲ˘इѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞߆ඉ፟טĂͽүࠎޢᜈેҖ࠹ᙯࢍ൪۞ቑּĄ ѩγĂѣຏٺѩᙷࢍ൪ٙঘ۞Ӏचᙯܼ۰ிĂΒ߁ѳߖ˿гٙѣˠă ᙝاϔăͽ̈́߆࠹عᙯొܝඈĄЯѩĂѨࢍ൪ࢵѨΐˢ˞ϔிણᄃ۞ໄ هĂഇ୕࿅યסአߤᄃஎޘణኘĂ౹ౄӀचᙯܼ۰੫၆ۤડ̚ѳߖ˿г ̝࠹ᙯְચܑ྿ຐ۞ڱ፟ົĄ ඊ۰੫၆ѩѨࢍ൪̚ϔிણᄃ۞ొЊĂనࢍ˞Њયסᄃ˘Њஎޘణ ኘᗟჩĂଂ 2014 ѐ 7 ͡ЊᏐణ༊г֧֭ܜԆјௐ˘ЊયסనࢍĂזٺޢ 2015 ѐ 9 ͡Њஎޘణኘྤफ̶़ژඕՁĂ።ॡࡗ 14 ࣎͡Ąͽ˭ྎᄲځඊ ۰ፆүѩѨϔிણᄃ۞አߤ࿅Ăഇ୕ᖣѩႽณឰ۰˞ྋඊ۰۞៍၅࿅ Ą дયסనࢍ̝݈Ăඊ۰അᏐҌྍѳߖಞӬᙝซҖ݈ཉ۞ଣછүຽĂ ֭ᄃಞӬٙᛳ̝֧۞֧ܜซҖܐՎ۞ణኘĂྏဦ˞ྋಞӬᙝاϔ۞Ϡ߿ ݭၗĂҭலౣඊ۰ߏγֽ۰Ă่่ڱ࿅֧ܜణኘᄃಞгଣછಶਕೠ೪ ༊гاϔ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍᇷᜨଐڶĄЯѩĂௐ˘Њયסనࢍ۞ࢋࢦᕇд˞ٺ ྋ༊гاϔ۞Ϡ߿ᇹၗĂᖣѩ̶ژѳߖಞӬ၆༊гϔிϠ߿۞ᇆᜩăاϔ ᇷᜨٺಞӬѳߖ۞̂ரଐڶăͽ̈́၆ٺٙاҝ۞ᒖဩᄃۤડѣңഇధĄௐ ˘Ѩયסአߤ̶࣎ล߱ซҖĂࢵАߏд֧ϔ̂ົ̚൴ٸඍĂѨߏд ಞӬᙝҝछు˘ၬྙܝયඍຍᙸĂ݈ޢᓁВତᛈ˞ 89 Ҝצణ۰Ăᒔ ѣड़યסᇴࠎ 79 ЊĄд֧ϔ̂ົ̚Ăඊ۰ᖣϤયס൴ͽٸѣ፟ົܧϒё гᄃ༊г֧ϔኘኢѳߖಞӬ۞።Ϋᄃࣇ၆ٺѳߖಞӬ۞ຐڱĄ дௐ˘Ѩયסአߤඕژ̶ڍԆல̝ޢĂௐ˟Њયסࢋ੫၆ௐ˘Њય ۞סአߤඕڍĂซҖՀវ۞યסనࢍĂనࢍࢦᕇд˞ٺྋۤડдЧࢬШ ۞ᅮՐĂ೩ֻѳߖಞӬГӀϡࢍ൪۞ఢထણ҂ĄѩЊયסࢋ̶ࠎˬ࣎ొ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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̶Ă̶ҾଂᒖဩăགྷᑻăᄃۤົࢬШĂ੫၆༊г۞পኳĂдՏ˘࣎ࢬШ̚ ЕೀีΞਕ۞൴णีϫֻצణ۰̺ᏴĂ֭೩ֻ۩Ϩឰצణ۰ҋҖඍ ᅮՐޙᛉĄௐ˟Њયסࢋצణ۰ߏͽಞӬᙝҝछࠎĂ̙גຍԱವٕ ਫ਼ᔖௐ˘Ѩඍ࿅યצ۞סణ۰ĄώѨયסአߤᓁВତᛈ˞ 79 Ҝצణ۰Ă ϤٺѩѨયסአߤ࠰ϤణࣶᏐҋ६ᄪᗟϫౖТצణ۰ඍᗟĂЯѩ՟ѣயϠ Їңड़યסĂᒔѣड़યסᇴࠎ 79 ЊĄ дௐ˟Ѩયסአߤඕژ̶ڍԆல̝ޢĂॲፂ̶ژඕڍనࢍஎޘణኘ۞ ೩ჩĄώѨஎޘణኘ۞ࢋϫ۞ѣ˟ĂࢵАߏ੫၆ௐ˟Ѩયסአߤඕ̚ڍ ༊гϔிޙᛉ۞ೀ࣎൴णีϫĂྙયצణ۰ᄮࠎң۰ྵࠎΞҖĂ̈́ٙਕ ೩ֻ۞םӄᄃ͚೯ࠎңĄѨĂஎޘణኘഇ୕ਕ˞ྋӀचᙯܼ۰Ă၆ٺѩ ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪۞ଯજٙ۞ٱၗࠎޘңćᙸຍ೩ֻңྤćᅮࢋ ֽҋң͞۞םӄćͽ̈́၆Ӏचᙯܼ۰ѣңഇధĄצణ၆෪̶ࠎˬ̂ᙷĂ ௐ˘ᙷࠎ߆࠹عᙯಏҜĂᏳᏴ͞ёߏଂѳߖ˿г۞ְ۰ůᒖܲಏҜ͘Ă Гͽႋౠ۞͞ёྙયᄃѩࢍ൪̰ट࠹ᙯ۞߆عಏҜᄃٚᏱˠĂޢՙؠ ˬ࣎צణಏҜĂ̶Ҿࠎྍг͞߆عᒖܲԊͪܲࡊăྺຽăͽ̈́ྺົĂ צణٚᏱˠВ 7 ˠĄௐ˟ᙷצణ۰ࠎѳߖ˿г۞ѣˠĞгğ ĂВѣҜĂ ௐˬᙷࠎ༊гຍ֍ᅳఞĂᏳᏴ୧Іࠎഅགྷତצ࿅Ҍ͌˘ѨયסአߤĂ֭ሢ ଉͷԸˢг̳͞Вְચ۰Ăޢՙצ۞ؠణ۰ѣҜĂЪࢍٙѣצణ۰ˠ ᇴࠎ 11 ˠĄ дѩপҾᄲߏ۞ځĂώ͛ຍಡጱѩѨϔிણᄃࢍထ၁ᅫፆүޢĂٙ ѣณ̼ᄃኳ̼አߤ۞ඕڍĂ҃ߏԓ୕ଂܜ྿ 14 ࣎͡۞၁ү៍၅̚Ăᑭෛ ᒖဩԔϒཌྷٙૻአ۞ϔிણᄃд၁ኹ˯۞ӧဩĄώࡁտ۞៍၅̶ژĂ ࢋߏૄેٺҖϔிણᄃࢍ൪࿅ٙ̚ࡔᐂ۞៍၅ඊĂ҃ѩᙷૄٺপ࣎ؠ ९ٙซҖ۞ኳّࡁտĂट͔ٽ൴۞ኳႷĂޘܫߏܮᄃड़ޘયᗟĄᔵĂ ѣᙯณ̼ࡁտ̚జֹ࿆ϡ۞ޘܫᄃड़ޘᑭീߏӎዋٺኳّࡁտĂ̪Ϗѣ ؠኢĂҭኳّࡁտጯ۰˵੫၆ѩ൴ण˞ೀ࣎ᙷҬณ̼ࡁտ۞ᑭෛ̍Ă ̚ĂGuba (1981) ٙ൴ण۞ 4 ࣎ᑭෛၹࢬĂЯࠎ࠹༊෭ܕณ̼ࡁտ۞ޘܫᄃ ड़ޘໄهĂ҃జᇃֹھϡĂ 4 ࣎ၹࢬ̶ҾߏΞّܫĞcredibilityğăΞொᖼ ّĞtransferabilityğ ăΞያّĞdependabilityğ ăͽ̈́ΞቁᄮّĞconfirmabilityğĂ ҃ώࡁտ˵࿅ 4 ࣎ၹࢬĂ֭Ᏺೈ Guba ۞ޙᛉઇڱĂֽ೩̿ࡁտඕڍ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
۞ΞܫЇޘĄΞّܫঘࡁտ൴னᄃ၁ᅫݵ۞ڶېЪޘĂᙷҬณ̼ࡁ տ̚۞̰ొड़ޘĂࠎ˞೩̿ΞّܫĂώࡁտซҖ˞т˭ೀᕇүڱĈ(1) ࿅ ࡁѳߖಞӬٙдг۞г͞ԠĂጐѝሢଉ၆ྍۤડ۞གྷᑻă።Ϋă̼͛ᄃ ˠ˾ඕၹ۞˞ྋć(2) ԱವତᛈᇹώॡĂႽณдѳߖડᙝଳפᐌ፟ଳᇹ۞ ͞ёć(3) ଳϡˬ֎ᑭᙋڱĞtriangulation methodğĂТॡଳϡ៍၅ᄃణኘֽ ቁᄮٙ៍၅۞זன෪ĄΞொᖼّঘ఼ّĂӈณ̼ࡁտ̚۞γొड़ޘĂ ҃дѣপؠಞાրඛ۞࣎९ࡁտ˯ߏᙱͽࡎ۞Ăώࡁտ੫၆˘ ᕇ۞ઇڱĂಶߏႽΞਕд࣎९۞ೡ˯ਕૉ೩ֻ֖ૉ۞ࡦഀྤੈĂឰ۰ ˞ྋࡁտ၆෪ٙ័ಷ۞ಞાրඛĂឰϏֽд࣎۞९ࡁտਕૉᄃώࡁտ ซҖͧྵĄΞያّᙯ͕۞ߏྤफ़۞ᘦّؠĂᙷҬณ̼ࡁտ̚۞ޘܫĂ҃ Guba (1981: 86) ᄮࠎĂ݈۞ˬ֎ᑭᙋڱΞͽ೩̿ྤफ़۞ᘦّؠĂѩγĂྎೡ ៍၅࿅Ă˵ਕឰࡁտ۰ྵटٽኑᄦѩࡁտ࿅ĄޢĂΞቁᄮّ ᙯࡁߏ۞ڦտ۰۞̚៍މϲĂಶυืያࡁտ۰ώ̙֗ᕝͅغ͕̚ޥᆸ۞ నĂ࣎ొЊĂώࡁտٕధזצϒཌྷநኢ۞ᇆᜩĂޝᙱܲᙋඊ۰ώ֗ дࢬ၆࣎९ࡁտॡ۞ԆБ̚៍މϲĄ
Ёă၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ӧဩ ǕǕ ࡁտ៍၅ඕڍ ̙ኢѳߖߏ༊۞யٕۏ።Ϋ۞߲Ă̂ొ̶ѳߖડᙝاϔౌߏᒖ ဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞צच۰Ăࣇ̙јּͧгٚצᒖဩјώĂҭᒖဩӀৈݒϤТ ͵ٕ̙Т͵۞ˠᒔĄЯѩĂѳߖ˿г۞ГӀϡٕፋវѳߖۤડ۞ ॎᎸĂಶ̙ྍࢦᔏᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞ᖬᖽĂ˵ߏĶነгࢦޙϒཌྷķ̝ٙͽజ ૻአ۞ࣧЯĄૄώ˯Ăдѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞࿅̚ခᐽϔிણᄃĂಶߏነ гࢦޙϒཌྷჟৠ۞णனĂឰاϔѣ፟ົ੫၆ѳߖ˿г۞ፋڼᄃГӀϡ͞ё ೩ҋ̎۞࠻ڱĂણᄃ࠹ᙯ۞ՙඉ࿅Ą ҃Ăࢋޙϲ˘࣎ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃ፟טĂϔி۞ણᄃજ፟ߏࢵࢋᙯ ᔣĂҭੵߏܧགྷϤಫវ̂ఢሀಡጱٕѣځពϲӈПच۞ѳߖĂӎӈֹߏ Ӏचᙯܼ۰˵ޝᙱᎸણᄃ۞ᎸĄͽέ៉ᇴ˼࣎ѳߖፋڼಞӬᄃଠטಞ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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Ӭֽ࠻Ăቁ၁ѣೀ࣎જ˘ॡ۞̍ຽѳߖಞӬĞּт RCAăڒ̍ຽડă ݏޢඈğ Ăѳߖצच۰ણᄃજ፟ૻধĂഅགྷซҖ̂ఢሀ۞ԩᛉҖજĄҌٺ ۞̶ొ̂ѳߖಞӬĂ̙ኢߏдг̈ˠ༵۞ౌົડĂٕߏгઐᅈ۞ࢠ ડĂ఼૱ΪߏᔳᔳгхдĂੵܧಞӬᙝѣځព۞ӘϯĂٕߏѣˠגຍ ᖸአߤĂӎ̂ிޝΞਕᄃ࠹ዐ̙҃ۢĄд˘ᙷ۞ѳߖಞӬ˯ซҖ ЇңГӀϡࢍ൪Ăྵᙱ͔ᙝاϔ۞ણᄃሤଐĄ ώࡁտٙ៍၅۞࣎९Ăϒߏᛳᙷ˘ٺĶщᐖ۞ಞӬķ Ăଂ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ ͪѳߖፋڼშٙྶྤफ़̚ΞۢĂ̶ᛳ 4 ̙࣎Т࠹ݒዐ۞ಞӬĂଂγ៍࠻ ֽĂಶည˘ਠฏมྮय़۞ქгਨᕍĂޝᙱ͔ڦຍĄ҃ͷĂֱಞӬϫ ݈జЕგࠎଠטಞӬ҃ܧፋڼಞӬĂಶѳߖֽޘᄲ̙ҬፋڼಞӬਠѣ ϲӈ۞ПᐍĂՀᙱזצᙝϔி۞ڦຍĄ҃Ă၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍͻۢ ᛇ۞ன෪Ă҃ͅ࠹༊ПᐍĂЯࠎѳߖଠטಞӬ̙֭ܲᙋߏ࠹၆щБ۞Ąֶ ԧ઼˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڱڼĞͽ˭ᖎჍ˿ѳڱğ âѳߖгдజ̳Ә ࠎѣᚑࢦПच઼ϔઉ̈́Ϡ߿ᒖဩཱ̝۞ፋڼಞӬ̝݈ĂౌົАజ̳Әࠎ ଠטಞӬĂ˵ពϯଠטಞӬߏፋڼಞӬ۞࣏ᏴಞӬĂᔵإϏజෞҤ ѣᚑࢦПच઼ϔઉ̈́Ϡ߿ᒖဩཱ̝Ăҭ̙֭ܲᙋιߏ࠹၆щБ۞ĂЯ ࠎᒖܲཌᖸෞҤБέᇴ˼࣎ଠטಞӬᅮॡࠤ˳Ă҃ͷѳߖــѣ߹જ ّĂЯѩĂଠטಞӬͽॡ͟ѣΞਕజЕგࠎፋڼಞӬĄ ֤ᆃĂࢋдщᐖ۞ѳߖಞӬซҖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ă֭୬၁ኹѣຍ ཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĂົயϠ̦ᆃᇹ۞ӧᙱĉͽ˭ଂۺᄮᄃਕ˧शֽޥ҂ ࣎યᗟĂ҃ଂ˭Е۞ኢ̚ĂΞͽ࠻ۺᄮᄃਕ˧˟۰̢࠹ــүϡĄ
˘ăଂۺᄮޥ҂ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁ӧဩ ࢋ၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷĂ྿זѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĂᅮࢋӀचᙯܼ۰̝ม ࠹̢ۺᄮĂЯࠎѣ࠹̢ତצ၆͞۞ৌ၁хдĂؠۺ၆͞дϔிણᄃ̚۞ ࢦࢋّĂ̖ਕдϔிણᄃ۞࿅̚Ăكѩࢦ֭ᖰຕ၆ޞĄдώ͛៍၅۞ ࣎९̚Ă൴னӀचᙯܼ۰̝มቁ၁ͻ࠹̢ۺᄮĂซ҃ᇆᜩ˞ϔிણᄃ۞ ར၁Ąͽ˭̶Ҿᄲܝొع߆ځăгăͽ̈́ಞӬᙝاϔ̶Ҿͻࣹ͞ࢬ ۞ۺᄮĄ ! !
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
! ᨧ!߆ܝొعٙͻ۞ۺᄮ ଂᒖܲཌϔிણᄃ፟ৼטˢѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪̚Ξͽ࠻Ăְ ಏҜቁ၁ྏဦ၆Ӏचᙯܼ۰ܑ྿ࢦෛ̝ຍĂপҾߏ၆гᄃѳߖ˿гᙝ اϔ۞ຍ֍পҾ࠻ࢦĂଂ˘ᕇֽ࠻Ăᒖܲཌቁ၁ۺᄮ˞гᄃ༊гاϔ дነгࢦّࢋࢦ۞˯ޙĄ҃˵χฟ˞ምѧٛ۞̄Ă൴னధк߆ొع ܝдۺᄮ˯̪ޞԼซ۞۩มĂ҃ͷֱᛳۺٺᄮ˯۞̙֖Ăϒдܡᘣѣ ຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĄώ߱೩ܝొع߆࣎дۺᄮ˯۞̙֖Ăௐ˘ߏͻ၆ гੑயຫε۞ۺᄮĂௐ˟ߏͻ၆ಞӬᙝاϔᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ۺᄮĄϤٺ ۺࢬ͞ᄮ˯۞̙֖Ăጱг၆߆ܫͻܝొعЇĂ҃ᙝاϔ၆ѳߖ ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪˵ͻણᄃᎸĂซ҃ጱᒖဩԔϒཌྷд၁ኹ˯۞ӧᙱĄ ࢵАĂгࢬ၆ҋѣྺгܜഇεΝϠயᆊࣃ۞൭ࡴຏצĂ֭Ϗ߆זצ ۞ܝొعϒෛĄѳߖྺгҋଂజ̳ӘࠎଠטಞӬ̝ޢĂܮڱГྺүĂੵ ˞г˯үۏυืБᇴజ๐ੵᄃዚᒎĂ˵జఢ̙ؠГਆࢴϡүۏĄѳߖ ྺгߊྺڱϡĂ˵ڱតՀгϫԼࠎϡĂ၆ٺг҃֏ĂԛТጾ ѣ˘୮Αਕ۞˿гĄଂణኘ̰ट̚Ăг̝˘۞ᄲݭڱг˞ ͞ࢬ۞؉Ă Ķಶ༰ͤങબČČѣĞШᒖܲཌğ೩ϦኛબČČ˿ኳࢋࢦ າፋநબĂҭᇾ̙ΝબĂԱ̙זٚᇾથબĂг͉̈ČȢۡٚᇾ̙Ν બČČֽ˭˫̳͛ܕĂ༰ͤങબČČ̙ѣຐڱધČČķ Ąдඊ۰ᄃྍ Щгࡗؠణኘ͟ഇ۞ྖ̚ĂгܑܮϯĂഅࠎ˞ឰ˿гГޭޘ ೇϠயᆊࣃ҃α؋֕Ăҭ၇၇ᘣٺனѣ҃΄ڱεୀĂЯࠎֶ˿ѳڱௐ 17 ୧۞ఢؠĂ˿ᚓѳߖგטડ̰ĂΞͽซҖ۞˿гӀϡҖࠎĂυืᄃѳߖ ଠࢍטထăፋࢍڼ൪ăٕѳߖԼචࢍ൪ѣᙯĄೱ֏̝Ăд˿гѳߖإ Ϗੵ̝݈Ăг̙д˿г˯ซҖЇңүࠎĄ҃Ăѳߖੵ̍үߊ ຽ˫ਈ̂ณјώĂгώ֭֗ੑ˧நĂྕтΩ˘Ҝгٺణኘॡٙ ֏Ĉ Ķ֤࣎̍Ğӈѳߖੵğ၁дজ̂Ă၁ҰΨϔมѺؖΝநĂϔม Ѻ˵ؖ՟ѣ֤࣎ਕ˧ČČҰᄲԧࣇѺؖΞͽԯ˿ೀѼֽĉԧࣇࣹѣ֤ ࣎ਕ˧ĉķ Ķ֤г˫̙ਕĂԧࣇ˵̙ਕဗĂԧࣹѣᏱڱĉķܜഇ ͽֽٙ᎕۞क़ୀຏĂֹг၆ѩѨѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪۞ેҖயϠధк ႷયĂ̙ᕝኳႷГӀϡࢍ൪۞ΞҖّĂᄮࠎд˿ѳإڱϏ࣒ࢎ̝݈â̷
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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ౌߏ।҃̏ĄϤѩΞۢĂࡶ߆ܝొعڱஎˢ˞ྋѳߖצच۰ܜഇͽֽ ٙٚ۞צѣԛᄃԛјώĂࢦෛг͕̚۞क़ୀຏᄃࢬຏצĂనڱଂॲ ώ۞΄ڱఢౢֽྋՙયᗟĂಶצזڱच۰۞ܫЇĄ ѨĂֶඊ۰ᏐణѳߖಞӬ۞៍၅ĂಞӬγ៍ᄃ˘ਠྮᙝ۞ქгਨ ᕍளĂ̙टٽឰˠ͕ϠᛋᛇĂ˵ពϯ˞߆࠹عᙯಏҜ၆ٺಞӬᙝا ϔٙٚ۞צᒖဩࢲᐍͻۺᄮĂٙͽ՟ѣপҾከϲӘϯֽᛋӘֽ۞ـϔிĂ ٕજ೩ֻྤੈឰاϔҋԧგநͽᔖҺ࿅ޘᇷᜨܛࢦٺᛳѳߖĄͽώࡁտ ៍၅۞࣎९ࠎּĂಞӬय़ཏჸ̂ณ۞ϔшĂޝटٽឰˠεΝᛋԦĂۤડ ̰۞ආໂѣΞਕያܕಞӬ࡞ەĂЯ҃ᇷᜨٺ࿖ѳߖ۞ࢲᐍ̚ĂপҾߏ ආ̙Һԯ˿ڪەĂՀߏܕᗓгତܛࢦܕᛳĄдඊ۰۞៍၅ඊ̚Ăᐂ ፆүአߤॡᄃ༊гاϔତᛈ۞གྷរĂ̚΄ඊ۰О෪எ۞גĂಶߏצ ణ۰ӈֹѝ̏ჷѣѳߖ˿г۞хдĂҭдаᑕ˯࠹ݒ༊πᐖĂࠤҌѣצ ణ۰ܑϯҋ֭̎ܧгĂܑ̙͞ܮ྿ຍ֍Ăֱౌ·̶ពϯاϔ၆ٺዐܕ ѳߖಞӬ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍۢᛇޝҲĄ֤ᆃĂ˫тңܡᘣ˞ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃ ĉ༊ಞӬᙝϔிͻࢲᐍۢᛇĂГΐ˯ѳߖ˿гߏˠ۞ੑயĂҋ ၆ٺѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪யϠ̙˞ᎸĂܑனְ̙ᙯ̎۞ၗޘĄߊ ͻણᄃજ፟Ăңֽѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĉ
ᨨ!гٙͻ۞ۺᄮ ѳߖ˿гࡶᛳռˠੑயĂ֤ᆃ߆ࢋعଯજГӀϡࢍ൪ॡĂܮໂᅮг ۞੨ЪĄҭдѩ࣎९̚Ăг၆ܝొع߆ٺѣ࿅۞ޘഇޞĂ֭ͷЯ ࣧЯ҃ͻĞٕڱğۺᄮ߆ܝొعજଯજѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞ྕຍĂጱ гдણᄃ˯ଳ۞ܲפၗޘĄඊ۰ࠤҌፉ͕Ă࿅۞ޘഇ˘ޞόར۩Ă ၆ٺг҃֏ߏΩ˘Ѩ۞क़ୀĂऻُ̙Ӏٺг၆߆ܝొعώ̏ԑԑΞ П۞ܫЇຏĄ г̝ٙͽ၆ܝొع߆ٺѣ࿅۞ޘഇޞĂࢋߏЯࠎѩѨࢍ൪ߏϤ߆ ܝొعજࠀྙг۞੨ЪຍᙸĂጱгᄱᄮࠎĂߊߏ߆ܝొعજ ତࠀĂಶܑϯ߆ᙸعຍ೩ֻੑચྃӄᄃԫఙ͚೯ĂࠤҌᑕྍనڱᗫཆ΄ڱĄ дణኘ̚Ăг೩זĶ࣎Ğѳߖ˿гГӀϡğ˵ࢋ߆عѣྃӄԧ̖ѣ ᏱڱબČČԧ̙ߏઇྺ۞Ăಶზԧѣགྷԧ˵՟ᏱڱઇĂЯࠎԫఙ˯ԧԆ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
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ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
Б՟ᏱڱČČಶ࠻߆عѣ՟ѣᏱڱநČČԧࣇ̙ࢋፉ֤࣎ࢲᐍધČČ ̙Ԙ˘ԘౌߏԧĂ՟ѣ̦ᆃඕྖ۞ڍĂԧިᆃΞਕົࢋĂтڍ՟ѣ ઇֽĂኪ۞ߏԧҋ̎ࡠĄтع߆ߏڍѣ̦ᆃ९གྷĂගԧࣇᑒѓᇹķĄ ༊Ăгࣇ۞ഇߏޞΞͽநྋ۞ĂࢵАĂгٙጾѣ۞ྺгܜഇεΝӀ ϡᆊࣃĂඈܜٺഇᄋצੑயຫεĂ༊̙ᙸᅅٽඍᑕҋଶཕΒ੨ЪซҖ݈ ഀϏۢ۞˿гГӀϡࢍ൪ĄЯѩĂಶг۞ϲಞ҃֏Ăࡶ߆عੑચྃӄĂ ңᅮ੨ЪેҖĉѨĂѳߖፋٕڼѳߖ˿г۞щБྺүĂౌᅮຽԫఙĂ ࡶ߆ܝొع೩ֻԫఙ͚೯Ăߏ̙ΞਕซҖ۞ĄГ۰Ăྕт݈Ăг࿅ Νഅགྷࠎ˞ឰѳߖ˿гѪаϠ҃ᄃ߆ܜܝొعഇ఼ϏڍĂ˵Я҃˞ྋ ˿ѳڱ၆ٺѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞ࢨטĄгᄮࠎĂࡶ΄ڱ՟ѣᗫཆĂ ซҖЇңᄃѳߖፋڼᙯ۞˿гГӀϡࢍ൪ĂᔵѣҖ߆ಏҜ۞ᅃጱĂ̪ ᛳ࿁ڱĂبॡࡶዎᑭᓝĂֶྍڱௐ 40 ୧۞ఢؠĂΞਕົజາέ။ 15 ༱̮ͽ˯Ă75 ༱̮ͽ˭۞ჳᔫĄࠎ˞੨Ъ߆۞عѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪ĂΞ ਕ҃ͅࠎҋ̎٢ຒ౫ĄྕтΩ˘Ҝг೩זĶ೩ֻԧ˘ֱፘࡺٕ̦ᆃĂ ԧֽങ՟ᙯܼબČČΨԧҋ̎ങĂΞߏԧങĂҰ˫ᄲԧߏ߲ۏĂ ࢋԯԧԘଫĂԧ֤܅ᆃкဗĉČČ̳͛˭ֽĂԧፋ࣎˫ౌ̙֍˞Ğඊ۰ Ĉ۞ߏٙѣ۞͕ҕğĂ˫ࢋჳԧ̦ᆃჳܛĂᄲԧॺ̦ᆃķĄ ҃ĂტЪ߆࠹عᙯొ۞ܝణኘඕڍĂ൴னੵ˞ԫఙ͚೯ͽγĂੑચ ྃӄᄃ΄ڱᗫཆĂϫ݈Ξਕّ̪ѣ៍ޞ၅Ą̳ొצܝణ۰ܑϯܧ૱ᙸຍ ೩ֻгםӄĂҭυืֶڱҖ߆Ăࡶ೩ֻੑચྃӄநռˠ˿г۞ѳߖፋ ڼᄃ˿гГӀϡĂ֤ᆃϏֽБέ៉ிкռˠѳߖ˿гтңͧᏱநĉͽߙ ˘̳ొצܝణಏҜࠎּĂ֏ۡܮĂ ĶČČߏ˘࣎ռˠ۞ГӀϡࢍ൪Ăд Җ߆םӄྫྷם΄ڱӄ۞ొ̶ĂԧࣇౌΞͽ೩ֻ࠹༊۞םӄĄҌࢋٺ೩ֻགྷ ͞ࢬĂົͧྵߏ࣎ٺࢨצռѣ۞ĂΞਕົѣ˘ֱયᗟдĄķҌ΄ڱٺ ᗫཆՀߏ˘ี̂̍Ăঘ̈́Ч࠹ᙯొ΄ڱܝఢౢ۞ࡎયᗟĂ၆̙ߏಏ ϤᒖܲཌಶਕநĂΞਕᔘঘ̈́ྺᖏཌᄃͪӀཌĄϤѩ࠻ֽĂ߆ܝొعᄃ гᗕ͞Ҭͼдߊѣ۞ޠڱఢቑ̝˭Ăࢬᓜ၁ኳЪү۞ӧဩĄಶ߆ܝొع ۞ϲಞֽ࠻Ăજ೩ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ăߏഇ୕གྷϤ߆۞عᅃጱĂᄃ ϔมЪүநѳߖ˿гĂЯѩԓ୕гΞͽ੨ЪԸྤڦĄଂг۞ϲ ಞ҃֏Ăдјώड़ৈ۞҂ณ̝˭Ă֭જ፟੨Ъ˘࣎՟ѣ݈ഀܲᙋ۞ϏֽĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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гͻ၆Ϗֽ۞͕ܫĂࢋߏֽҋٺ၆߆ܫ̙۞عЇĂ҃ѩ̙ܫЇĂ˫ ߏങૄ۞ֽͽ˳ܜٺक़ୀຏĄ҃Ăг၆ܝొع߆ٺϫ݈۞જၗޘĂ ͻۺᄮĂдѩព˵ߏ˘࣎ᙯᔣĂࡶਕΐૻ͞ࢬ۞ۺᄮĂ၆߆ܝొع ۞ܫЇຏ̖ົ೩̿ĄSolitare (2005) അ೩זĂણᄃ۰̝ม۞ܫЇĂߏౄಶѣ ຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃ࣎˘̚АՙࢋІĂϫ݈ѩࢋІពߏͻ۞Ą
ᨩ!ಞӬᙝاϔٙͻ۞ۺᄮ ଂώѨ၁ᅫፆүϔிણᄃ۞གྷរ̚Ă൴னಞӬᙝاϔ၆ٺώ֗ٙᇷ ᜨ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍͻᛋᛇĂࣧЯѣ˟Ąߏ˘т݈ĂಞӬ۞γᄻᄃ˘ਠྮ य़ᗔਨᕍϠҲޘӀϡ۞˿гளĂ҃߆֭ܝొعଳפ᎕ໂ۞ၗޘજ೬ ᜨੈिĂдಞӬᙝ՟ѣከϲځព۞ᛋӘᇾϯĄߏ˟ϔி၆ٺҋ̎۞ᒖ ဩᝋͻۺᄮĂࣇᅅ˞نҋ̎ᑕѣᝋӀࢋՐ˘࣎ѳߖཱ̝۞Ϡ߿ᒖဩĄ ְ၁˯ĂΪࢋߏاҝдѳߖಞӬᙝĂಶߏᇷᜨдᒖဩࢲᐍ̚Ą˘ਠ ҃֏ĂࡶಞӬߏᛳٺг˭ͪѳߖĂ֤ᆃૄ߹۞ͪٺજّĂᒖဩࢲᐍડાܮ ̙ࢨٺѳߖ˿гᙝĂҭࡶಞӬࠎ˿ᚓѳߖĂ֤ᆃତܕѳߖಞӬĂϔி ٙٚ۞צᒖဩࢲᐍ̂Ąέ៉Яࠎг̈ˠ༵Ăிк۞ѳߖಞӬᔳٺҝш ᙝĂሕдצच۰۞ࢲᐍۢᛇࡶਕ೩̿ĂҌ͌Ξͽనڱଳ֨פ᜕ନ߉ᔖҺ࿅ ޘᇷᜨٺᒖဩࢲᐍ̚ĞּтдѳߖಞӬᙝ߿જॡӈᑛ˾ཊăٕߏᔖҺତ ܕѳߖ˿ᚓğ Ąॲፂώࡁտ۞៍၅ඊ൴னĂдેҖયסአߤ࿅̚Ăధк צణ۰дۢአߤ̍ү۞ϫ۞ߏᄃѳߖ˿гГӀϡ࠹ᙯॡĂௐ˘ͅᑕ఼ ૱ߏĂ҃ޢᜈ۞ၗܧౌ̂ޘ૱நّމঈĂݚᄮࠎѳߖ˿гߊߏռ ѣгĂγˠިਕѣᝋཉಚĄ҃ᇹ۞ၗޘĂពϯ၆ٺώ֗ٙ۞ᒖဩщ БّͻᄮᙊĂ՟ѣᛋᛇזҋ̎Ξਕߏሕд۞ѳߖצच۰ĂЯ̙҃ᄮࠎѩ ᛉᗟᄃ࠹̷֗ᙯĄྏຐĂт̍ߙڍᇄፋ͟ଵ·ٸ႕ள۞קᆿঈĂᙝا ϔдܬצᕘ̝ዶĂົтѩநّгᄮࠎ̍ᇄߏҾˠ۞ੑயĂय़ˠᝋ̒ঘ ᒉྻĉϔி˘ਠ၆ٺҒਙ۞ѳߖޝۏᙱயϠᛋᛇĂѩᙷ࠻ֽ୮̙ ீזݒхд۞ѳߖಞӬĂࡶࢋдѳߖ˿гГӀϡ࿅̚၁ኹѣຍཌྷ۞ϔ ிણᄃĂॲώ۞߄ጼᑕྍߏϔி၆ٺҋ֗ᒖဩᝋ۞ۺᄮ̙֖Ą̝֏ٽĂ ࡶϔிਕдۢѳߖಞӬ۞хдॡĂಶயϠĶҋ֗ᒖဩᝋܬזצϚķ۞ຏ צĂซ҃ᙯ͕ѳߖಞӬ۞Ϗֽཉ͞ёĂтѩ̖Ξਕ᎕ໂણᄃѳߖ˿гГ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
Ӏϡࢍ൪۞ఢထᄃેҖ࿅Ąྕт Solitare (2005) ۞ࡁտ៍၅ඕڍ൴னĂࢋ ྿זѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĂ࣎˘̚Аՙ୧Іߏϔிᛇኢ̚۞ᛉᗟᄃ̷ ֗࠹ᙯĄ ˯ˬӀचᙯܼ۰۞ͻۺᄮĂᔵдܡᘣᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁˯ ౌߏࢦࢋЯ৵Ăҭซ˘Վᑭෛԧ઼ϫ݈۞ነгࢦޙ၁ચ̝ົܮޢ൴னĂͽ னล߱҃֏Ă߆ܝొعᄃг۞ͻۺᄮࠎᙯᔣĄࢵАĂѳߖ˿гࠎռ ѣгĂࢋ੫၆ռѣгซҖѳߖ˿гГӀϡĂг۞੨ЪຍᙸߏᙯᔣĂ҃Ă г۞੨ЪຍᙸĂ˫ᄃ߆ۺ۞ܝొعᄮღღ࠹ᘭĂপҾߏᘣ˿ٺѳ۞ڱఢ ؠĂѳߖ˿г˯۞Їңүࠎౌυืᄃѳߖፋ࠹ڼᙯĂࡶ˟۰̝ม̢࠹ڱ ۺᄮĂᛸ͘Ъүనڱଵੵטࢨ΄ڱĂ֤ᆃ၆ڱᚶᜈјಶѳߖ˿гГӀ ϡ۞߆ඉ࡚ຍĄѨâό݈۞ᅪᘣΞͽଵੵĂ֤ᆃ߆ܝొع၆ٺಞӬ ᙝاϔٙٚ۞צᒖဩࢲᐍͻۺᄮĂ࣎˘˭ߏܮᙯᔣયᗟĂலౣಞӬ ᙝاϔ၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ᛋᛇĂࠤҌซ˘Վ൴ण၆ٺᒖဩᝋ۞ۺᄮĂౌᅮ ࢋϤ̳ొܝજ೬ᜨྤੈᄃซҖᒖဩିֈĄ
˟ăଂਕ˧ޥ҂ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁ӧဩ ਕ˧शԯĶጾѣ۞ੑఱķᄃĶੑఱٙਕயϠ۞Αਕķ̶ฟֽ࠻Ă၆ ٺᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁ѣࢦࢋ۞ຍཌྷĄᒖဩԔϒཌྷૺĂזצᒖဩՙ ඉᇆᜩ۞Ӏचᙯܼ۰ౌᑕྍѣड़гણᄃՙඉ࿅ĂܑϯӀचᙯܼ۰̙Ϊ ߏజኬ̟ણᄃՙඉ࿅۞፟ົĂ҃ͷᔘࢋдՙඉ࿅̚Էႊѣຍཌྷ۞֎ҒĄ ٙᏜѣຍཌྷ۞֎ҒĂ༊̙ߏ˘࣎జજણᄃٕࠎ߆ඉࡦ३۞֎ҒĂ҃ߏਕ ૉ࿅ણᄃ҃ৌϒ೩̿ҋ̎ٙ۞ᒖဩݡኳĄೱ֏̝Ăৌϒ۞ᒖဩԔϒ ཌྷĂᅮࢋ۞̙ΪߏឰӀचᙯܼ۰ጾѣણᄃ፟ົĂ҃ͷᔘࢋቁܲણᄃ۰ਕૉ Ӏϡ࣎፟ົĂ൴೭࣎፟ົ۞၁ኳΑਕĄ дώࡁտ៍၅۞࣎९྆Ăᔵᒖܲཌྏဦޙϲϔிણᄃ፟טĂഇ୕ග ̟гᄃಞӬᙝاϔܑ྿ຍ֍۞፟ົĂҭنݒர˞˘࣎ᙯᔣࢋ৵Ăӈг ᄃಞӬᙝاϔߏӎѣਕ˧·ЊӀϡ࣎ણᄃ፟ົֽԼචᒖဩݡኳĄٙ Ꮬ۞ਕ˧Ăֶ Sen (1999: 75) ۞ؠཌྷĂߏԯٙጾѣ۞ੑఱᖼ̼ࠎ၆Ϡ߿ѣ Αਕ۞ਕ˧Ąдѩѳߖ˿гГӀϡ࣎९̚ĂΞͽଂࢬ࣎Шֽᑭෛгᄃ ಞӬᙝاϔߏӎਕ൴೭ણᄃ፟ົ۞Αਕֽ೩̿ᒖဩݡኳĂߏ˘ણᄃ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
63
જ፟Ăߏ˟ຽۢᙊĂ݈۰ᄃ˯۞ۺᄮѣໂ̂۞ᙯܼĂޢ۰ᄃᒖဩ ѳߖ࣎९পኳѣᙯĂ҃˟۰۞ͻĂౌܡᘣ˞ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĄ ࢵАĂѣᙯϔி۞ણᄃજ፟Ăд̶݈ۺژᄮ̙֖۞ᇆᜩॡಶ̏གྷ ኢ࿅Ă̙ГᖴĄѨĂӈֹϔிѣણᄃજ፟Ă֤ᆃࣇߏӎѣ֖ૉ۞ ຽۢᙊᑒӄซҖБࢬّ۞ޥ҂ᄃຽّ۞ኢĂᙯͼણᄃ۞ຍཌྷᄃ ड़தĄд˘ᙷ۞࣎९̚Ăгٙᅮࢋ۞ຽۢᙊĂΒ߁ᄃѳߖ˿г࠹ᙯ ۞΄ڱఢቑĂͽ̈́ѳߖ˿гፋ࠹ڼᙯ۞ԫఙۢᙊĂּт̙Тѳߖّ߲۞ۏ ᄃᇆᜩă੫၆পؠѳߖ۞ۏፋڼशăѳߖ˿гፋ۞ޢڼϖᜈჯᄃዋ༊ ۞ྺү͞ёඈඈĄ҃Ăдᄃг۞ణኘ࿅̚ĂΞͽځពຏࣇזצЯ ၆࠹ᙯຽۢᙊ۞̙˞ྋĂ҃౯ຏ؉Ąг̝˘ܑϯĂ ĶŰŰٙࣇࠁˠ ֽĞ˿ኳԼ։ğྏរબĂྏរԆ˵̙˞˞̝બĂྫྷࣇ൴ય˿гѮߖĞଐ ԛğ Ă˵՟ѣ˭͛Ą˘ѐٚ১Ԇಶ֕˞બĄķྍҜгдྖ̚˵ܑϯĂܕ ഇ˫ќܑ̳͛ع߆זϯྍྺг̪ᖞ༰ͤॺྺүۏĄΩ˘Ҝг̙ᕝࢦ ኑܑϯĂ Ķԧ̙ߏઇྺ۞Ăಶზԧѣགྷԧ˵՟ᏱڱઇĂЯࠎԫఙ˯ԧԆБ ՟Ᏹڱķ Ăణኘ̚˵˘ГܑϯĂࢋ੨Ъ՟યᗟĂҭߏĶࢋΝጯ˘ֱຽ ۢᙊĂᇹ̖ѣᏱع߆ྫྷڱ੨ЪબĂ̙̦ᆃౌ̙ົĂ՟ѣ͕ܫબķ Ąг ᄬঈ̚۞؉ពϯ၆࠹ٺᙯۢᙊᄃԫఙ۞̙˞ྋĂдޝ˭ڶېᙱᄃ ࠹ᙯಏҜซҖѣड़۞఼Ą ͽಞӬᙝاϔ҃֏Ăࣇᅮࢋֱࣹຽۢᙊ̖ਕѣड़гણᄃ˿гГ Ӏϡࢍ൪ĉдѩᙷ࣎९̚ĂاϔҌ͌ᅮࢋ೩̿၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍ࠹ᙯۢᙊ۞ᄮ ᙊĂ˞ྋҋ̎ᇷᜨдңѳߖރ۞ۏ̝˭Ăͽ̈́Яᑕ̝Ă̖ਕ੫၆ѳ ߖಞӬ۞ГӀϡซҖநّ۞ኢĄ˘ਠ҃֏Ăѳߖצच۰۞ຍ֍ܑ྿टٽ జᄮࠎ͉ଐჰ̼֭ͷ̙ૉࡊጯĂٙͽĂϔிࡶਕૄࡊٺጯۢᙊซҖநّ۞ ၆ྖĂӈֹΪߏ೩યᗟĂౌົឰˠѣĶחϫ࠹࠻ķ۞קĂѣӄٺ೩̿ జۺᄮ۞ޘĂซ҃ѣӄٺ၁ኳ۞ϔிણᄃĄ҃Ăд࣎࣎९̚Ăϔ ி၆ٺ࿖ѳߖ۞ۢᙊ̙֖Ăٙͽ̙ኢߏયסඍ۰ٕߏణኘצణ۰Ăౌ՟ ѣ੫၆࿖Ѯߖ೩Їң࠹ᙯຽયᗟĄ ѩγĂώ࣎९ۤડاϔ੫၆ಞӬᙝۤડ൴णٙ೩۞Чࢍ൪ĂϤ ྵͧߏౌ̂ٺᐌّ۞ຍ֍Ă՟ѣགྷ࿅͉кຽ҂ณĂЯѩѣֱຍ֍д̳ొ צܝణ۰ֽ࠻Ă̂ౌѣેҖ˯۞ᙱޘĄּтاϔᄮࠎᑕྍᆧΐۤડ̰۞ქ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
гࢬ᎕ᄃፘ͢ങĂٕߏར၁Ӱ̶ᙷаќГӀϡĂҭ੫၆݈۰Ă̳ొܝ צణ۰ܑϯĂ Ķᆧΐქгࢬ᎕ঘ̳זѣ˿г۞ొ̶Ă֤ռѣ˿гԧࣇͧྵ ̙टٽΝ̬ˢĂٙͽ࣎ొ̶Ξਕົѣ˘۞ؠӧᙱޘĄ࣎ᑕྍଂ̳ѣ˿ г۞ఢထ͞ࢬΝ͘ČČଂፋ࣎ౌξࢍထ۞ఢထ͞ШΝ͘Ăࡶঘ̈́ռѣ ˿гĂಶυืםአᒔٙѣг۞Тຍ̖Җķ ĂҌޢٺ۰Ă༊г֧֏ܜĂ Ķᄲ۞ޝᖎಏઇ۞ޝӧᙱĂҰᄲኡࢋֽᙝĞӰğ̶ᙷĂ֤ᙝاϔТ̙ ТຍĉČČт֤྆ڍѣקĂاϔᄲҰቡ߇Ԙ࣎дᙝĂاϔົޝ кຍ֍ČČ̫͇ᇹӰ̶ᙷ˭Ν၆ѣק۞ધĊ˘ؠԩ۞ۋધĊķೱ ֏̝ĂӰаќಞ۞ޙཉгᕇĂ҃ѩዐᔖన߉۞ᏴӬĂ͔ۋ۞̂ޝ ᛉĄϤѩΞۢĂણᄃՙඉ࿅۞ϔிࡶ՟ѣགྷ࿅ૈ˧۞࿅ĂಶΪਕᐌّ ൴ܑຍ֍Ă҃༊ͻຽۢᙊ۞ຍ֍ࢦ۞ܝొع߆זצڱෛॡĂϔி۞ ણᄃજ፟ಶົు႙ᖼऴĂӄٺ၁ኳ۞ϔிણᄃĄ ݈۞ࡁտඕڍĂຉፋٺဦ 2 ̚Ą
ౙăඕኢĈ၁ኹነгࢦ̚ޙ ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞୧І ѳߖ˿гГӀϡߏϫ݈ᒖܲཌܨ୬ଯҖ۞ነгࢦࢍޙ൪Ăᔵధкགྷ រࡁտ̏གྷ೩ֻ˞࠹ᙯޙᛉĞDaley & Layton, 2004ćDixon, 2003ćDull & Wernstedt, 2010ćEckerd and Keeler, 2012ćGallagher and Jackson, 2008 ඈğĂ ҭֱࡁտ̂ౌߏ័ಷд઼۞ۤົրඛٙ̚ซҖ۞Ąଂֱ͛ᚥ̚൴ னĂధкለă࡚ă͟ነгࢦޙјΑ۞९ּ̚Ăϔม۞જਕ఼૱ߏ͚ᇣነг ࢦ˧ࢋࢦ۞ޙณĂϔி۞ણᄃજ፟˵дгّۤ͞ဥ۞જࣶ̚ᜈ̙ᆩĄ ҃Ăͽԧ઼۞ன֏҃ېĂѳߖ˿гГӀϡ̪дѝഇ൴णล߱Ăϫ่݈Ϥᒖ ܲཌဘྏϤ˯҃˭ଯજĂإϏჷϤਨॲّۤဥ൴ٕጱ۞९ּĂϔ ม۞ણᄃሤྕ˵إϏ൴णјሢĂপҾд̙ீ۞ѳߖಞӬᙝՀߏĄЯѩĂ ࢋтңдԧ઼۞ነгࢦࢍޙ൪̚ར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ჟৠĂ၁ኹѣຍཌྷ۞ ϔிણᄃĂᅮࢋૄٺԧ઼ѳߖಞӬᙝۤડ۞পኳĂֽᗃ֭ޙၹٙᅮࢋ ۞ૄᖂ୧ІĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
ဦ2
65
ࡁտඕڍຉፋ
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋᘱ
ώࡁտଂܕϒཌྷநኢٙ൴णֽ҃۞ۺᄮᄃਕ˧࣎शĂᑭෛᒖဩ Ԕϒཌྷдԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡ၁ચ̚ར၁۞ӧဩĂ൴னۺᄮᄃਕ˧Ϲ࠹ ᇆᜩϔிણᄃ۞࿅ĄӀचᙯܼ۰كѩͻۺᄮĂጱгᄃಞӬᙝ اϔ۞ણᄃજ̙֖፟Ă҃ͷĂгᄃاϔͣຽਕ˧Ă˵ጱڱ၁ኳ ᚥٺѳߖгГӀϡ۞ኢᄃՙඉ࿅Ąᔵώ͛Ϊ៍၅ಏ˘۞ѳߖгГ Ӏϡࢍ൪Ăҭྕт݈Ăߏϫ݈ԧ઼˘˘࣎ྏဦޙၹϔிણᄃ፟ٺט ነгࢦޙ࿅۞࣎९ĂГ۰Ăώࡁտ៍၅۞၆෪֭ܧໂბপּĂ҃ߏז Ξ֍۞ྺгѳߖĂ҃ͷಞӬٙдг˵ܧໂࠎઐᅈٕໂࠎౌξ̼̝гડĂ҃ ߏ࿆хдٺԧ઼̝ҝથྺЪ۞̈ݱݭξĂЯѩĂࡁտඕڍᑕΞ೩ֻᙷ Ҭ࣎९۞ણ҂Ą
66
ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ͽ˭ૄࡁٺտ൴னĂГ੨Ъϒཌྷநኢ̚۞ۺᄮᄃਕ˧࣎शĂဘྏ ଂϔிણᄃજ፟ᄃણᄃਕ˧ࢬ࣎ШĂ೩ೀ࣎၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞Аՙ ୧ІĄͽ˭۞୧І˘ă˟ăˬߏࠎ˞೩̿ϔிણᄃજ፟҃೩Ă҃୧Іαă ̣˞ࠎߏ೩̿ϔிણᄃਕ˧҃೩Ą
˘ăણᄃજ፟ ѣᝥٺӀचᙯܼ۰كѩͻۺᄮĂጱгᄃಞӬᙝاϔ۞ણᄃજ ̙֖፟ĂЯѩώࡁտᄮࠎĂࢋར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷĂυืА͘೩̿ϔிણ ᄃજ፟ĄϤٺϫ݈ԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡߏϤ˯҃˭ଯҖĂЯѩϔிણᄃજ ̙፟ᑕజෛࠎநٙ༊гхдĂপҾߏοٺЧг۞ѳߖಞӬ̙֭ــព ீĂޝᙱӛ͔ᙝاϔ۞ڦຍĂՀ࿇ኢણᄃነгࢦ۞ޙજ፟ĄЯѩĂдϔ ிણᄃજ፟˯Ăώ͛೩ͽ˭ˬ࣎Аՙ୧ІĂਕૉᑒӄར၁ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔி ણᄃĄ ୧І˘ĂϤ៍ٺ၅ܝొع߆ז၆ٺг۞ຫεۺᄮ̙֖Ăጱг၆ ٺણᄃѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪۞ኳႷၗޘĂЯѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂࢋ೩̿г ۞ણᄃજ፟Ăࢦࢋ۞ಶߏ߆࠹عᙯొܝਕૉۺᄮг۞Чຫεăࢬ ຏצăᄃᆊࣃ៍ĂЯࠎѣтѩĂԧࣇ̖Ξਕଂצच۰۞֎ޥֽޘ҂ࣇ ৌϒ۞ᅮՐĄְ၁˯Ăࢬ၆ѳߖצच۰۞ЧຫεĂԧࣇܧ૱टٽརˢ˘ Ķѣຫεಶኪᐺķ۞ၚّޥ҂Ă֭ᄮࠎኪᐺ۞ග;ಶܑѳߖצच۰۞ ຫεۺזצᄮĄдѩĂώ͛ޙᛉྯ௲ѩޥ҂ሀёĂ҃ଂೀ࣎͞ࢬֽणன ۺᄮ۞ၗޘĄௐ˘Ă߆࠹عᙯొܝᑕΞ࿅ӈॡ۞аᑕֽܑனۺᄮĂּт ᖎ̼Җ߆Ԕăજ೩ֻЧᙷ̏གྷຉፋ࿅۞ྤੈඈඈĂឰ̏གྷᄋצຫε۞ ѳߖצच۰Ă̙ᅮࠎ˞Җ߆үຽԔ҃িٺ؋ĂٕҋҖരЧొܝٙ೩ ֻ۞ͯ߱ྤੈĄௐ˟Ă࿅ྕᑗ۞఼ֽܑனۺᄮĄྕᑗ˟фᔵܧ૱٩ ෪҃ͷ֍̥֍ംĂҭඊ۰ᄮࠎĂᄃૻአĶѣड़۞ķ఼Ă̙тૻአĶྕ ᑗ۞ķ఼ĂপҾߏдᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞ଐဩ˭Ăࡶਕဘྏ˞ྋצच۰۞ࢬ ຏצĂಶົۢѳߖצच۰ᅮࢋ۞఼͞ёĂ၆̙ΪߏྤੈĶѣड़۞็ ྿ķĂ҃ߏឰצच۰ቁ၁ຏ۞זצĶѣ็۞ޘ྿ķĄ˘৽̳ٕ͛˘఼ϒё ۞ྖĂ၆̙ͧ˯Ꮠҋణ܅ॡมӱ˭ֽ௭௭ֽٙ۞ޘĄBond et al. (2004: 622) ٙ൴ण۞ϔிણᄃ̶ߛژၹâ̝̚ಶߏ̙ࢋΪߏኢְ၁
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
67
ᙋፂĂ҃ࢋ҂ณӀचᙯܼ۰۞ᆊࣃ៍Ąඊ۰ᄮࠎĂࡊጯ૱૱ૻአְ၁۞ࢦ ࢋّĂҭдࢬ၆ѳߖצच۰ॡĂన֗г˞ྋӀचᙯܼ۰۞ᆊࣃ៍Ăົឰ ϔிણᄃ۞࿅к˘ֱᙯᘃ۞ޘĄௐˬĂ࿅ྭొົ۞ޘטፋЪֽܑன ۺᄮĄѳߖ˿гГӀϡঘ۞߆ܝొعிкĂͽώ࣎९۞ѳߖྺгГӀϡ ࠎּĂҌ͌ঘ̈́ˬಏҜĂ̶Ҿߏྺຽăг߆ăᄃᒖܲಏҜĂ҃ЧಏҜд Җ߆˯۞ࢨטᄃਕૉ೩ֻ۞םӄ࠰̙࠹ТĂࠤҌΞਕдֶٙፂ۞࠹˯΄ڱ ̢օĄRogers and Whetten (1982) ۞ࡁտĂ༊߆̝ܝొعม۞Чࢍ ထͣፋЪĂࠤҌ̢࠹Ϭ࠼ॡĂٙ೩ֻ۞ಶົΪߏͯ߱ё۞ڇચĂ҃ͯ߱ ё۞ڇચ၁д΄ˠٙዋଂĄ˯ˬᕇૄۺٺᄮٙ൴णֽ҃۞߆ඉޙ ᛉĂ࠹ܫΞͽ೩̿г၆ܫ۞ܝొ̳ٺЇޘᄃણᄃຍᙸĄ ୧І˟ĂϤ៍ٺ၅֭ܝొع߆זજдѳߖ˿гܕܢ೬ᜨѳߖ࠹ᙯ ྤੈĂጱϔி၆ٺٙࢬ၆۞ᒖဩࢲᐍ˘ٙۢĂซ҃ͻણᄃຍᙸĂЯ ѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂ߆࠹عᙯొܝᅮࢋАۺᄮѳߖಞӬᙝاϔ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍĂЯ ࠎѣтѩĂ̖ਕᑒӄاϔ೩̿ࢲᐍۢᛇĄ၁Ă၆࠹ٺᙯಏҜ҃֏Ă ࢋۺᄮಞӬᙝاϔ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍٕధ̙ᙱĂӧᙱ۞ᑕߏޢᜈ۞ҖજĄ˘ਠ ҃֏Ă߆ܝొع̙ԓ୕͔ϔி۞ऻຖĂचُ೩ֻ࿅к۞ྤੈ҃ͅົ ֽ̙υࢋ۞Җ߆ᑅ˧Ą҃Ăྤੈ·֖ع߆ߏځ၆ϔிᑕႽ۞యЇĂ߆ ۞عၗޘ̙੯ྴĂ̖Ξਕ೩̿ϔி۞ܫЇຏĄͽώ९ּ҃֏Ă߆࠹عᙯ ొܝᑕΞ࿅ͽ˭ೀ͞ёֽणனۺᄮ۞ၗޘĄௐ˘Ă·̶Әۢᙝϔி ѳߖಞӬ۞хдĄௐ˟Ă೩ֻѳߖಞӬ۞࠹ᙯྤੈĂΒ߁ѳߖۏăѳߖă ͽ̈́၆֗វઉ۞ރޘĄௐˬĂ೩ֻϔிҋԧ᜕ܲ۞࠹ᙯۢᙊĄௐαĂ ·̶Әۢϔிѣᙯ߆ޢܝొعᜈ۞நԔᄃॡĄ༊ϔிజ೩ᏹٙࢬ ᓜ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍĂ̖Ξਕ͕Ϡᛋᛇซ҃೩ણᄃજ፟Ą ୧ІˬĂϤ៍ٺ၅זಞӬᙝاϔ၆ٺҋ̎۞ᒖဩᝋຏۢࠤ͌Ăጱ ӈֹۢاछܕܢѣѳߖಞӬܑ̪ன࠹༊நّ႐ĂЯѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂѳ ߖಞӬᙝاϔᅮۺᄮҋ̎۞ᒖဩᝋĂЯࠎѣтѩĂاϔ၆ٺٙ۞ᒖ ဩݡኳ̖ົѣୂຏޘĄ༊߆ܝొعજ೩ֻѳߖಞӬ࠹ᙯྤੈॡĂ˵ᅮࢋ ಞӬᙝاϔᙸຍᙯڦѩְĂࡶاϔڱវᄮᒖဩᝋ۞ࢦࢋّĂ̙ᄮࠎҋ ̎ᑕѣᝋӀࢋՐщБ۞Ϡ߿ᒖဩĂ֤ᆃӈֹ߆ܝొع೩ֻГкྤੈĂ˵ߏ व౻Ą҃Ăͽέ៉ϫ݈۞ன࠻ֽڶĂϔிੵ˞дᔉཉ̙જய̝݈ົຍ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ҝшᙝᒖဩͽγâਠਕӛ͔ϔிڦຍ۞ĂᔘߏᛳٺᏰᙊ۞ྵޘѳߖĂ ЯѩĂࢋ೩̿ಞӬᙝاϔ၆ٺҋ̎ᒖဩᝋ۞ࢦෛĂᑕྍଂᒖဩିֈ͘Ą ࠹ᙯొܝᑕΞ੫၆ѳߖಞӬٙдгડĂซҖؠഇ۞ᒖဩିֈĂּтӀϡҁ ˠ߿જ͕̚ᓝᏱᒖဩିֈ࠹ᙯ߿જĂ֭ᖣѩѳߖ˿г۞ྤੈӘۢۤડا ϔĂࠤҌΞͽᄃ༊гЧ৺ጯ७ЪүĂᑒӄѐᅅጯ̄ଂ̈ૈዳᒖဩᝋ۞៍هĂ ֭˞ྋۤડ̚ѳߖ˿г۞።ΫĄSolitare (2005) ۞ࡁտඕڍ൴னĂϔிᄮࠎ జᇈྙ۞ᛉᗟᄃҋ֗ѣᙯĂߏѣຍཌྷ̝ϔிણᄃ۞݈೩ࢋІ̝˘Ą݈୧ І˟ૺϤ߆عજ೩ֻѳߖಞӬ࠹ᙯྤੈගᙝاϔĂ୧ІˬૺᖣϤ ᒖဩିֈ೩̿ѳߖۤડاϔ၆ٺᒖဩᝋ۞ۺᄮĂౌਕૉᑒӄاϔԯѳߖ˿ гГӀϡෛࠎ̷֗࠹ᙯ۞યᗟĂซ҃೩̿ણᄃજ፟Ą ͽ˯ˬ࣎ѣᙯ೩̿ϔிણᄃજ፟۞୧І̚Ă୧І˘ߏ੫၆гĂ୧І ˟ᄃˬߏ੫၆ಞӬᙝϔிĄд݈ଂۺᄮޥ҂ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁ӧဩ ̚അགྷ೩זĂͽனล߱۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪҃֏Ăгᄃ߆̝ܝొعม ۞Ъүߏ˘࣎ᙯᔣĂࡶࢋޥ҂୧І˘ă˟ăˬ̝ม۞ᐹАึԔĂಶன၁۞ ҂ณ҃֏Ă୧І˘ѣᙯг۞ણᄃજ፟ᑕߏனล߱ར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ᙯ ᔣĄ༊Ă၆ٺгણᄃજ፟۞೩̿҃֏Ăԣిѣड़۞ᄵЯĂಶߏБ Ϥ߆ܝొع೩ֻˠ˧ă˧ۏăੑ˧ᑒӄѳߖ˿г۞ГӀϡĄҭྕт݈Ă тڍѳߖ˿гГӀϡߏϏֽᒖܲཌԓ୕ు˘Ԇј۞̍үĂ֤ᆃಶܑϯБέ ѣ˼к࣎ѳߖಞӬᅮࢋநĂࡶԆБያ̳ొ۞ܝੑ˧˧ۏĂೀͼߏ̙Ξ ਕ۞ЇચĄЯѩĂώ͛ᄮࠎĂ೩̿гણᄃ۞̰дᄵЯĂᅮࢋ߆࠹عᙯొ ̝ܝมАҖፋЪĂΝੵЧಏҜдҖ߆˯۞ࢨטᄃд̢࠹˯΄ڱօ̝Ă ֭ፋЪਕૉ೩ֻ۞םӄĂᖎ̼Җ߆Ԕ֭જ೩ֻЧᙷ̏གྷຉፋ࿅۞ྤ ੈĂޢГགྷϤࢬ၆ࢬ۞఼Ăᗃгᄃ߆̝ܝొعม۞ЪүᙯܼĂឰ гຏۢܝొع߆זྋՙયᗟ۞ྕຍĂтѩ˵̖ΞਕຏજгĂ೩̿ણ ᄃજ፟ĂࠤҌޢᜈгડ۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪˵̖ΞਕజኑᄦซҖĄ
˟ăણᄃਕ˧ ଂ݈ᄃг۞ణኘͽ̈́ᄃયסඍ۰۞̢જ̚Ă൴ன݈۰၆ٺણᄃ ѩࢍ൪ͻ࣎˘̚۞͕ܫЯ৵Ăдͻٺѳߖፋڼă˿ኳ࣒ೇăѳߖ˿ гГӀϡඈඈ࠹ᙯ۞ຽۢᙊᄃԫఙĂ҃ޢ۰дٙ೩ֻ۞ۤડϏֽ൴ण
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
69
ޙᛉ˯ĂЯͣฉБ۞ޥ҂҃ΞҖّҲĄЯѩώࡁտᄮࠎĂࢋར၁ᒖဩ ԔϒཌྷĂੵ˞ણᄃજ፟ͽγĂϔி˵ᅮࢋѣਕ˧Ă̖ਕӀϡણᄃ፟ົֽ೩ ̿ҋ̎֗۞ᒖဩݡኳĄд࣎࣎९̚Ξͽ៍၅זгᄃಞӬᙝاϔд ࠹ᙯຽۢᙊ˯۞ͻĂЯѩĂӈֹѣ֖ૉ۞ણᄃજ፟Ă˵ᔘڱ྿זѣ ຍཌྷ۞ણᄃĄຽۢᙊ۞౯Ă၆ٺᒖဩѳߖ࣎९̚Ӏचᙯܼ۰̝ม۞၆ ྖপҾࢦࢋĂϔிࡶਕૉᔖҺଐჰّ൴֏Ă҃ߏૄࡊٺጯۢᙊֽણᄃኢĂ ҋͧྵटٽдણᄃ۞࿅̚זצࢦĄ҃Ăᒖဩѳߖߏຽܝᕣޝ ۞ᛉᗟĂͻۏந̼ጯۢᙊࡦഀ۰ྵᙱˢܝĄՀ؉۞ߏĂдᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ ̝˭۞ѳߖצच۰Ă૱૱ߏۤົགྷᑻऴ๕Ă̂ొ̶ౌᙱͽྭຽܝᕣĂ ౯ຽ۞ણᄃਕ˧ĄЯѩĂࡶ̙ϒෛѳߖડϔிຽણᄃਕ˧۞೩̿Ă ֤ᆃ၆ৈٺѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĄдԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞࣎९̚ĂϤ ٺгᄃಞӬᙝاϔ۞ϲಞᄃٙᙯ͕۞ᛉᗟ̙֭Б࠹ТĂЯѩࣇٙ ᅮࢋ۞ຽۢᙊĂ˵ᑕྍѣٙડĄͽ˭۞୧Іαᄃ୧І̣Ăߏ੫၆೩̿ гᄃಞӬᙝاϔ۞ણᄃਕ˧҃೩Ą ୧ІαĂϤ៍ٺ၅זг̙ᕝૻአώ֗၆࠹ٺᙯຽۢᙊ۞ͻĂ ֹдણᄃၗ˯ޘѣٙᏵႷĂЯѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂߊдனล߱г۞Ъүၗޘ ᄃਕ˧ߏୁજѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞ᙯᔣĂ֤ᆃĂгಶᅮࢋຽۢᙊ۞྅౯Ă Β߁ѳߖፋڼԫఙăјώड़ৈăᄃፋ˿۞ޢڼгჯ͞ёĄгᙯ͕۞ ᛉᗟᑕྍߏѳߖ˿гтңፋڼĂͽ̈́Ϗֽ˿г۞ӀϡᆊࣃĄѣᙯѳߖ˿г ۞ፋڼԫఙᄃፋڼјώᄃड़ڍĂౌߏгᅮࢋ˞ྋ۞ຽۢᙊĂгᅮࢋ ૄֱٺຽۢᙊĂГ੨ЪϏֽ˿г۞ഇ୕Ӏϡ͞ёĂͽՙؠፋ͞ڼёĄ Ҍ˿ٺгϏֽ۞ӀϡᆊࣃĂΞ̶ࠎâࠎ˿ኳڱԼ։Ă˟ࠎ˿ኳΞ ͽԼ։ҌЪ΄ڱᇾĄࡶ˿гѳߖ݈ࠎڶې۰Ă֤ᆃߏӎΞͽតՀгϫ ͽԼតӀϡ͞ёĉ࠹ᙯ۞΄ڱఢౢࠎңĉࡶ˿ኳΞͽԼ։Ă֤ᆃࢋтңซ Җྺү̖ਕϠயच۞ྺүۏĉѳߖፋ˿۞ޢڼᚓݡኳྍтңჯĉтң ᔖҺГזצޘѳߖĉֱຽۢᙊ۞็఼Ăౌᅮࢋ߆࠹عᙯొ۞ܝ छͽᖎಏٽᑖ۞͞ёםӄซҖĄ ୧І̣ĂϤ៍ٺ၅זಞӬᙝاϔ่̙၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ᄮᙊ̙֖Ă҃ ͷ၆ٺѳߖ˿г۞ϏֽཉĂͽ̈́ۤડдᒖဩ˯۞൴ण͞ШĂౌڱणன ͧྵຽ۞ޥ҂Ăٙ೩۞ޙᛉ˵д̳ొצܝణ۰۞̶ޢ̝ژ൴னયᗟࢦ
70
ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ࢦĂЯѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂࢋ྿זѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĂಞӬᙝاϔᅮࢋѣຽ ۢᙊ۞྅౯ĄͽಞӬᙝاϔ҃֏Ăࡶࢋਕૉѣຍཌྷгણᄃѳߖ˿гГӀ ϡࢍ൪ĂҌ͌ᅮࢋ྅౯۞࠹ᙯۢᙊĂಶߏѳߖ˿г۞ѳߖۏăѳߖăѳ ߖۏ၆֗វઉΞਕౄј۞Пचăͽ̈́ҋԧ᜕ܲନ߉ඈඈĄੵѩ̝γĂᔘ ᑕႽΞਕஎˢ˞ྋѳߖፋڼԫఙᄃፋڼඕڍĂЯࠎ၆ٺѳߖ˿г۞ཉ͞ ёົۡତᇆᜩזᙝاϔϏֽ۞Ϡ߿ᒖဩݡኳĄᔵԧࣇΞਕົᄮࠎĂҾ ˠ۞˿гࢋިᆃፋڼĂय़ˠΞਕᝋ̒ঘĂҭࡶଂѳߖ˿гሕдצच۰۞ ϲಞֽ࠻Ăѳߖ˿гтңፋڼᄃፋڼड़ڍĂᙯͼϏֽ۞Ϡ߿ᒖဩݡኳĂ тڍፋ̪ޢڼѣ͌ณ۞ѳߖۏĂ֤ᆃົтңᇆᜩᙝاϔĉاϔྍтң ֨ቑĉ֨ቑјώтңĉͻֱۢᙊ۞྅౯ĂಞӬᙝاϔޝᙱ၁ኳણᄃ ၆ኘĄ҃Ăֱຽۢᙊ۞ዳј֭˘ܧᙙΞೀĂܜഇ۞ᒖဩିֈ၆ߏ ྅౯اϔ۞ࢦࢋඉரĂҭޙᛉᒖဩିֈΞϹϤۤડ̰ٕгّ͞۞ܧᒉӀ ᖐֽఢ൪ซҖĂ҃߆ܝొعΪᅮԷႊૈങгّ͞ᖐ֭೩ֻੑચྤ۞ᅃ ӄ֎ҒӈΞĄтѩޙᛉ۞ࢋநϤдٺĂгّ͞ܧᒉӀᖐͧྵਕૉ˞ྋ ༊гϔி۞Ϡ߿௫ّĂ˵Я҃ྵਕనࢍఢ൪ዋЪ༊г۞ᒖဩିֈ͞ёĂ̙ ኢߏᐖၗ۞ᒖܲ̈Ί็ކĂٕߏજၗ۞ۤડᒖဩჯ߿જĂౌᑕෛ༊гا ϔ۞௫ၚֽనࢍĂপҾߏᑕᓞᒁ۞ᒖဩѮߖۢᙊᄃ࠹ᙯྤੈĂͽᖎ఼ٽ ܸ۞͞ёӔனឰϔிநྋĂͽᑒӄۤડاϔՀ˞ྋۤડ̰ѳߖಞӬ۞ຽ ྤੈĂ֭ᖣϤ߿જనࢍᐌॡӘۢϔிѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞ซĂឰᙝاϔ ຏזצҋ̎ߏГӀϡࢍ൪۞ણᄃ۰҃ܧय़៍۰Ą ଂΟҌ̫ĂٙѣЩ۞ѳߖ࣎९дᘕ൴̝݈Ăౌᐖᐖгሕᖟٺᙝا ϔ۞щاሄຽ̚Ă҃ԧࣇᓁߏඈ̂זఢሀ۞๋च̏јְ၁Ă̖ົ˸ѿྃկĂ ҭ˵૱Я҃ຏရࠎॡ̏ĄሕᖟдԧࣇϠ߿ᒖဩ̚۞ிкѳߖಞӬĂౚՕ щᐖĂϔி۞ۢᛇĂឰԧࣇᄱͽࠎ͇˭͉πĄ߆ܝొعฟؕϒෛነг ࢦޙĂ၁ߏԧ઼̍ຽѳߖΫ˯۞ࢦࢋݵ፟Ă҃дነгࢦޙ࿅̚ޙϲϔ ிણᄃ፟۞טဘྏĂ·႕։ච࡚ຍĄ҃Ăϒཌྷ۞၁ኹĂ̙ਕಏያײ ಄ᄃሤଐĂᔘᅮࢋχргૄĂӎ࠻Ҭ۞˞זפۋϒཌྷĂ၁Ξਕवԛ ё୮ຍཌྷĄ̙ኢԧ઼д࿅Ν˭˞к͌ᒖဩԔ̙ϒཌྷ۞ЯĂٚ˞צк ͌ᒖဩ̶੨̙ϒཌྷ۞ڍĂ༊ۤົ˯ϒཌྷ۞ຍᙊు႙ٶᐝĂ༊߆࠹عᙯొܝ ྏဦጯ௫၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ჟৠ҃ޙϲϔிણᄃ፟טॡĂυืྕ၁ࢬ၆
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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ેҖ˯۞ӧဩĄЯѩĂώࡁտᖣϤ၁ᅫፆү៍၅ϔிણᄃ፟טĂ̶ژར၁ ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ӧᙱĂ֭ૄѩ೩ೀᕇར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞୧ІĂഇ୕ਕ ឰ઼̰ነгࢦޙՙඉ࿅̚۞ϔிણᄃ̙ົवԛёĂഴ͌Ԕϒཌྷдந ຐᄃ၁ኹ၁ચ̝ม۞मĄ ༊Ăӈֹநຐᄃ၁ચ̝ม۞ᗓజᒺൺĂࠤҌԔϒཌྷѣضజ၁ኹĂ ԧࣇౌྴڱᔖତᏫֽ҃۞યᗟĂ֤ಶߏԔϒཌྷ۞јಶߏӎߏѳߖצच ۰۞ໂϫᇾĉԔϒཌྷ၆ٺѳߖצच۰۞ৌ၁ຍཌྷࠎңĉ˘ాҚ۞ય ή၁Ш˘࣎̂ݙયĂӈԔϒཌྷߏӎਕૉܲᙋ̶੨ϒཌྷĉ࣎ય ᗟд߆ࣰڼጯᅳા̚ኢ̏˳Ăᔵ̙дώࡁտ۞ኢቑᘞ̝̰Ăҭώ͛ ѣయЇ͛ٺϐ೩ֱયᗟĂᔖҺԔϒཌྷజෛࠎϫᇾֽՐĂٕߏ జநٙ༊гᄮࠎυጱ̶੨ϒཌྷĄͽώࡁտ۞ነгࢦ֏҃ޙĂӈֹ гᄃᙝاϔܧ૱நຐгдѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪̚Էႊ᎕ໂѣड़۞֎ ҒĂ֭ͷѣຍཌྷгણᄃ˞ፋ࣎࿅Ă୮༂ஷг၁ኹ˞ԔϒཌྷĂ၆ٺ ࣇ҃֏Ăᑕྍ̙ົߏϫ۞ĂЯࠎ߆ඉણᄃ۰ᑕྍົ၆߆ඉඕ ۞ڍഇ࠽҃ણᄃĂԓ୕߆ඉඕڍਕૉЪ̶੨ϒཌྷĄЯѩĂՐԔϒཌྷ ۞ТॡĂᑕྍྏဦᗃણᄃ۰၆̶ٺ੨ϒཌྷ۞ຐညᄃநྋĂ̖ѣӄ̶ٺ੨ ϒཌྷ۞јಶĄ༊ԧࣇᓝϒཌྷĂЈ୕ϒཌྷĂԯϒཌྷ༊үϫᇾֽՐॡĂ ٕధྍॡॡ೩ᏹҋ̎Ă̷ంنர˞ϒཌྷ۞၁ኹវĄ
ણ҂३ϫ ˘ă͛̚ొ̶ Җ߆ੰᒖܲཌĂ2013ĂIJ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋܛૄڼგநົௐ 37 Ѩ؎ࣶົᛉ ३ࢬྤफ़ij ĂҖ߆ੰᒖܲཌშࢱĂhttp://sgw.epa.gov.tw/SGM/GenericHandler/ NewsAttach.ashx?fileId=1108&fileType=i&logType=B05Ă2016/6/13Ą Җ߆ੰᒖܲཌĂ2015Ă IJᒖܲཌ 101 ѐࢦࢋ߉߆ј ̈́ڍ102 ѐϏֽ̍үࢍ൪ijĂ Җ߆ੰᒖܲཌშࢱĂhttp://223.200.80.126/ct.asp?xItem=%204836&ctNode= 31306&mp=epaĂ2016/6/13Ą ՂჴබĂ2012Ă Įነгࢦ߆ޙඉ̶ژůۤડਕ˧۞៍ᕇį ĂέΔĈ̣ݑۤۍĄ ڔڒሇĂ2014Ă IJϠ߿̚Ҳ፧ޘ࿖ᇷᜨᄃ˘ਠϔி۞ઉ๋चij ĂქȈфઉშĂ http://www.greencross.org.tw/enviroment/lead-exposure-and-health.htmĂ2014/
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1/23Ą ࡰۘ۾Ă2014Ă IJࢲᐍგטᄃԔϒཌྷĈࢲ˧൴፟నཉۋᛉij Ă ĮϔᄃڼநįĂ 1(2): 59-81Ą เ̝ഏăเ༄༮Ă2009aĂIJϒཌྷ۞ώ˿̼ůέ៉၆ለ࡚ᒖဩϒཌྷநኢ۞ᚶצ ̈́ٙࢬᓜ̝ӧᙱijĂĮᑕϡࣖநෞኢįĂ46: 17-50Ą เ̝ഏăเ༄༮Ă2009bĂIJϒཌྷ۞ᚶצĈԧࣇᄃ઼࡚ˠᓾ۞ߏ̙ߏغזТᇹ ۞ᒖဩϒཌྷĉijĂĮ઼छ൴णࡁտįĂ9(1): 85-144Ą ᒖܲཌ˿ѳૄგົĂ2016ĂIJ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڼშĈЕგ̚ಞӬᇴijĂҖ ߆ੰᒖဩ᜕ܲཌ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳ染整治基金管理網頁，http://sgw.epa.gov. tw/public/default.aspxĂ2016/6/30Ą ᔁᇉТበĂ2011Ă ĮݑԸξĶႉᎸԠரķį ĂݑԸᎩݑԸξĈႉᎸۤડ൴णົםĄ
˟ă͛͟३ϫ Δ˝эξॡとࢲの౾ۏᐡְચԊĂ2013Ă IJ̳चҹڇの歴Ϋ～それはたち のҖજでؕまったij ĂΔ˝эξॡとࢲの౾ۏᐡშࢱĂhttp://www.kitakyushumuseum.jp/ext/twu/?page=story&EntryID=292Ă2016/6/13Ą
ˬăҘ͛३ϫ Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. 2015. “ToxFAQsTM for Lead.” in http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=93&tid=22. Latest update 12 March 2015. Been, V. 1992. “What’s Fairness Got to Do With It? Environmental Justice and the Siting of Locally Undesirable Land Uses.” Cornell Law Review 78: 10011085. Been, V. 1994. “Locally Undesirable Land Uses in Minority Neighborhoods: Disproportionate Siting or Market Dynamics?” Yale Law Journal 103(6): 1383-1422. Bond, A., J. Palerm, & P. Haigh. 2004. “Public Participation in EIA of Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning Projects: A Case Study Analysis.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 24(6): 617-641. Bryant, B. & P. Mohai. 2011. “Environmental Awareness, Hazardous Waste, and the Disproportionate Impact on Low-Income Communities and Communities of Color.” In Michigan: A State of Environmental Justice? eds. B. Bryant & E. Hockman. New York, NY: Morgan James Publishing, 29-45. Bullard, R. D. 1990. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Constructing Excellence. 2008. “New Islington Millennium Community Remediation
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Mcgurty, E. M. 2007. Transforming Environmentalism: Warren County, PCBs, and the Origins of Environmental Justice. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Meyers, M. 2010. “Tar Creek (Documentary).” in http://www.cultureunplugged. com/documentary/watch-online/festival/play/6438/Tar-Creek. Latest update 30 June 2016. Nussbaum, M. C. 2006. Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Perkins, N. 2007. “A Tale of Two Brownfield Sites: Making the Best of Times From the Worst of Times in Western Pennsylvania’s Steel Valley.” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 34(3): 503-532. Platt, H. I. 2004. “The Invisible Evil: Noxious Vapor and Public Health in Manchester in the Age of Industry.” In Smoke and Mirrors: The Politics and Culture of Air Pollution, ed. E. M. DuPuis. New York, NY.: NYU Press, 27-50. Roberts, M. 1998. “New Budget Will Provide for Warren Co. Landfill Cleanup.” in http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/125589/. Latest update 22 May 2016. Rogers, D. L. & D. A. Whetten. 1982. Interorganizational Coordination: Theory, Research, and Implementation. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. Rose, M.E., K. Falconer & J. Holder. 2011. “Ancoats: Cradle of industrialisation.” in https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/ancoats/ ancoats.pdf/. Lastest update 30 June 2016. Schlosberg, D. 2007. Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Sen, A. 1985. “Well-Being, Agency and Freedom: The Dewey Lectures 1984.” The Journal of Philosophy 82(4): 169-221. Sen, A. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Shaoul, J. 2010. “Manchester Central: A Picture of Poverty and Social Deprivation.” in https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2010/04/manc-a14.html. Latest update 14 April 2010. Slovic, P. 1987. “Perception of Risk.” Science 236(4799): 280-285. Solitare, L. 2005. “Prerequisite Conditions for Meaningful Participation in Brownfields Redevelopment.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 48(6): 917-953. Sustainable Urban Neighbourhoods Network. 2011. “Lessons from Ancoats Urban Village and New Islington Millennium Village, Manchester.” in http://urbed. coop/sites/default/files/Ancoats%20and%20New%20Islington%20report_0.pdf. Latest update 28 June 2011. Swift, A. 2006. Political Philosophy: A Beginner’s Guide for Students and Politicians. Cambridge UK: Polity Press. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2016a. “Learn About Environmental Justice.”
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in https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/learn-about-environmental-justice. Latest update 29 March 2016. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2016b. “Brownfield Overview and Definition.” in http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfield-overview-and-definition. Latest update 16 June 2016. Walker, G. 2012. Environmental Justice: Concepts, Evidence and Politics. London, UK: Routledge. Young, I. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
Prerequisites for Practicing Procedural Environmental Justice: A Case Study on the Reclamation of Polluted Land in Taiwan* Tsuey-ping Lee**
Abstract Applying the recognition and capacity approach from contemporary theories of justice, the difficulties of and prerequisites for practicing procedural environmental justice in brownfield redevelopment are explored in this paper. Meaningful public participation in the decision-making process is the core of practicing procedural environmental justice. By observing the polluted land reclamation program which intends to establish public participation mechanism for the first time in Taiwan, this paper analyzes the gap between ideal kind of public participation and the reality in practice. The major finding of this research is that the interaction between recognition and capacity affects the public participation process. A lack of recognition between stakeholders reduces participatory incentives for the neighboring residents. In addition, a lack of professional capacity impedes stakeholders’ meaningful contribution to the decision-making process. This paper concludes by naming prerequisites for practicing procedural justice in brownfield redevelopment as follows. The government recognizes the losses suffered by pollution victims and the environmental risks faced by the neighboring residents; the residents recognize their right to a healthy environment; and the residents are equipped with the professional knowledge to participate in the decision-making process. Keywords: Environmental Governance, Environmental Justice, Procedural Environmental Justice, Brownfield Redevelopment Policy, Reclamation of Polluted Land
* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.68(37-76) ** Professor, Department of Political Sceince, National Chung Cheng University. E-mail: [email protected]
ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ дነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ ԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶*ژ Ղჴබ**
ၡ
ࢋ
ώࡁտӀϡܕϒཌྷநኢ۞ۺᄮᄃਕ˧शĂᑭෛᒖဩԔϒཌྷ дԧ઼ነгࢦޙ၁ચ̚၁ኹ۞ӧဩĂซ҃ଣ৶ར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞͚ ୧ІĄѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃߏ၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞८͕ĂώࡁտӀϡ ԧ઼ௐ˘࣎ৼˢϔிણᄃ፟۞טѳߖ˿гГӀϡϯቑࢍ൪ĂᖣϤםӄ ેҖϔிણᄃ࿅Ăಶ៍ܕ၅ϔிણᄃдநຐᄃ၁ᅫ˯۞मĄࡁտ ൴னۺᄮᄃਕ˧˟۰Ϲ࠹ᇆᜩϔிણᄃ۞࿅ĂӀचᙯܼ۰كѩ ͻۺᄮĂጱϔிણᄃજ̙֖፟Ă҃ϔிͻຽਕ˧Ă˵Я҃ڱ ၁ኳᚥ࠹ٺᙯՙඉ࿅Ąώ͛ޢ੫၆ϔிણᄃજ፟ᄃણᄃਕ˧ ࣎ࢬШĂ೩ೀ࣎၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷٺԧ઼ነгࢦޙ၁ચ۞Аՙ୧ІĄ ̶Ҿߏ߆ۺܝొعᄮѳߖצच۰۞ຫεᄃѳߖಞӬᙝاϔ۞ᒖဩࢲ ᐍćѳߖಞӬᙝاϔۺᄮҋ̎۞ᒖဩᝋćͽ̈́ણᄃϔிᅮࢋຽۢ ᙊ۞྅౯Ą ᙯᔣෟĈ ᒖဩڼநăᒖဩϒཌྷăᒖဩԔϒཌྷăነгࢦ߆ޙඉăѳߖ гГӀϡ
* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.68(37-76)Ą ** ઼ϲ̚ϒ̂ጯ߆ڼጯրିĂE-mail: [email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 2 ͡ 26 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 6 ͡ 28 ͟
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ಥă݈֏ ϒཌྷĞjusticeğ˟фĂд༊̫۞ۤົྻજᄃ߆ྻڼજ̚Էႊ࠹༊ࢦ ࢋ۞֎ҒĂϒཌྷ෪ᇈ˘ͼܕৠཐ̙ΞܬϚ۞ૣᇇĂٙͽ࣍ጱϒཌྷ ᄃՐϒཌྷ၆ߏ࣎߆ڼϒቁ۞ҖજĂЇң෦ՐΪࢋΐˢϒཌྷ˟фĂ΄ܮ ˠሤҕڳᛡĄ҃ĂϤٺϒཌྷ۞ໄهপҾ٩෪Ăߊ՟ѣᕇՀ՟ѣᕇĂ ٙͽĂՐϒཌྷ۞፬ଐटٽᐌۤົְІ̙Гזצᙯ̼୶҃ڦĂҌٺтң ѩ٩෪ໄهᄃ̳ВҖ߆၁ચඕЪĂٕߏтңరၔϒཌྷ۞ໄ̳ٺهВ߆ඉ ۞ఢထᄃેҖ̚ĂــटنזצٽரĄώ͛ࢋ۞ࡁտϫ۞Ăߏྏဦٛ ܕ٩෪۞ᒖဩϒཌྷໄهᄃ߆ඉ၁ચ̝ม۞ᗓĂᖣϤ˘࣎ነгࢦ۞ޙ၁ᅫ ९ּĂᑭෛᒖဩϒཌྷໄ̝̚هᒖဩԔϒཌྷд၁ኹ˯۞ӧᙱĂ֭ᖣѩଣ৶ ར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞͚୧ІĂซ҃੫၆ֱ͚୧І۞ૈዳĂ೩߆ඉ ޙᛉĄ дᒖဩ߆ඉᅳા̚ĂᒖဩϒཌྷĞenvironmental justiceğߏ༊̫۞߹ ៍ᕇ̝˘ĂϤٺι઼࡚ٺဩ̰ᒖဩѳߖ̙ј̶ּͧοٺপົۤؠཏវ ĞѣҒˠğ۞ன෪Ăٙͽͽߏܐ၆ԩᒖဩཌྷĞenvironmental racismğࠎࢋ෦ՐĂҭႬ۞ޢ൴ण̙ܮГٺࢨצᒖဩཌྷĂ҃ᕖण ࠎ၆Бˠᙷ۞ᒖဩϒཌྷĂӈૺۤົ˯ٙѣϔிдᒖဩӀৈᄃࢲᐍ˯ᅮצ ̳זπ۞၆ޞĂপҾߏд઼࡚ͽγٙ൴ण۞ᒖဩϒཌྷྻજĂஉᄏࢬ˵Я ዋᑕ̙Т઼छ۞߆ڼᄃۤົրඛ҃តՀᆵᇃĂּтࡻ઼۞ᒖဩϒཌྷĂ֭ ̙ჸ൏ٺĂ҃ߏჸ൏˯ົۤٺజଵੵ۰ᄃऴ۰Ğӈۤົᄃགྷᑻऴ ๕ğ Ăᙯᘃࣇٙ۞ፋវᒖဩݡኳĂΒ߁Ϡ߿ᒖဩă۩ঈݡኳăҋྤ ۞ତפܕϡඈඈĂ˵ಶߏᒖဩπඈĞenvironmental equalityğ۞ໄهĞWalker, 2012: 26-27ğĄ ᒖဩϒཌྷໄهд̙Т઼छ۞߆ڼᄃۤົրඛ൴ण̝˭Ăؠཌྷ˯ѣবѣ ᇃĂ̂ొ̶ౌߏ˘ਠّٕࣧ۞ّౘĄᒖဩϒཌྷጯ۰ Walker (2012: 8-9) ଂ̙Т઼छᄃ̙Тຽᅳા̚ᑭෛᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ؠཌྷĂ൴னЧؠཌྷౌ̙௲ᗓ ͽ˭ˬ࣎ቑᘞĂ̶Ҿߏ̶੨ϒཌྷĞdistributive justiceğ ăԔϒཌྷĞprocedural
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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justiceğă ͽ ̈́ ۺᄮ ϒ ཌྷ Ğ justice as recognitionğĄ 1 Ω ˘ ᒖ ဩ ϒ ཌྷ ጯ ۰ Schlosberg (2007) ͔ϡ༊߆ࣰڼጯᅳા̚၆ϒཌྷ۞ኢĂᄮࠎᒖဩϒ ཌྷੵ˞ଂ̶੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷֽޥ҂̝γĂᔘᑕྍྃ·ۺᄮϒཌྷĂͽ̈́ଂ ਕ˧शĞcapacity approachğֽᑭෛĄֱ၆ٺᒖဩϒཌྷ۞кࢦᑭෛĂ̏ ֹᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ኢ่̙ࢨ̶ٺ੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷ۞ᑕࣧĂ҃ߏՀ ቜгଂ၁ચࢬֽᑭෛֱໄ߁ّ۞ࣧࠎңڱ၁ኹĂྏဦՀ៍гޥ҂Ă ֱࣹߏغזৌ၁͵ࠧ྆۞ۤົրඛЯ৵Ăጱ̶੨̙ϒཌྷᄃԔ̙ϒཌྷĉ ԧࣇͽ૱జ͔ϡ۞ᒖဩϒཌྷؠཌྷֽ࠻ĂಶΞͽ˞ྋңͽۺᄮϒཌྷᄃ ਕ˧शు႙జᒖဩϒཌྷጯ۰ٙࢦෛĄϤٺᒖဩϒཌྷྻજ઼࡚ؕٺĂЯ ѩĂ઼઼࡚छᒖဩ᜕ܲԊĞUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyğ ᒖဩϒཌྷᏱ̳ވĞOffice of Environmental Justiceğ၆ٺᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ؠཌྷߏ జᇃ͔ھϡ۞Ąྍؠཌྷт˭Ĉ Ķᒖဩϒཌྷߏ̙ኢăቲҒă઼ࣧؕᚱăٕ ќˢĂٙѣˠϔдᒖဩޠڱăఢăᄃ߆ඉ۞൴णăેҖᄃૻ߉טҖ˯Ăౌ υืజπඈ၆֭ޞਕѣຍཌྷгણᄃķ 2ĞUS Environmental Protection Agency, 2016ağĄଂ઼઼݈࡚छᒖဩ᜕ܲԊ၆ᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ؠཌྷĂΞͽ࠻ᒖဩϒ ཌྷҌ͌Β߁˞࣎ࢋొЊĂߏ˘Ķπඈ၆ޞķ Ăߏ˟Ķѣຍཌྷгણᄃķ Ą ٙᏜ۞πඈ၆ޞĂߏĶ՟ѣЇңཏវᑕྍ̙јּͧгٚצЯ̍ຽă߆ع ٕથຽّኳ۞ᒉྻٕ߆ඉٙጱ۞ࢬᒖဩᇆᜩķ 3 ĞUS Environmental Protection Agency, 2016ağ ĄొЊঘᒖဩՙඉેҖ̝ޢĂᒖဩࢲᐍᄃјώ ۞̶੨ඕڍĂᛳ̶ٺ੨ϒཌྷ۞ቑᘞĄ҃ٙᏜ۞Ķѣຍཌྷгણᄃķ ĂΞଂ˭ ЕαᕇஉཌྷĂ Ķௐ˘Ăˠࣇѣ፟ົણᄃᇆᜩϠ߿ᒖဩᄃઉ̝Җજ
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ֶ Walker ۞ؠཌྷĂ̶੨ϒཌྷຍᖣϤрĞּтྤğᄃᗼĞּт๋चٕࢲᐍğ ۞̶੨ֽၹޥϒཌྷĄԔϒཌྷຍᖣϤՙඉ͞۞ؠטёćϤኡણᄃćͽ̈́ኡѣᇆᜩ˧ ඈ͞ࢬֽၹޥϒཌྷĄۺᄮϒཌྷຍᖣϤኡజࢦćኡѣٕ՟ѣజࢦෛඈࢬШֽၹޥϒ ཌྷĄ ࣧ͛ࠎ “Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.” ࣧ͛ࠎ “(Fair treatment means) no group of people should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, governmental and commercial operations or policies.”
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
۞ՙඉćௐ˟Ă̂ி۞ᚥਕૉᇆᜩგט፟ၹ۞ՙඉćௐˬĂˠࣇٙᙯ͕ ۞ᛉᗟົдՙඉؠט࿅̚జᆶຕ҂ᇋćௐαĂՙඉؠט۰ವԱ֭ᅃӄሕ дצᇆᜩ۰۞ણᄃķ4ĞUS Environmental Protection Agency, 2016ağ Ąᖎ֏̝Ă Ķѣຍཌྷгણᄃķຍдឰሕдצᇆᜩ۰၁ኳણᄃՙඉ࿅ĂᛳٺԔϒཌྷ ቑᘞĞเ̝ഏăเ༄༮Ă2009ać2009bğĄ ˯ᒖဩ۞̶੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷĂౌࠎᒖဩϒཌྷޙၹ˞˘࣎тনћ֣ ਠ۞ؠཌྷĂ҃ࡶซ˘Վᑭෛࣇдৌ၁͵ࠧ۞၁ኹ၁ચĂಶ̙ΞᔖҺг ͔൴˘ֱયᗟĄࢵАĂᒖဩࢲᐍᄃӀৈ̶੨̙ϒཌྷ۞ன෪Ăᔵ૱జྋᛖ ࠎߏξಞགྷᑻ۞υඕڍĞBeen, 1992; 1994ğĂҭڍৌߏтѩĉ༊Ћຽ ՙؠዐᔖన߉۞నཉгᕇॡĂᔵܑࢬ˯࠻ֽߏࠎ˞ໂ̼̈јώ҃Ᏼፄ гᆊ۞آܮٙĂҭ၁дѩ࿅̚Ăᙝاϔߏӎጾѣ֖ૉ۞࠹ᙯྤੈă ຽۢᙊă఼გăᄃ൴ᓏ፟ົĂֽٯԩӈֽᒖဩރ۞ዐᔖన߉ĉ ೱ֏̝Ă̶੨̙ϒཌྷ۞ඕڍĂΞਕϒߏా˘ٺҚ۞Ԕ̙ϒཌྷĄ֤ᆃĂ ତ˭ֽ۞યᗟߏĂߏӎԔϒཌྷߏྋՙᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞։͞ĉ̙֭ߏ࣎ट ٽаඍ۞યᗟĂЯࠎ၁ኹԔϒཌྷĂᅮࢋ˘ֱ୧І۞͚ĂࢋឰӀचᙯܼ ۰Ķѣຍཌྷгણᄃķᒖဩՙඉ࿅ĂְٽܧĄд 1978 ѐ઼࡚৸ࡗэκΐ ٛϝᕰοξĞNiagara Falls, New Yorkğᘕ൴۞ຑറĞLove CanalğְІĂ ˘ཏछलдຑറᙝዐ֧ม֙ࡴᄓะ۞छ͗ঽଈྤफ़Ăజ༊ॡ۞৸ࡗ эઉᝋރ༊ԊᙎࠎĶϡ۞छलྤफ़ķĞuseless housewife datağĂۡ ࡊזጯछ۞ࡁտಡӘᚤ̝ޢĂэ߆̖عৌϒฟؕࢦෛຑറᙝۤડ۞ᚑ ࢦѳߖયᗟĞGibbs, 1983ğ Ą߱።Ϋ·̶ᄲۺ˞ځᄮ۞ࢦࢋّĂᒖဩՙඉ ۞ણᄃ۰ᅮࢋజࢦĂజۺᄮĞrecognizedğĂӎĂӈܮણᄃĂ˵वԛ ёĄΩ˘ּࠎ 1982 ѐ઼࡚ΔΙᘲৼэරࣖĞWarren County, North Carolinağкനᓑࢃᆿୢ˿ପःಞְІĂ༊ॡࡊጯछࣇϡᖎ۞ٽᄬ֏ିጱ༊ гିֈޘ࿆ྵҲ۞ҲќˢѣҒˠاϔĂឰࣇ˞ྋкനᓑࢃ۞ّ߲ ͽ̈́ѣ߲ᆿୢۏପःಞዋЪᎸ̝ޙгኳඈඈ࠹ᙯۢᙊĂࡊጯछࣇֱүࠎ 4
ࣧ͛ࠎ “1. People have an opportunity to participate in decisions about activities that may affect their environment and/or health. 2. the public’s contribution can influence the regulatory agency’s decision, 3. their concerns will be considered in the decision making process, 4. the decision makers seek out and facilitate the involvement of those potentially affected.”
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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۞ࢋϫ۞ĂಶߏᔖҺاϔͻ֖ૉ۞ۢᙊᄃਕ˧ણᄃՙඉ࿅ĞGeiser & Waneck, 1994: 44-48ćMcgurty, 2007: 51ğ Ą߱።Ϋᄲ˞ځਕ˧۞ࢦࢋّĂ ᒖဩՙඉ۞ણᄃ۰ᅮࢋѣ၁ኳણᄃ۞ਕ˧ĂӎӈֹણᄃĂ˵टٽࠎ జજࣶ۞၆෪Ą ᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ໄهϫ݈̏གྷజᇃھᑕϡٺЧᒖဩᛉᗟ۞ኢĂଂቑಛ ྵ̂۞Бື̼ăྭ઼ဩѳߖĞcross-border pollutionğඈᛉᗟĂזቑಛྵ ̈۞̍ຽѳߖצचኪᐺăѳߖгГӀϡăᄃѳߖۤડࢦޙඈᛉᗟĂᒖဩϒ ཌྷ۞៍ᕇੵ˞૱జϡֽଣᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞ன෪ߏӎхдĂ˵૱జϡֽ೩ᏹ Ӏचᙯܼ۰ĞপҾߏ߆ܝొعğдซҖЇңᒖဩՙඉॡᑕᔖҺᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ ۞࿅ᄃඕڍĄώࡁտࢋᙯ۞ڦ൏ᕇĂߏᒖဩԔϒཌྷдԧ઼ѳߖгГ Ӏϡ۞၁ኹ˯ٙᅮࢋ۞͚୧ІĂ҃ࠎ˞ኢ࣎ᗟĂώ͛Ӏϡ˘࣎൴ Ϡٺԧ઼۞၁ּĂֽ៍၅Ԕϒཌྷд၁ኹ˯۞ӧᙱĂ֭ᖣѩ೩ᑒӄ၁ኹ Ԕϒཌྷ۞͚୧ІĄ ώ͛ٙ៍၅۞၁ᅫ९ּĂߏϤԧ઼Җ߆ੰᒖܲཌ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋ ܛૄڼგநົĞͽ˭ᖎჍ˿ѳૄგົğٙ၁ᅫଯજ۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ă ҃Ᏼፄ៍၅ѩ९ּ۞ࢋநϤѣͽ˭ 4 ᕇĄࢵАĂдநኢ˯Ăѳߖડߏ˘ ࣎ϡֽ៍၅ᒖဩԔϒཌྷਕӎར၁۞ໂָಞાĄѳߖડ۞னــЯٺ ߆عᒖဩგந۞༂ஷĂٕߏᒖဩྤᄃᒖဩјώ̶੨̙Ӯ۞̙ϒཌྷĂٙͽ ѳߖડ۞хдώ֗ಶᔳӣ̙ϒཌྷ۞ኳ৵д̰Ąдᇹ۞࣎९̚Ă఼૱ົ ѣځព۞צৈ۰Ğѳߖ۰ğᄃצच۰Ă݈۰ᔵצৈ̙ݒϡٚצᒖဩјώĂ ޢ۰ಏ৷ٚצᒖဩјώĄ˵ЯѩĂѳߖડ఼૱ߏ࣎к̮Ӏৈໂბࡎ۞ г͞Ă̚ѣځពٕሕд۞ѳߖצच۰ăѳߖ۰ă߆࠹عᙯొܝăᒖဩܲ ᜕ᖐඈඈĂࡶঘ̈́ѳߖгГӀϡٕѳߖડ۞ࢦޙĂ֤ᆃΞਕΒӣՀк۞ Ӏचᙯܼ۰Ğּт˿гฟ൴થăγֽԸྤ۰ăາซዏˢ۰ğ Ąдᇹ۞ಞા ̚Ă៍၅тңдӔனᒖဩ̶੨̙ϒཌྷ۞гડ၁ኹԔϒཌྷĂໂຍཌྷĄ ѨĂд၁ચ˯Ăᒖܲཌܕٺೀѐֽฟؕૻአѳߖ˿гГӀϡĞٕჍነгГ Ӏϡğ5 ࢍ൪ĂּтҜٺฯᎩξϹࠧ۞̂ĞҖ߆ੰᒖܲཌĂ2015ğć
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ѳߖ˿гГӀϡᄃѳߖፋ˟ڼ۰̝มѣ̙ٙТĂ݈۰Βӣ˞ޢ۰ĂӈΒӣѳߖੵ̝ ˿۞ޢгӀϡĂࠤҌᙝۤડ۞ፋវࢦޙĄ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ҜٺέΔᎩܛϝϮ۞ࣧέ៉ܛᛳᚩຽ۵Њѣࢨ̳Φ۞ᚩಞᖞӬĞҖ߆ੰᒖ ܲཌĂ2013Ĉ15-19ğćͽ̈́ώࡁտٙ៍၅۞ѳߖಞӬĄ݈˟۰̪дఢထล ߱ĂإϏޙϲ֭ྏҖϔிણᄃ፟טĂޢ۰ზߏԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡ၁ચ ̚ଳৼϔிણᄃ፟ܐ۞טѨဘྏĄኢтңĂነгГӀϡࢍ൪̏јࠎᒖ ܲཌࢦᕇ̍ү̝˘Ăߏְ̙۞ۋ၁ĄГ۰Ăέ៉гবˠ༵Ăਕૉֹϡ۞˿ гώಶȈ̶ѣࢨĂҭϫ݈Ϥᒖܲཌ˿ѳૄგົĞ2016ğ̳Ә̝ѳߖፋڼಞ ӬᄃଠטಞӬᓁᇴ̏྿ 2,967 ࣎Ă̚ĂѣᚑࢦПच઼ϔઉ̈́Ϡ߿ᒖဩ ཱ̝۞ѳߖፋڼಞӬᇴณ྿ 90 ࣎Ă6 ҃ѳߖۏ྿˿ᚓٕг˭ͪѳߖგט ᇾ۰۞ѳߖଠטಞӬᇴณ྿ 2,877 ࣎Ă7 тѩ̂ณ۞ѳߖ˿гϏֽт ңཉĂᙯܼזѳߖгᙝࠎᇴிк۞ϔிاҝݡኳᄃᒖဩщБĂтѩՀ ពነгГӀϡࢍ൪۞ࢦࢋّĄޢĂдࡁտܮӀّ˯Ăඊ۰ώ֗ᑕᔛ၁ᅫ ፆүѩѳߖડГӀϡࢍ൪۞ϔிણᄃ࿅ĂЯѩΞͽܕᗓᑭෛѳߖડд ၁ኹԔϒཌྷ˯۞ӧဩᄃጱЯĄώࡁտдநኢ˯Ăഇ୕ਕૉଂ၁ᅫ९ּ۞ ៍၅ᄃ͛ᚥٙ̚ྶ۞நኢᄃགྷរࡁտඕڍซҖ၆ྖĂ҃д၁ચ˯Ăԓ୕ ਕ೩ֻᒖܲཌдነгࢦޙ၁ચ˯۞ણ҂Ăᖣѩឰ࠹ᙯొܝᒢྋĂӈֹдѳ ߖгГӀϡ߆ඉ˯ѣᇃৼϔிણᄃ۞࡚ຍĂ˵ᅮࢋАஎˢ˞ྋٙࢬ၆۞ ୧ІࢨטĂͽᔖҺڱར၁۞߆ඉనࢍĄ дซҖኢ̝݈Ăώ͛୬Аᗃ̂࣎ณֹϡ۞ᙜຉĂӈĶነгࢦޙķ ᄃĶѳߖгГӀϡķ ĄነгĞbrownfieldsğ˘ෟ઼࡚ٺĂ҃൴णҌ̫Ă Ч઼၆ٺነг۞ؠཌྷѣֱ۞मளĞՂჴබĂ2012Ĉ9ğĄ઼઼ֶ࡚छ ᒖဩ᜕ܲԊ۞ؠཌྷĂ Ķነгߏ˘˿гĂᕖૺăࢦޙăГӀϡĂΞਕົ 8 Яѣ߲ۏኳăѳߖăٕѳߖ۞ۏхдٕሕд҃តኑᗔķĞUS Environmental
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ٙᏜѳߖፋڼಞӬĂֶԧ઼˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڱڼௐ 2 ୧ௐ 18 ഠĂߏĶѳߖଠ טಞӬགྷܐՎෞҤĂѣᚑࢦПच઼ϔઉ̈́Ϡ߿ᒖဩཱ̝Ă҃གྷ̚δგ፟ᙯᆶ८̳ Ә۰ķĄ ٙᏜѳߖଠטಞӬĂֶԧ઼˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڱڼௐ 2 ୧ௐ 17 ഠĂߏĶ˿ᚓѳ ߖٕг˭ͪѳߖֽځቁ̝ಞӬĂѳߖܧۏҋᒖဩхдགྷ՞הă߹οăՕ᎕ă͔ Ăྍѳߖۏ྿˿ᚓٕг˭ͪѳߖგטᇾ۰ķĄ ࣧ͛ࠎ “A brownfield is a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.”
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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Protection Agency, 2016bğĄֶѩؠཌྷĂነгߏזצѳߖރ۞˿гĄд͛ ᚥ̚ĂነгࢦޙĞbrownfield redevelopmentğ˘ෟĂ૱ᄃೀ࣎ෟϹֹ̢ϡĂ ּтΒ߁ಞӬГϠĞsite reclamationğăነгГӀϡĞbrownfield reuseğăነ гॎᎸĞbrownfield revitalizationğăነгፋڼĞbrownfield remediationğඈ ඈĄдώֹ͛̚ϡĶѳߖгГӀϡķ˘ෟĂࢋߏЯࠎώࡁտٙ៍၅۞࣎ ९ĂϤ˿ѳૄგົЩࠎѳߖгГӀϡࢍ൪ĂЯѩдώ͛̚Ăነгࢦޙ ᄃѳߖгГӀϡ˟ෟϹֹ̢ϡĄ ͽ˭ࢵА̬ώࡁտٙ៍၅۞࣎९ಞӬĂѨኢᒖဩϒཌྷநኢĂੵ ˞૱֍۞̶੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷͽγĂГଂܕϒཌྷநኢ۞ྃ·ኢ҃ΐ ˢۺᄮᄃਕ˧शĂޥ҂࣎श၆ٺᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ຍཌྷĄௐˬొЊ ̬ඊ۰д࣎९ಞӬ༊г၁ᅫፆүϔிણᄃ۞࿅Ąତ˭ֽٺૄ၆ѩ ࣎९ᄃϔிણᄃ၁ү۞៍၅Ăଂۺᄮᄃਕ˧श̶ژᒖဩԔϒཌྷдѩ ࣎९۞ར၁˯ົன̦ᆃӧᙱĂซ҃дඕኢ۞ొ̶೩ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ̚ ૻአ۞ϔிણᄃдነгࢦ࣎ޙ९̚ᅮࢋֱࣹ୧І۞͚Ą
෮ă࣎९ࡦഀ̬ ώࡁտٙ៍၅۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪ϫᇾಞӬҜ̚ٺέ៉Ăֶᒖ ܲཌ˿ѳૄგົĞ2016ğ۞ᐂĂᛳྺٺгѳߖಞӬĂዐ۞ా࠹ܕೀ࣎г ̶ཱིҾ ٺ2002 ѐᄃ 2004 ѐజ̳ӘࠎѳߖଠטಞӬĂ9 ̶ᛳ̙ٺТ۞гĂ ᓁࢬ᎕̂ࡗ 2,700 π̳͎͞Ąֱྺг˿ᚓٙ̚ӣ۞ࢦܛᛳ࿖Ă࿅˞˿ ᚓѳߖგטᇾĂٙͽ̳ٺӘ̝ޢĂг˯үۏυื๐ੵᄃዚᒎĂ̙֭ਆ ࢴϡүۏĄ 10 ྍгડགྷᑻѝഇͽྺຽࠎĂϤͪٺ·֖˿ᚓ۲աĂঈዋآĂߏ ྺਆቌү۞рг͞ĂЯѩቌүߏྍгડ֧ϔ۞ࢋགྷᑻϠ߿ֽĂ҃Ѩࢋ གྷᑻֽߏ༲হᄃዳതຽĄ70 ѐͽޢĂ̍ܕܢຽડฟ൴Ăགྷᑻొᄃг
9 10
έ៉۞гᚱϡᄬĂӈ˿г۞በཱིĄ ࠎ˞̙ౄјѳߖಞӬاϔ۞ӧᕘĂώ̙͛វᄲځಞӬ۞ቁ၁гᕇĄώ߱ٙྤ ੈĂ࠰ֽҋ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڼშ၆ྍѳߖಞӬ۞ྤफ़ᐂĄ
44
ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
͞߆ع᎕ໂ͔ซ̍ᇄĂГΐ˯༊ॡଯજމះӈ̍ᇄ۞߆ඉĂྍгડ̰̍થ ຽు႙ྺפຽĂ̈̍ݭᇄனĂ҃ྺਆг͟႙ഴᒺĂྺயќˢు႙̙ Гјࠎ֧ϔࢋ۞གྷᑻֽĂྤ̍ߏ۞̝҃פќˢĄ 80 ѐ̝ޢĂܢ ̍ܕຽડ̰۞̍ᇄు႙γொҌ઼̚Ă̈ݭΐ̍ᇄ˵Я҃৾৾ຽĂ̍ຽ̏ дྍгડঐεĄϫ݈ྍгડ൴णЧҖЧຽĂপҾߏྮ٤ᆵ̝ޢĂ̈ݭ થछڒϲĂ็ྺՅഀ෪̙̏ೇ֍ĞᔁᇉТበĂ2011ğĄ ࣎гડ̝ٙͽனྺгѳߖĂࢋٺѝഇ็ຽĄϤٺ༊гϒ рҜٺ߹՞᎕πࣧ˯ĂҲгᕆ˿۞˿ኳᐹ։ĂЯѩѝдလᇉѐมಶ̏ѣ ᎑ϞຽĂ҃ޢ൴णͽϠயϔϠϡࠎݡ۞ᄦቍᄃ፵ຽĄ͟ڼॡഇ͟ ώ߆عд༊гనཉк۞ቍಞĂቍຽฟؕቿݎ൴णĂᛳ៍ٺካϡ۞ ຽᎸĄ˟Ѩ̂ጼᘕ൴ޢĂ៍ካϡ۞யݡዚณ˭ĂГΐ˯ቱᄃ ̣ܛᄦ۞ݡனĂϔϠϡ۞ݡᄦݡዚณՀߏזצᑝĂጱ༊гቍຽ˘ ᙖ̙ॎĄϔ઼ 88 ѐ۞˝˟˘̂гዩĂԯ็ॻ፵ᖞఏቍዩĂٙͽϫ݈г ͛͞Ϋ̍ү۰םТ߆࠹عᙯొܝϒྏဦଯજг͞ຽ۞ࢦ̍ޙүĞᔁᇉТ በĂ2011ğ Ąтѩஎ็̼͛ຍཌྷ۞ቍಞĂݒд˿ᚓ̚˭˞࿖ѳߖĂ ࢋߏЯࠎд፵ᄦ࿅̚Ăࠎ˞࡚៍ــᅮࢋдγᆸ˯࿏Ă҃࿏఼̚૱ ӣ̂ณ۞ࢦܛᛳĂপҾߏ࿖ӣณޝĄ ඊ۰ᏐҌѳߖಞӬٙдгĂ൴னྍгડߏϫ݈дέ៉זΞ֍۞̈ݭ ݱξĂ֧ϔ̂кͽ˘ਠϔมܫЈࠎĂѣࠎᇴ̙͌۞ᇁцޙĄѩγĂ ୕ீٸΝĂ̈ͯ۞ྺг̚มӈѣјཏะ۞னҝшĂ٤ᆵ۞̂ྮय़ѣ ЧёથछᄃܮӀથظĂి̳ྮϹ߹य़ӈΞ࠻זҝથϡ۞າޙ९Ă γᒖྮ˯֘ዃֽֽــೳੱੱဧ˿Ăࡶ̙ߏѣֱҝшۤડय़̪ѣ̈ݭ ྺϣങЧёྺүۏĂೀͼޝᙱ࿅ྺ۞ـՅঈिĄಶдѳߖಞӬᙝĂ ᗓ̙ ז10 ̳͎ಶѣјଵ۞ۤડϔшĂѣֱҝछ۞֘ऱ̂ܝಶϒ၆ѳߖ гĄѳߖಞӬᙝ֭՟ѣځព۞֍ٽᛋӘᇾᄫĂीीгᄃϔшͧዐ҃اĄ ࿖غז၆ٺˠវົౄј̦ᆃПचĉͽώ͛៍၅۞࣎९҃֏Ăᄃ࿖ѳߖ۞˿ г࠹ዐ҃اĂᔵ̙Ҍٺౄј̂ณͷϲӈ۞࿖߲̚Ăҭᒖဩ̚Ҳ፧۞ޘ࿖ᇷ ᜨĂ၆ٺˠវ۞ઉ̪ົѣࢬ۞ᇆᜩĂּтҕᑅă͕ҕგ়ঽ̈́̚ ࢲѪ˸தඈඈĂপҾߏ၆ٺආ۞๋चՀځពĂट͔ٽ൴ޅආംથᄃᄮۢ ਕ˧ᅪᘣඈયᗟĂ҃ϫ݈ࢋ۞ˠវ࿖ᇷᜨֽĂߏѷဧᄃ۞̚˿ڪ࿖Ă
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
45
ѣధк߹ҖঽጯአߤពϯĂ˿ᚓ̚۞࿖Ăاҝޅ۞˯ආ̈́اϔҕ࿖ ĞڔڒሇĂ2014ćAgency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, 2015ğĄ ϤѩΞۢĂᄃ࿖ѳߖ˿гͧዐ҃اĂඈߏٺᇷᜨٺ࿖ѳߖ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍ̚Ą
ણăநኢૄᖂ ߆ࣰڼጯछ Swift (2006: 11) ගϒཌྷ˭˞˘࣎ܧ૱ᖎಏځቁ۞ؠཌྷĂ֤ ಶߏĶගˠࣇᑕྍග۞Ă֭ͷ̙ග̙ྍග۞ĄķࡶଂѩֽؼҩҌᒖဩϒཌྷĂ ֤ಶߏගˠࣇᑕྍග۞ᒖဩӀৈĂ̙ග̙ྍග۞ᒖဩӀৈćֹˠࣇٚྍצ ٚ۞צᒖဩјώĂ̙҃ග̙ྍٚ۞צᒖဩјώćගˠࣇྍග۞ᒖဩՙඉણ ᄃ፟ົĂ̙ග̙ྍග۞ᒖဩՙඉણᄃ፟ົĄֶᇹֽ࠻Ăࡶѣˠֳ˞צ ̙ྍֳ۞צᒖဩӀৈĞּт՟ѣٚྍזצᒖဩӀৈ౹ౄ࿅ٙ̚யϠ۞ᒖ ဩјώğ Ăٕߏѣˠٚྍ̙˞צٚ۞צᒖဩјώĞּт՟ѣֳྍזצᒖဩј ώֽٙ۞ᒖဩӀৈğ Ăٕߏజኬ̟˞Щ̙၁۞ᒖဩՙඉ፟ົĞּтᓝᏱ ˞̳ົ̙ݒឰણᄃ۰ܑ྿ຍ֍ğ Ă֤ᆃಶߏᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷĄ̶੨ϒཌྷᄃ Ԕϒཌྷ˟۰ٙೡ۞ౌߏ˘Ķᑕķ۞ࣧĄͽ̶੨ϒཌྷֽ࠻Ăᒖဩϒ ཌྷ۞ࢋ෦Րಶߏᒖဩࢲᐍٕјώд̙Тۤົཏវ̝ม۞̳π၆ޞĂࠤҌ ߏд̙Т࣎ˠ̝ม۞̳π၆ޞĂ҃ҌٺԔϒཌྷĂߏឰᒖဩՙඉ۞Ӏच ᙯܼ۰ਕૉѣຍཌྷгણᄃՙඉ࿅Ą҃Ăѩநຐ۞၁ኹᅮࢋЧ͞୧І ۞੨ЪĂຐࢋٛܕநຐᄃன၁̝ม۞मĂಶυืଂன၁ᆸࢬֽᑭෛĂז ֱࣹߏغЯ৵ܡᘣ˞ϒཌྷ۞၁ኹĄ Schlosberg (2007: 4-5) ᄮࠎĂܕѐֽϒཌྷநኢ൴णቿݎĂੵ˞ٚᜈ Rawls ̶੨ϒཌྷࣧ۞ኢĂͽ̈́ؼҩҋҋϤཌྷጯ۰၆ٺநຐݭ Ԕϒཌྷ۞ኢͽγĂᔘѣ˘ֱϒཌྷநኢĂּтۺᄮᄃਕ˧࣎शĂߏଂ ன၁ࢬᑭෛϒཌྷ۞၁ኹӧဩٙ൴णֽ҃۞Ăֱϒཌྷநኢ֭ܧϡ̶ֽפ ੨ϒཌྷٕԔϒཌྷĂ҃ߏϡͽྃ·ࣧϒཌྷநኢ۞̙֖Ąͽ˭ᄲځтңଂ ۺᄮᄃਕ˧शֽᑭෛᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞၁ኹĄ
˘ăᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞៍၅ࢬШ ࢵАĂٙᏜ۞ۺᄮĂॲፂࢮͩ̂ф۞ྋᛖĂಶߏᄮᙊ֭ତ࣎˘צˠ
46
ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
Ğٕ˘Іְğ Ă֭ෛࠎৌ၁۞ăࢦࢋ۞ăЪ۞ڱăѣᝋ۞ރĂ11 ҃ॲ ፂͱߺ̂ф۞ྋᛖĂۺᄮಶߏ˘࠹̢ۺᄮ۞Җજᄃ࿅Ă࣎Җજٕ ࿅ಶߏֶ࿅Ν۞གྷរٕۢᙊĂֽቁᄮ˘࣎ˠٕ˘ІְଐĂٚᄮĞιğ ۞хдᄃϒ༊ّĄ 12 ᖎಏ҃֏Ăۺᄮ̙Ϊຍקૄۢٺᙊֽ҃۞ᄮᙊĂᔘ ѣٚᄮхд۞ࢦࢋّăѣड़ّăᄃϒ༊ّĄۺᄮѝߏజϡֽᑭෛ̶੨ ̙ϒཌྷ۞ன෪Ăܑˠߏۏ༊߆ڼநኢጯछ Iris YoungĂଂ̂ி၆ۤٺ ົमள۞ۺᄮֽ̙֖ᑭෛ̶੨̙ϒཌྷĄYoung (1990: 22-23) ૄٺ၆ன၁۞ ៍၅Ă൴னۤົ˯дซҖ̶੨۞࿅̚Ăхд၆ۤົкᇹّ۞ۺᄮ̙֖Ă ன෪ͽЧԛё۞௧ăࣤ݇ăԺ҃хдĂ֭័ಷົۤٺඕၹă͛ ̼ᆊࣃăٕߏ߆ڼրඛ̚Ăٙͽۤົٕ߆ڼಞાົனజᑅԺ۞࣎ˠٕཏ វĂࣇజܡᘣڱણᄃՙඉ࿅Ăտጱ̙̳π۞̶੨Ăԛј̶੨̙ ϒཌྷ۞ன෪Ą ְ၁˯Ăۺᄮ̙֖˵னдԔ̙ϒཌྷ̚Ą઼݈࡚৸ࡗэຑറְІ ྆Ăۤડछलࣇᓑ͘ᄓะ۞ྤफ़జᝋރ༊ԊෛࠎϡĂޝΞਕߏ߆ع ࣶۡءᛇ̙࠹ܫछल౯ᄓะѣड़ྤੈ۞ਕ˧ĂٕߏגຍԺछल дᒖဩѳߖࡊጯຽ̚۞гҜĂҭ̙ኢтңĂౌߏ၆ཏࠎˠϓ ۰ࠎޅආઉ҃ጬጼ۞Ӆ˧ͻۺᄮĂ˵ߏ၆сࣇܜഇ؋֕ٺዐ֧มٙᒔ ۞дгྤੈͻۺᄮĄЯѩĂӈֹཏࣇਕૉ࿅ߙֱგֽ൴ܑ ֙ࡴᄓะֽ҃۞ྤफ़Ăٕߏጾѣ፟ົд̳ົ˯൴֏ĂҭϤٺۺזצڱ ᄮĂࣇ۞ણᄃΞਕΪົवԛёĂڱ၁ኳᇆᜩՙඉ࿅ᄃඕڍĄ ˘࣎ˠдۤົ̢જ۞࿅̚ĂᐌॡᐌгౌдซҖ۞Ăಶߏۺᄮˠ ᄃజˠۺᄮĄ࠹̢ۺᄮ۞࿅Ă̼͛זצᄃ۞ޘטᇆᜩ̂ޝĂ༊ ˵ͅ࿅ֽݭăΐૻăᜈ˞ߊѣ۞̼͛ᄃޘטĄˠᄃˠ̝ม۞ۤົᙯܼĂ ᖣϤۤົఢቑăࣧăᄬ֏ăཱིඈඈؠཌྷֽ҃ĂЯѩĂଂ̚ԧࣇΞͽ ៍၅ཏវᄃཏវ̝มăˠᄃˠ̝ม۞मளߏтңг̙ࢦצෛٕࠤҌజن 11
12
ࣧ͛ࠎ “the act of accepting that something is true or important or that it exists”; “the act of accepting someone or something as having legal or official authority” ࣧ͛ࠎ “The action or process of recognizing or being recognized, in particular: identification of a thing or person from previous encounters or knowledge; acknowledgement of the existence, validity, or legality of something.
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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ரĞFraser, 1997ğĄ ͻۺᄮΞਕಶᔳӣߊٺѣ۞߆ඉٕ྆ޘטĂࠤҌߏజΒ྅д˘࣎࠻ Ҭ։ච۞߆ඉ̝̰ĄּтĂ઼࡚ҹٛఈэĞOklahomağسݲĞQuapawğ Оௐщܲડ̰ĂҜٺϩݵႬĞPitcherğᄃΙႬ˚ĞCardinğ۞৺ૄ ܛಞӬĞTar Creek Superfund SiteğĂЯѝഇໂ˘ॡ۞࿖ᚩᄃዘᚩฟଳĂ ҃ጱᚑࢦ۞ᒖဩѳߖĂ༊ѳߖְІᘕ൴̝ޢĂэ߆عд߆ڼᄃјώड़ৈ ҂ณ̝˭Ăՙͽؠξᆊᔉ෴ѳߖડᙝاϔ۞ٗ̄ĂឰاϔວᗓĂ҃ܧၔ غநѳߖፋ۞ڼયᗟĄ҃Ăᇹ۞ந͞ёഅజԲෞ̙ࢦ༊г็ ۞Огщ̼͛ĂЯࠎاϔວᗓ۞ඕڍĂ˵ඈރٺ˞۞̼͛سݲдг็ٚ ĞMeyers, 2010ğĄ҃ͷĂͽξᆊᔉ෴ѳߖצच۰ϔшĂ࠻ҬЪநĂ၁̙ Ąѳߖડണ۞ҝшξᆊҲຆĂاϔޏٙॲώ̙ૉ͚;ᘀ̂۞ວछ ϡͽ̈́дΩᔉҝш۞ϡĄ༊߆ܝొعٙัϡ۞ٗޏᝥᆊ̳Φдٗ ᆊ˯ᄃצच۰͝͝ࢍྵॡĂព˵ߏͻࢦ˘ְ࣎၁ǕǕצच۰۞ҝш Гިᆃണ˵ߏ˘࣎ĶछķĂҲຆ۞ޏٙࣇࠎڱೱΩ˘࣎छ ĞMeyers, 2010ğĄ ѩγĂͻۺᄮ˵Ξਕܜഇхд̼͛ົۤٺրඛ̝̚Ăּт၆ٺĶγ ᚱ੨ઊķٕĶγᚱ౻̍ķயϠ̙Т۞͕ଐຏࠤצҌ൴ण̙Т۞၆͞ޞёĄ ༊Ăజنரٕ̙צࢦ۞ຏצĂߏ˘ܧ૱ӻ˫៍۞͕நېၗĂ γˠ̙֍ਕវ៍၅זĂΪਕያ༊ְ۰ೡ̖ਕۢĄГ۰Ăӈֹ༊ ְ۰ۢᛇĂ˵ܑ̙ϯͻۺᄮ۞ன෪̙хдĂЯࠎޝΞਕߏ༊ְ۰၆ ѩְ۞ୂຏྵޘҲĄ ۺᄮੵ˞ֽҋٺҾˠĂ˵ֽҋٺҋ̎၆ҋ̎хдᆊࣃᄃᝋӀ۞ᄮᙊᄃ ࢦĄдෛϔࠎ͵ᆊࣃ۞̫͟Ăϔி၆ٺҋ̎д߆ڼᅳા྆۞хдᆊ ࣃᄃᝋӀͧྵୂຏĂּт̚රϔ઼̳ϔጾѣ֏ኢҋϤăะົඕۤ۞ҋϤă ͽ̈́ણ߆ᝋĂࡶֱҋϤٕᝋӀజࣤဳĂ๕υ͔ໂ̂۞ͅᇅĄҭߏĂд ᒖဩᅳા྆Ăϔி၆ٺҋ̎хдᆊࣃᄃᝋӀ۞ୂຏޘѣޞᑭរĄ̚රϔ ઼ጳڱௐ 15 ୧ٙኬ̟۞Ϡхᝋă̍үᝋăᄃੑயᝋĂྵ͌జϔிٸˢᒖဩ ѳߖ۞ଐဩֽ྆ᑭෛĂٕధϤٺᒖဩѳߖயϠࢬᇆᜩ۞࿅ߏܜഇăၙ ّă҃ᐖ۞Ăٙͽ̂ி၆ٺҋ̎۞Ϡхă̍үăੑயזצᒖဩѳߖ۞๋ चྵᛋᛇĂ༊˵ྵ͌Я҃ૺҋ̎ѣҺٺజᇷᜨдᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ᝋӀĄ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ពĂಶߏ၆ٺҋ̎ώ֗дᒖဩᅳા̚хдᆊࣃᄃᝋӀ۞ۺᄮ̙֖Ą Bryant and Mohai (2011: 34) ଂᒖဩϒཌྷྻજ۰ֹٙϡ۞ᄬ֏̚൴னĂܜഇ זצᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ၆઼࡚۞ޞѣҒˠᄃҲќˢϔிĂۡܕזഇ̖ฟؕᑖ ాඕᒖဩᝋᄃϔᝋĂ˵ಶߏۤડ̰Я̍ຽѳߖٙౄј۞ᒖဩ૪ᗼᄃϠ߿ ݡኳٸд˘ޥ҂ĄࢋѣѩᒖဩۢᛇĞenvironmental awarenessğ̝݈Ă ᅮࢋАۺᄮҋ̎۞ᒖဩᝋĂ̖ਕૉ೩̿ҋ̎၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ۢᛇޘĂ˵ ѣтѩĂӀचᙯܼ۰̖ਕϒෛҋ̎ણᄃᒖဩՙඉ࿅۞ࢦࢋّĄ ੵ˞ۺᄮ̝γĂΩ˘ྃ·̶੨ϒཌྷᄃԔϒཌྷ۞ໄهಶߏਕ˧शĂ ӈଂˠࣇ၆ٺҋ̶̎ٙ੨̝זੑఱ۞நਕ˧Ğcapabilitiesğֽޥ҂ϒཌྷĂ ೩࠹ᙯኢᕇ۰ѣᏚ֓Ⴌགྷᑻጯረ Amartya Sen ᄃ઼ࣰ࡚ጯछ Martha NussbaumĄਕ˧शٙ̚Ꮬ۞ਕ˧Ă۞ߏԯԧࣇٙ͘̚ጾѣ۞ੑఱᖼ̼ ࠎ၆ԧࣇϠ߿ѣΑਕ۞ਕ˧ĞSen, 1999: 75ğĂࡶͻਕ˧Ăӈֹߏጾ ѣੑఱĂ˵̙ਕܲᙋਕૉጾѣ։р۞Ϡ߿ݡኳĄּтĂጾѣܛ̙֭ඈٺ ԆјĶЫڌҘͽჯវ˧ķ۞ΑਕĂጾѣՠ̙֭֘ඈٺԆјĶזᗁੰଭཱི ͽᗁ়ڼঽķ۞ΑਕĄЯѩĂϒཌྷ۞ᑭෛ̙ਕ่ͤٺ၆Ķ̶੨˞̦ᆃķٕ ߏĶጾѣ˞̦ᆃķ۞ᙯڦĂ˵ᑕྍޥ҂ԧࣇߏӎਕૉචϡҋ̎ٙጾѣ۞ֽ јಶЧϠ߿ΑਕĂ҃Β߁ጾѣ۰ߏӎѣĶ፟ົķචϡҋ̎ٙጾѣ۞Ă ͽ̈́ߏӎѣֹϡ፟ົ۞ĶҋϤķĞSen, 1985: 197ğĄ࣎ໄٕهధΞͽ ᇹΐͽநྋĂТᇹ۞ੑఱд̙Т۞ˠ͘˯ĂົЯࠎ̙Т۞ਕ˧҃൴೭̙ Т۞ΑਕĂЯѩĂтڍಏያੑఱ۞̶੨ֽᑭෛϒཌྷĂ֤ߏ̙ૉ۞Ą ֤ᆃĂغזਕ˧Β߁˞ֱࣹĉNussbaum (2006: 76-78) അ୧Е˘इٙ Ꮬ۞ૄώਕ˧ĂΒ߁ૄώ۞Ϡ߿ă֗វઉăଐຏăޥ҂ඈඈĂี˘̚ ಶߏ၆ٺᒖဩ۞ଠטĂঘ߆ڼણᄃ۞ᝋӀĂͽ̈́д၆ੑய۞ጾѣᄃଠט ˯Ăᄃˠѣπඈ۞፟ົĄᄃ Nussbaum ̙Т۞ߏĂSen ᄮࠎਕ˧ٙΒӣ۞ ၁ኳ̰टĂᅮࢋགྷ࿅ϔણᄃ۞Ԕ̖ਕࠧؠĂ̙ਕϤЇңˠᄲ˞ಶზĂ Яѩ՟ѣ၆ਕ˧ซҖྵࠎវ۞ೡĄ҃Ăֱࣹ୧ІΞͽܳซ྆ٙ Ꮬ۞ਕ˧ĉଂ Sen ۞үĶଂҋϤ࠻൴णĞDevelopment as Freedomğķ̚Ă Ξͽ࠻ĶҋϤķ၆ܳٺซਕ˧۞ࢦࢋّĄSen ᄮࠎĂҋϤߏ൴ण۞ ϫᇾĂ˵ߏ൴ण۞̍Ăّࢋࢦдٺਕૉᆧซ࣎ˠᑒӄҋ̎۞ਕ˧Ă҃ ώ३̚˞̣ҋϤĂ̶Ҿߏ߆ڼҋϤĞpolitical freedomsğăགྷᑻన߉
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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Ğ economic facilities ğă ۤ ົ ፟ ົ Ğ social opportunities ğă ܲ ۞ ځᙋ Ğtransparency guaranteesğ ăᄃ᜕ّܲщБĞprotective securityğ ĞSen, 1999: 19ğ Ą̣ҋϤिि࠹ᙯͷ࠹̢ాજĂڼ߆̚ҋϤ೩˞זϔிܑ྿ຍ֍ ۞ϔણᄃăۤົ፟ົ೩˞זϔி۞ۤົણᄃă҃ܲ۞ځᙋঘ߆ع ྤੈ۞ځΞܫĄԧࣇҬͼΞͽᇹநྋĂ၆ ٺSen ҃֏Ăણᄃಶߏ˘ ҋϤĂΞͽᑒӄܳซਕ˧Ăឰϔிਕૉٙጾѣ۞ྤᖼ̼ࠎϠ߿ΑਕĂ ͽܳซ൴णĂٙͽҋϤߏ൴ण۞̍ĄҭТॡĂણᄃ˵Ξਕߏ˘Ϡ߿Α ਕĂᖣϤણᄃĂΞͽᆧซ˯۞ЧҋϤĂٙͽҋϤ˵ߏ൴ण۞ϫ۞Ą ᑕϡᇹ۞ໄهҌᒖဩϒཌྷ˯Ăඈٺ٤ण˞Ԕϒཌྷ۞ޥ҂எޘĄ ԔϒཌྷૻአࢋឰӀचᙯܼ۰ѣຍཌྷгણᄃᒖဩՙඉ࿅ĂҭӀचᙯܼ۰ጾ ѣણᄃ۞፟ົ̙֭ඈТࣇٺѣਕ˧ᖼ̼ٙ͘̚ጾѣ۞፟ົֹ҃ѣ೩ ̿ᒖဩݡኳ۞၁ኳΑਕĄּтĂᒖဩѳߖᄃፋڼΒӣ˞࠹༊к۞ຽયᗟĂ ࢋਕૉАྭຽۢᙊ۞ܝᕣ̖ਕ၁ኳણᄃ࠹ᙯયᗟ۞ኢĄдͻۢᙊ ᄃྤੈ۞ଐ˭ڶĂጾѣણᄃኢ۞፟ົܑ̙֭ਕૉᖣѩᇆᜩՙඉ࿅Ğࡰ ۘ۾Ă2014ğ ĄГ۰ĂϤٺຽۢᙊ̙֖Ă̂ி̂ౌΪົᙯ۞֍࠻ڦયᗟĂ ҃࠻̙۞זયᗟटٽజنரĞGreenberg and Schneider, 1996ćSlovic, 1987ğ Ăּт̍ᇄଵٸѣள۞קᆿঈटٽዎזϔி۞ԩᛉĂҭࡶ̍ᇄଵٸ Ғਙ۞ᆿͪĂӈֹᚑࢦѳߖг˭ͪĂੵܧᘕ൴ཏะّ۞̳चঽĂӎ ̙टזצٽᙯڦĄಶт Perkins (2007: 530) ٙ֏Ăдᒖဩѳߖгડ۞ࢦޙ ࿅̚Ăࡶࢋឰצѳߖۤડ۞ણᄃՀຍཌྷĂᙯᔣ۞ಶߏۤડاϔࢋА ౯р࠹ᙯۢᙊĄѩγĂࡶଂ݈ Nussbaum ۞៍ᕇֽ࠻ĂӀचᙯܼ۰ᔵ ጾѣણᄃ፟ົĂҭߏдૄώϠ߿ٙᅮإϏ႕֖̝݈Ăтңણᄃĉϒт Solitare (2005) അ೩ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃ݈೩ࢋІ̚Ă̳ϔߏӎѣ֖ૉ۞ॡ มણᄃܮЕࠎ˘Ăྏຐࠎ˞ᔇछ͗҃িٺ؋۞ϔிĂਕૉѣк ͌౺ዶ۞ॡมᄃჟ˧ણᄃ̳Вְચՙඉ࿅ĉГଂ Sen ۞៍ᕇޥ҂Ăࠎ˞ ᔇछ֖͗҃ૉ۞ॡมᄃჟ˧ણᄃ̳Вְચ۞ϔிĂԧࣇߏӎਕૉ ކჍࣇጾѣણᄃՙඉ࿅۞ĶҋϤķĉࣇৌ۞ጾѣĶҋϤķֹֽϡ ࣎ણᄃ۞፟ົĉ ˯۞ϒཌྷநኢтңፆү̼ࠎវ۞៍၅ࢬШĉϤٺώࡁտჸ൏ٺ ԔϒཌྷĂЯѩͽ˭Ϊ੫၆Ԕϒཌྷ۞៍၅ࢬШ೩ᄲځĄᒖဩԔϒཌྷ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ૺᒖဩՙඉ۞Ӏचᙯܼ۰дՙඉ࿅̚Էႊ᎕ໂᄃѣड़۞֎ҒĂૄѩĂд ώࡁտ྆Ă៍၅۞ࢦᕇಶߏነгࢦ۞ޙӀचᙯܼ۰дࢦޙ࿅ٙ̚Էႊ۞ ֎ҒĄͽώ࣎९ϫ݈۞൴ण҃֏ĂϤإٺдࢦؕܐޙล߱ĂٙͽӀचᙯܼ ཏវΒ߁˞߆࠹عᙯಏҜăѳߖ˿г̝гăͽ̈́ѳߖ˿гᙝاϔĄ ̚ĂϤߏܝొع߆ٺጱ۰ĂٙͽĂгᄃѳߖ˿гᙝاϔਕӎԷႊ᎕ ໂѣड़۞֎ҒĂಶјࠎ၁ኹԔϒཌྷ۞ࢦᕇĄ༊Ăࢋᑭෛгᄃᙝا ϔਕӎ၁ኳણᄃࢦޙ࿅Ăಶଂଣ৶ߏӎዎ࿃ણ돠ᘣֽ͘Ąଂ˯ ϒཌྷநኢ۞ਇॶ̚ĂΞͽ࠻ѣ࣎ᅪᘣֽĄௐ˘ߏдᒖဩՙඉ࿅̚Ă Ӏचᙯܼ۰̝มͻ࠹̢ۺᄮĂጱڱјಶ၁ኳણᄃĄдώࡁտ̚Ă੫ ၆˘ᕇ۞៍၅Ăᑭෛ߆عᒖܲಏҜăгăͽ̈́ѳߖ˿гᙝاϔ̝ มߏӎͻ࠹̢ۺᄮĂࡶѣĂᑭෛͻ۞ۺᄮࠎңĄௐ˟ߏՙඉ࿅۞ ણᄃ۰ͻਕ˧Ăֹڱචϡѩણᄃ፟ົֽ೩̿ҋ̎۞ᒖဩӀৈĄώࡁ տ၆˘ᕇ۞៍၅Ăჸ൏ٺጾѣણᄃ፟ົ۞Ӏचᙯܼ۰ĞপҾߏгᄃ ಞӬᙝاϔğਕӎӀϡણᄃ፟ົֽ၁ኳણᄃነгࢦޙ࿅Ăͽ೩̿ٙ ۤડ۞ᒖဩݡኳĄ˯ѣᙯώࡁտ۞ໄߛهၹӔனٺဦ 1 ̚Ą ဦ1
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߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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˟ăۺᄮᄃਕ˧д̏ฟ൴઼छነгࢦ࣎ޙ९̚۞ࢦࢋّ ଂ̏ฟ൴઼छነгࢦ۞ޙјΑ९ּ̚Ă̙ᙱ࠻ۺᄮᄃਕ˧۞ࢦࢋّĄ Ӏचᙯܼ۰̝ม࠹̢۞ۺᄮĂͽ̈́ણᄃነгࢦޙ࿅ٙᅮ౯۞ຽۢ ᙊᄃਕ˧Ă˟۰Ϲ࠹үϡ̝˭၆ޙࢦٺ࿅யϠ˞࠹༊ϒࢬ۞ᇆᜩĄѝഇ ܧ૱Щ۞ᒖဩϒཌྷ࣎९ǕǕ઼࡚ΔΙᘲֽৼэĞNorth CarolinaĂͽ˭ᖎ ჍΔΙэğරࣖĞWarren Countyğ۞кനᓑࢃᆿୢ˿ପःಞԩְۋІĂ ಶߏ˘࣎рּ̄Ąд 1980 ѐĂරࣖߏБэโˠˠ˾ּͧ۞Ăπ ӮٙݒᅈҲٺэπӮĂՀഅдБэ 100 ࣎̚ೀͼاϐĞௐ 98 Щğ Ğ Bullard, 1990: 36ğĄдтѩ˘࣎ۤົᄃགྷᑻऴ๕̝ડĂэ߆ૻعҖд༊гనཉѣ߲ ᆿୢ˿ପःಞĂᔵЯѩ҃д 1982 ѐ͔൴઼࡚ҋϔᝋྻજͽֽ͌ᇴ̂۞ݭ ϔᝋԩᛉְІĞLabalme, 1987: 2ğĂฟୁ˞઼࡚ᒖဩϒཌྷྻજ̝ؕĂҭэ߆ ૻ۞ع๕үࠎ̪ ٺ1983 ѐјΑᎸ˞ޙପःಞĄ҃Ă࣎జ༊ॡΔΙэܜ Hunt ཱིჍિͧ۞ପःಞдᎸޙԆј 3 ࣎͡ޢฟؕனщБયᗟĂ͔൴ ˞༊гاϔ࿅ 20 ѐ۞ܜഇԩۋĞLabalme, 1987: 26; 1988: 29ğĄ ଂପःಞࢍдරࣖనཉ͔ٙ൴۞̂ݭԩᛉְІĂ ז2003 ѐэ߆ع Ԇјѣ߲ѳߖ˿дгੵ߲ࢍထĂдႝ۞ܜ໐̚͡ĂΞͽ៍၅ۤזડاϔ тңૈዳຽ۞ણᄃਕ˧Ăͽ̈́э߆عтңአፋࢬ၆યᗟ۞ၗޘĄдѩ࣎ ९̚Ăاϔ˞ྋܜࢋזഇჯ˘࣎ۤົྻજυืࢋѣநّຽ۞ኢਕ˧ ֽኳႷ߆߆عඉĂֶ่҃ܧᏥଐჰّҖજĂЯѩࣇವՐ֧ᜋ̂ጯ˿ᚓ ࡊጯछ۞ᑒӄĂෞҤරࣖ۞˿ኳߏӎዋЪᎸޙପःಞĞLabalme, 1988: 25ğĂ اϔ˵അะඕܠٛ͐эĞAlabamağછߤᆿୢ˿ொҌэ۞ΞҖّĂ ֱү ࠎഅགྷᛏ ˞э߆ ؼعᏵ८ࣞପः ಞనཉ۞ՙ ؠĞ Mcgurty, 2007: 50-51ă75ğĄѩγĂۤડاϔ࿅ᄃγొშඛ۞ะඕᄃજࣶĂᄃ̈́ି؟ˠ ᝋဥវЪүĂ෦Ր೩̿ҌБ࡚ᒖဩϒཌྷ۞ՀᆸѨĂࠤҌࠎ˞̙࿁ͅϒ ཌྷ۞ჟৠĂ̙ГವՐொੵѳߖ˿Ҍг۞ΞਕّĂ҃ߏૺಶгੵѳߖ ˿ّ߲Ąੵ˞೩̿෦Ր۞ᆸѨĂ༊гاϔనڱΐૻણᄃг̳͞Вְચ۞ਕ ˧Ă࿅г͞Ᏼᓝឰ઼ཱྀ࡚ܧˠᛏර̰ࣖ̂ొ̶۞ϔᏴࣶءᖚҜ ĞBullard, 1990: 37ćLabalme, 1988: 30ğĄֱۤડૈ˧۞үࠎĂᛏ˞э ߆ۺ۞عᄮĂ҃༊э ܜHunt дעЇᇴѐГޘ༊Ᏼ̝ޢĂаᑕ˞ۤડ۞෦
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ՐĂ೩ੵ߲ࢍထ۞ზĂ͘ซҖੵ߲̍Ąдэ߆۞عචຍаᑕ̚Ă ࠹ᙯొܑܝன˞࠹ྵـͽٺՀࠎ۞ځՙඉ࿅ĂࠤҌдੵ߲ಞӬय़నཉ ៍۞ځ၅έĂᐌॡ೩ֻاϔ˞ྋੵ߲ซ࠹۞ޘᙯྤੈĞRoberts, 1998ğĄ ˘࣎ۤགྷ࠹၆ऴ๕۞ۤડĂਕૉᛏэ߆ۺ۞عᄮĂឰэ߆ᙸعຍਈ̂ ఢሀˠ˧ੵ˧ۏѳߖĂд༊ॡ࿆జᄮࠎߏᒖဩϒཌྷྻજ۞˘̂౼ӀĄ Ω˘࣎Щ۞ነгࢦ࣎ޙ९ĂҜ઼ࡻٺતၔপĞManchesterğ۞щ ਬĞAncoatsğĂྍгഅߏࡻ઼̍ຽࢭ۞ອᚰĞRose et al., 2001ğĂ҃ ̍ຽ൴णֽ˞ᚑࢦ۞ᒖဩѳߖĂεΝ̍ຽᐹ๕̝ޢĂזᐞ᧯۞ٗ۽ᄃ ̍ᇄӬ΄ፋ࣎ۤડ࠻ֽᐞᆿ̙ಝĂ ˞ז1990 ѐĂщਬࢬᓜ˞ధкۤ ົᄃགྷᑻયᗟĂּт̂ณ۞ˠ˾γொăϚཋதăళඈඈĄдતၔপ В 32 ࣎Ᏼડ̚Ăщਬٙᛳ۞Ᏼડߏ۞˛ડ̝˘ĞShaoul, 2010ğ Ąત ၔপ࿆хд۞ᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷĂΞଂ̙Тۤົลᆸдاҝ۩ม˯۞ځព ડ࠻Ăజ࢝Яళ҃اҝٺщਬۤડ۞તၔপξϔĂᑀᒖဩѳ ߖֽٙ۞ઉރĂপҾߏ༊г·႕ѣ፟ۏኳᄃ೭൴ঈវ۞۩ঈѳߖĂ ֹاϔᎮଈ۱ঽ۞ּͧܧ૱Ăߏࢠડاϔ۞ 4 ࢺĂពĂщਬߏત ၔপξ߆عѳߖଠ߆טඉεୀ۞צच۰ĞPlatt, 2004: 39-41ğĄ щਬۤડ۞ࢦࢍޙ൪ؕ ٺ2003 ѐĂ۞ؕܐጱ፟ၹߏ઼छᆸ ৺۞ࡻॾᜋ˧םᖐĞEnglish Partnershipğ Ă13 ߏ˘࣎Ϥг͞߆عᄃۤડ ొĞDepartment of Communities and Local Governmentğ۞གྷ͚̝˭۞ Ķົొܧᖐ̳ВវķĞNon-Departmental Public BodyğĂయࡻ઼઼छᆸ ৺۞ۤડࢦࢍޙထĞConstructing Excellence, 2008ğĂፋវԼౄ˞щਬۤ ડĂ֭јࠎݭነгࢦ۞ޙĶڌતၔপሀёķ Ăྍгϫ݈ߏࡻ઼Чг͞߆ ౌ̂ޙࢦعξय़ᖞ̍ຽᆿᆦࠎ̝اآг۞ણ҂ቑĞConstructing Excellence, 2008ğ Ąщਬ۞ࢦޙᔵߏ࣎Ϥ˯҃˭ેҖࢍထ۞࣎९Ăҭܧݒ૱ૻአ̳ ռူҡᙯܼĂপҾࢦෛۤડاϔ۞ຍ֍Ăૻአࢋឰۤડاϔѣຍཌྷ۞ણᄃĄ ЯѩĂࠎ˞೩̿ۤડاϔ۞ܫЇĂฟ൴۰ົд՟ѣనᖡဦ۞ଐ˭ڶĂᄃ اϔӱ˭఼ֽĂ˞ྋاϔ۞ᅮՐĂГֶاϔ۞ᅮՐఢ൪ࢦ͞ޙШĂ҃ѩ
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ࡻॾᜋ˧םᖐ ٺ2008 ѐјࠎछलᄃۤડཌĞHome and Community Agencyğ۞˘ ొЊĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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үڱቁ၁ᛏ˞༊гاϔ۞ܫЇᄃЪүĞSustainable Urban Neighbourhoods Network, 2011ğ Ą၆ۤٺડاϔ۞ۺᄮĂᔘͅᑕдщਬ۞ࢦޙ၁ચ˯Ăּ тૻአࢋԯщਬࢦ࣎˘ࠎޙĶۤົЪķĞsocial mixğ۞ۤડĂӈ̙Т ᄃٙͪ۞ˠౌਕТҝдۤડ̚Ă҃ߏ̪ܧপؠཏវჸ۞اг͞ ĞDixon et al., 2007: 85ğĄٙͽĂࠎ˞χۤົཏវ̝ม۞ᘸ៊Ăಶυืӛ ͔Ըྤ۰۞ܦ༚Ăᚶ҃ӛ͔̙Тᙷ̍۞ݭүˠ˾ொྍاгĂߏٺĂፋ࣎ࢦ ࢍޙထ܅˞ 1,200 ༱ࡻᗅԸྤۤٺડ̳В۩ม۞ԼౄĂឰۤડ࠻ֽՀ ѣԸྤّĂซ҃ӛ͔થຽԸྤ۰۞ԸྤᎸĂ߿ඛ˞༊г۞થຽ߿જĂ೩ ֻ˞ྵк۞ಶຽ፟ົĄҌٺдۤົࢬШ˯Ăࢦࢍޙထࢦ۞ߏۤડщБă ҝш೩ֻăдг̼͛۞ܲăͽ̈́ۤડ̙؝ϲĞӈᖣϤྻ۞ګᎸֹ҃ޙщ ਬᄃዐۤܕડాඕğ ĞConstructing Excellence, 2008ğ ĄপҾߏдг̼͛۞ ܲᄃۤડ̙؝ϲĂౌΞͽឰاϔຏזצՙඉ۰၆اٺҝг۞ࢦĄ ᔵ݈Ϊѣࡻ࡚࣎࣎९Ăҭְ၁˯៍၅ధк̏ฟ൴઼छ۞ነ гࢦޙ९ּĂּт઼࡚ݑΙᘲֽৼэ͐ᛡߦĞSpartanburg, South Carolinağ ă ࢦ̍ຽѳߖ̝˛ҒЩ۞͟ώتᎩ̂ѸϣξăΔ˝эξඈඈĂֱࢦ ̍ޘຽѳߖડ۞ࢦޙĂౌགྷ࿅̳ռొ̝ܝมଂࡎזЪү۞ႝܜ࿅Ă҃ ۺᄮᄃਕ˧ߏࡎᗕ͞ᔙШ˧םЪү۞ࢋྮशĄ˘࣎எ̍צຽѳߖٙ ࡴ۞ۤડࡶ୬ଲ௲ѳߖ۞ޙࢦ҃ڮڪĂԮᖼᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷĂӀचᙯܼ۰̝ม ۞࠹̢ࢦෛ֭ૈዳكѩ۞ણᄃਕ˧ҌࠎᙯᔣĄᔵᄲֱ࣎९д̙Т۞߆ڼ གྷᑻᄃۤົਔඛ̚Ăࢋ͚۞ྮ̝ޙࢦـ఼І̙Ⴝ࠹ТĂҭֱ࣎९˵ ౌѣ˘࣎ВТᕇĂӈѳߖડצचاϔ۞᎕ໂણᄃĄѣֱ࣎९۞ؕᕇࠤ Ҍಶߏاϔ۞ҋ൴ّҖજĂּтΔ˝эξ˘ཏјˠົ၆ԩ̳चĞΔ ˝эξॡとࢲの౾ۏᐡְચԊĂ2013ğ Ăරࣖ۞اϔ൴જԩͤܡۋପःಞ నཉĂͽ̈́͐ᛡߦ۞ਨॲّᖐ ReGenesis ซҖгડّ۞ᖙᖼࢍ൪ĞFields, 2014ğ Ăౌߏָּ̝Ąࡶᄲֱ࣎९၆ٺԧ઼ѣЇң۞ୁ൴Ă֤ಶߏѳߖ ડᙝاϔ۞ણᄃજ፟ᑕՀࠎᙯᔣĂலౣѣ˞ણᄃજ፟Ăޢᜈ̖Ξਕଂ זѣгૈዳણᄃਕ˧Ą ͽώࡁտٙ៍၅۞࣎९҃֏ĂᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞јಶĂࢦᕇдٺгᄃ ᙝاϔ᎕ໂણᄃነгࢦޙ࿅ĂҭᅪᘣĂଂۺᄮᄃਕ˧ࢬ࣎Шֽ ៍၅Ăೱ֏̝Ăࡶѩ˟࣎ࢬШ۞ᅪᘣਕૉഴ͌ࠤҌΝੵĂѣӄٺᒖဩ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
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Ԕϒཌྷдነгࢦޙ࿅̚۞၁ኹĄͽ˭ώ͛ଂԧ઼ௐ˘࣎ྏဦৼˢϔி ણᄃ፟۞טѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ă៍၅ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдԧ઼ነгࢦޙ࿅ ̚۞၁ኹᅪᘣĂГᖣѩޥ҂Ăᑕྍૈዳң୧ІͽࢫҲ၁ኹᅪᘣĄ
དྷăϔிણᄃдѳߖડ۞၁ᅫፆү࿅ ѩѨϤᒖܲཌଯજ۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ăࢋ۞ϫ۞ߏԓ୕ᖣѩ ޙϲ˘इѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞߆ඉ፟טĂͽүࠎޢᜈેҖ࠹ᙯࢍ൪۞ቑּĄ ѩγĂѣຏٺѩᙷࢍ൪ٙঘ۞Ӏचᙯܼ۰ிĂΒ߁ѳߖ˿гٙѣˠă ᙝاϔăͽ̈́߆࠹عᙯొܝඈĄЯѩĂѨࢍ൪ࢵѨΐˢ˞ϔிણᄃ۞ໄ هĂഇ୕࿅યסአߤᄃஎޘణኘĂ౹ౄӀचᙯܼ۰੫၆ۤડ̚ѳߖ˿г ̝࠹ᙯְચܑ྿ຐ۞ڱ፟ົĄ ඊ۰੫၆ѩѨࢍ൪̚ϔிણᄃ۞ొЊĂనࢍ˞Њયסᄃ˘Њஎޘణ ኘᗟჩĂଂ 2014 ѐ 7 ͡ЊᏐణ༊г֧֭ܜԆјௐ˘ЊયסనࢍĂזٺޢ 2015 ѐ 9 ͡Њஎޘణኘྤफ̶़ژඕՁĂ።ॡࡗ 14 ࣎͡Ąͽ˭ྎᄲځඊ ۰ፆүѩѨϔிણᄃ۞አߤ࿅Ăഇ୕ᖣѩႽณឰ۰˞ྋඊ۰۞៍၅࿅ Ą дયסనࢍ̝݈Ăඊ۰അᏐҌྍѳߖಞӬᙝซҖ݈ཉ۞ଣછүຽĂ ֭ᄃಞӬٙᛳ̝֧۞֧ܜซҖܐՎ۞ణኘĂྏဦ˞ྋಞӬᙝاϔ۞Ϡ߿ ݭၗĂҭலౣඊ۰ߏγֽ۰Ă่่ڱ࿅֧ܜణኘᄃಞгଣછಶਕೠ೪ ༊гاϔ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍᇷᜨଐڶĄЯѩĂௐ˘Њયסనࢍ۞ࢋࢦᕇд˞ٺ ྋ༊гاϔ۞Ϡ߿ᇹၗĂᖣѩ̶ژѳߖಞӬ၆༊гϔிϠ߿۞ᇆᜩăاϔ ᇷᜨٺಞӬѳߖ۞̂ரଐڶăͽ̈́၆ٺٙاҝ۞ᒖဩᄃۤડѣңഇధĄௐ ˘Ѩયסአߤ̶࣎ล߱ซҖĂࢵАߏд֧ϔ̂ົ̚൴ٸඍĂѨߏд ಞӬᙝҝछు˘ၬྙܝયඍຍᙸĂ݈ޢᓁВତᛈ˞ 89 Ҝצణ۰Ăᒔ ѣड़યסᇴࠎ 79 ЊĄд֧ϔ̂ົ̚Ăඊ۰ᖣϤયס൴ͽٸѣ፟ົܧϒё гᄃ༊г֧ϔኘኢѳߖಞӬ۞።Ϋᄃࣇ၆ٺѳߖಞӬ۞ຐڱĄ дௐ˘Ѩયסአߤඕژ̶ڍԆல̝ޢĂௐ˟Њયסࢋ੫၆ௐ˘Њય ۞סአߤඕڍĂซҖՀវ۞યסనࢍĂనࢍࢦᕇд˞ٺྋۤડдЧࢬШ ۞ᅮՐĂ೩ֻѳߖಞӬГӀϡࢍ൪۞ఢထણ҂ĄѩЊયסࢋ̶ࠎˬ࣎ొ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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̶Ă̶ҾଂᒖဩăགྷᑻăᄃۤົࢬШĂ੫၆༊г۞পኳĂдՏ˘࣎ࢬШ̚ ЕೀีΞਕ۞൴णีϫֻצణ۰̺ᏴĂ֭೩ֻ۩Ϩឰצణ۰ҋҖඍ ᅮՐޙᛉĄௐ˟Њયסࢋצణ۰ߏͽಞӬᙝҝछࠎĂ̙גຍԱವٕ ਫ਼ᔖௐ˘Ѩඍ࿅યצ۞סణ۰ĄώѨયסአߤᓁВତᛈ˞ 79 Ҝצణ۰Ă ϤٺѩѨયסአߤ࠰ϤణࣶᏐҋ६ᄪᗟϫౖТצణ۰ඍᗟĂЯѩ՟ѣயϠ Їңड़યסĂᒔѣड़યסᇴࠎ 79 ЊĄ дௐ˟Ѩયסአߤඕژ̶ڍԆல̝ޢĂॲፂ̶ژඕڍనࢍஎޘణኘ۞ ೩ჩĄώѨஎޘణኘ۞ࢋϫ۞ѣ˟ĂࢵАߏ੫၆ௐ˟Ѩયסአߤඕ̚ڍ ༊гϔிޙᛉ۞ೀ࣎൴णีϫĂྙયצణ۰ᄮࠎң۰ྵࠎΞҖĂ̈́ٙਕ ೩ֻ۞םӄᄃ͚೯ࠎңĄѨĂஎޘణኘഇ୕ਕ˞ྋӀचᙯܼ۰Ă၆ٺѩ ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪۞ଯજٙ۞ٱၗࠎޘңćᙸຍ೩ֻңྤćᅮࢋ ֽҋң͞۞םӄćͽ̈́၆Ӏचᙯܼ۰ѣңഇధĄצణ၆෪̶ࠎˬ̂ᙷĂ ௐ˘ᙷࠎ߆࠹عᙯಏҜĂᏳᏴ͞ёߏଂѳߖ˿г۞ְ۰ůᒖܲಏҜ͘Ă Гͽႋౠ۞͞ёྙયᄃѩࢍ൪̰ट࠹ᙯ۞߆عಏҜᄃٚᏱˠĂޢՙؠ ˬ࣎צణಏҜĂ̶Ҿࠎྍг͞߆عᒖܲԊͪܲࡊăྺຽăͽ̈́ྺົĂ צణٚᏱˠВ 7 ˠĄௐ˟ᙷצణ۰ࠎѳߖ˿г۞ѣˠĞгğ ĂВѣҜĂ ௐˬᙷࠎ༊гຍ֍ᅳఞĂᏳᏴ୧Іࠎഅགྷତצ࿅Ҍ͌˘ѨયסአߤĂ֭ሢ ଉͷԸˢг̳͞Вְચ۰Ăޢՙצ۞ؠణ۰ѣҜĂЪࢍٙѣצణ۰ˠ ᇴࠎ 11 ˠĄ дѩপҾᄲߏ۞ځĂώ͛ຍಡጱѩѨϔிણᄃࢍထ၁ᅫፆүޢĂٙ ѣณ̼ᄃኳ̼አߤ۞ඕڍĂ҃ߏԓ୕ଂܜ྿ 14 ࣎͡۞၁ү៍၅̚Ăᑭෛ ᒖဩԔϒཌྷٙૻአ۞ϔிણᄃд၁ኹ˯۞ӧဩĄώࡁտ۞៍၅̶ژĂ ࢋߏૄેٺҖϔிણᄃࢍ൪࿅ٙ̚ࡔᐂ۞៍၅ඊĂ҃ѩᙷૄٺপ࣎ؠ ९ٙซҖ۞ኳّࡁտĂट͔ٽ൴۞ኳႷĂޘܫߏܮᄃड़ޘયᗟĄᔵĂ ѣᙯณ̼ࡁտ̚జֹ࿆ϡ۞ޘܫᄃड़ޘᑭീߏӎዋٺኳّࡁտĂ̪Ϗѣ ؠኢĂҭኳّࡁտጯ۰˵੫၆ѩ൴ण˞ೀ࣎ᙷҬณ̼ࡁտ۞ᑭෛ̍Ă ̚ĂGuba (1981) ٙ൴ण۞ 4 ࣎ᑭෛၹࢬĂЯࠎ࠹༊෭ܕณ̼ࡁտ۞ޘܫᄃ ड़ޘໄهĂ҃జᇃֹھϡĂ 4 ࣎ၹࢬ̶ҾߏΞّܫĞcredibilityğăΞொᖼ ّĞtransferabilityğ ăΞያّĞdependabilityğ ăͽ̈́ΞቁᄮّĞconfirmabilityğĂ ҃ώࡁտ˵࿅ 4 ࣎ၹࢬĂ֭Ᏺೈ Guba ۞ޙᛉઇڱĂֽ೩̿ࡁտඕڍ
56
ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
۞ΞܫЇޘĄΞّܫঘࡁտ൴னᄃ၁ᅫݵ۞ڶېЪޘĂᙷҬณ̼ࡁ տ̚۞̰ొड़ޘĂࠎ˞೩̿ΞّܫĂώࡁտซҖ˞т˭ೀᕇүڱĈ(1) ࿅ ࡁѳߖಞӬٙдг۞г͞ԠĂጐѝሢଉ၆ྍۤડ۞གྷᑻă።Ϋă̼͛ᄃ ˠ˾ඕၹ۞˞ྋć(2) ԱವତᛈᇹώॡĂႽณдѳߖડᙝଳפᐌ፟ଳᇹ۞ ͞ёć(3) ଳϡˬ֎ᑭᙋڱĞtriangulation methodğĂТॡଳϡ៍၅ᄃణኘֽ ቁᄮٙ៍၅۞זன෪ĄΞொᖼّঘ఼ّĂӈณ̼ࡁտ̚۞γొड़ޘĂ ҃дѣপؠಞાրඛ۞࣎९ࡁտ˯ߏᙱͽࡎ۞Ăώࡁտ੫၆˘ ᕇ۞ઇڱĂಶߏႽΞਕд࣎९۞ೡ˯ਕૉ೩ֻ֖ૉ۞ࡦഀྤੈĂឰ۰ ˞ྋࡁտ၆෪ٙ័ಷ۞ಞાրඛĂឰϏֽд࣎۞९ࡁտਕૉᄃώࡁտ ซҖͧྵĄΞያّᙯ͕۞ߏྤफ़۞ᘦّؠĂᙷҬณ̼ࡁտ̚۞ޘܫĂ҃ Guba (1981: 86) ᄮࠎĂ݈۞ˬ֎ᑭᙋڱΞͽ೩̿ྤफ़۞ᘦّؠĂѩγĂྎೡ ៍၅࿅Ă˵ਕឰࡁտ۰ྵटٽኑᄦѩࡁտ࿅ĄޢĂΞቁᄮّ ᙯࡁߏ۞ڦտ۰۞̚៍މϲĂಶυืያࡁտ۰ώ̙֗ᕝͅغ͕̚ޥᆸ۞ నĂ࣎ొЊĂώࡁտٕధזצϒཌྷநኢ۞ᇆᜩĂޝᙱܲᙋඊ۰ώ֗ дࢬ၆࣎९ࡁտॡ۞ԆБ̚៍މϲĄ
Ёă၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ӧဩ ǕǕ ࡁտ៍၅ඕڍ ̙ኢѳߖߏ༊۞யٕۏ።Ϋ۞߲Ă̂ొ̶ѳߖડᙝاϔౌߏᒖ ဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞צच۰Ăࣇ̙јּͧгٚצᒖဩјώĂҭᒖဩӀৈݒϤТ ͵ٕ̙Т͵۞ˠᒔĄЯѩĂѳߖ˿г۞ГӀϡٕፋវѳߖۤડ۞ ॎᎸĂಶ̙ྍࢦᔏᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞ᖬᖽĂ˵ߏĶነгࢦޙϒཌྷķ̝ٙͽజ ૻአ۞ࣧЯĄૄώ˯Ăдѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞࿅̚ခᐽϔிણᄃĂಶߏነ гࢦޙϒཌྷჟৠ۞णனĂឰاϔѣ፟ົ੫၆ѳߖ˿г۞ፋڼᄃГӀϡ͞ё ೩ҋ̎۞࠻ڱĂણᄃ࠹ᙯ۞ՙඉ࿅Ą ҃Ăࢋޙϲ˘࣎ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃ፟טĂϔி۞ણᄃજ፟ߏࢵࢋᙯ ᔣĂҭੵߏܧགྷϤಫវ̂ఢሀಡጱٕѣځពϲӈПच۞ѳߖĂӎӈֹߏ Ӏचᙯܼ۰˵ޝᙱᎸણᄃ۞ᎸĄͽέ៉ᇴ˼࣎ѳߖፋڼಞӬᄃଠטಞ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
57
Ӭֽ࠻Ăቁ၁ѣೀ࣎જ˘ॡ۞̍ຽѳߖಞӬĞּт RCAăڒ̍ຽડă ݏޢඈğ Ăѳߖצच۰ણᄃજ፟ૻধĂഅགྷซҖ̂ఢሀ۞ԩᛉҖજĄҌٺ ۞̶ొ̂ѳߖಞӬĂ̙ኢߏдг̈ˠ༵۞ౌົડĂٕߏгઐᅈ۞ࢠ ડĂ఼૱ΪߏᔳᔳгхдĂੵܧಞӬᙝѣځព۞ӘϯĂٕߏѣˠגຍ ᖸአߤĂӎ̂ிޝΞਕᄃ࠹ዐ̙҃ۢĄд˘ᙷ۞ѳߖಞӬ˯ซҖ ЇңГӀϡࢍ൪Ăྵᙱ͔ᙝاϔ۞ણᄃሤଐĄ ώࡁտٙ៍၅۞࣎९Ăϒߏᛳᙷ˘ٺĶщᐖ۞ಞӬķ Ăଂ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ ͪѳߖፋڼშٙྶྤफ़̚ΞۢĂ̶ᛳ 4 ̙࣎Т࠹ݒዐ۞ಞӬĂଂγ៍࠻ ֽĂಶည˘ਠฏมྮय़۞ქгਨᕍĂޝᙱ͔ڦຍĄ҃ͷĂֱಞӬϫ ݈జЕგࠎଠטಞӬ҃ܧፋڼಞӬĂಶѳߖֽޘᄲ̙ҬፋڼಞӬਠѣ ϲӈ۞ПᐍĂՀᙱזצᙝϔி۞ڦຍĄ҃Ă၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍͻۢ ᛇ۞ன෪Ă҃ͅ࠹༊ПᐍĂЯࠎѳߖଠטಞӬ̙֭ܲᙋߏ࠹၆щБ۞Ąֶ ԧ઼˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڱڼĞͽ˭ᖎჍ˿ѳڱğ âѳߖгдజ̳Ә ࠎѣᚑࢦПच઼ϔઉ̈́Ϡ߿ᒖဩཱ̝۞ፋڼಞӬ̝݈ĂౌົАజ̳Әࠎ ଠטಞӬĂ˵ពϯଠטಞӬߏፋڼಞӬ۞࣏ᏴಞӬĂᔵإϏజෞҤ ѣᚑࢦПच઼ϔઉ̈́Ϡ߿ᒖဩཱ̝Ăҭ̙֭ܲᙋιߏ࠹၆щБ۞ĂЯ ࠎᒖܲཌᖸෞҤБέᇴ˼࣎ଠטಞӬᅮॡࠤ˳Ă҃ͷѳߖــѣ߹જ ّĂЯѩĂଠטಞӬͽॡ͟ѣΞਕజЕგࠎፋڼಞӬĄ ֤ᆃĂࢋдщᐖ۞ѳߖಞӬซҖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ă֭୬၁ኹѣຍ ཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĂົயϠ̦ᆃᇹ۞ӧᙱĉͽ˭ଂۺᄮᄃਕ˧शֽޥ҂ ࣎યᗟĂ҃ଂ˭Е۞ኢ̚ĂΞͽ࠻ۺᄮᄃਕ˧˟۰̢࠹ــүϡĄ
˘ăଂۺᄮޥ҂ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁ӧဩ ࢋ၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷĂ྿זѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĂᅮࢋӀचᙯܼ۰̝ม ࠹̢ۺᄮĂЯࠎѣ࠹̢ତצ၆͞۞ৌ၁хдĂؠۺ၆͞дϔிણᄃ̚۞ ࢦࢋّĂ̖ਕдϔிણᄃ۞࿅̚Ăكѩࢦ֭ᖰຕ၆ޞĄдώ͛៍၅۞ ࣎९̚Ă൴னӀचᙯܼ۰̝มቁ၁ͻ࠹̢ۺᄮĂซ҃ᇆᜩ˞ϔிણᄃ۞ ར၁Ąͽ˭̶Ҿᄲܝొع߆ځăгăͽ̈́ಞӬᙝاϔ̶Ҿͻࣹ͞ࢬ ۞ۺᄮĄ ! !
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
! ᨧ!߆ܝొعٙͻ۞ۺᄮ ଂᒖܲཌϔிણᄃ፟ৼטˢѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪̚Ξͽ࠻Ăְ ಏҜቁ၁ྏဦ၆Ӏचᙯܼ۰ܑ྿ࢦෛ̝ຍĂপҾߏ၆гᄃѳߖ˿гᙝ اϔ۞ຍ֍পҾ࠻ࢦĂଂ˘ᕇֽ࠻Ăᒖܲཌቁ၁ۺᄮ˞гᄃ༊гاϔ дነгࢦّࢋࢦ۞˯ޙĄ҃˵χฟ˞ምѧٛ۞̄Ă൴னధк߆ొع ܝдۺᄮ˯̪ޞԼซ۞۩มĂ҃ͷֱᛳۺٺᄮ˯۞̙֖Ăϒдܡᘣѣ ຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĄώ߱೩ܝొع߆࣎дۺᄮ˯۞̙֖Ăௐ˘ߏͻ၆ гੑயຫε۞ۺᄮĂௐ˟ߏͻ၆ಞӬᙝاϔᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ۺᄮĄϤٺ ۺࢬ͞ᄮ˯۞̙֖Ăጱг၆߆ܫͻܝొعЇĂ҃ᙝاϔ၆ѳߖ ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪˵ͻણᄃᎸĂซ҃ጱᒖဩԔϒཌྷд၁ኹ˯۞ӧᙱĄ ࢵАĂгࢬ၆ҋѣྺгܜഇεΝϠயᆊࣃ۞൭ࡴຏצĂ֭Ϗ߆זצ ۞ܝొعϒෛĄѳߖྺгҋଂజ̳ӘࠎଠטಞӬ̝ޢĂܮڱГྺүĂੵ ˞г˯үۏυืБᇴజ๐ੵᄃዚᒎĂ˵జఢ̙ؠГਆࢴϡүۏĄѳߖ ྺгߊྺڱϡĂ˵ڱតՀгϫԼࠎϡĂ၆ٺг҃֏ĂԛТጾ ѣ˘୮Αਕ۞˿гĄଂణኘ̰ट̚Ăг̝˘۞ᄲݭڱг˞ ͞ࢬ۞؉Ă Ķಶ༰ͤങબČČѣĞШᒖܲཌğ೩ϦኛબČČ˿ኳࢋࢦ າፋநબĂҭᇾ̙ΝબĂԱ̙זٚᇾથબĂг͉̈ČȢۡٚᇾ̙Ν બČČֽ˭˫̳͛ܕĂ༰ͤങબČČ̙ѣຐڱધČČķ Ąдඊ۰ᄃྍ Щгࡗؠణኘ͟ഇ۞ྖ̚ĂгܑܮϯĂഅࠎ˞ឰ˿гГޭޘ ೇϠயᆊࣃ҃α؋֕Ăҭ၇၇ᘣٺனѣ҃΄ڱεୀĂЯࠎֶ˿ѳڱௐ 17 ୧۞ఢؠĂ˿ᚓѳߖგטડ̰ĂΞͽซҖ۞˿гӀϡҖࠎĂυืᄃѳߖ ଠࢍטထăፋࢍڼ൪ăٕѳߖԼචࢍ൪ѣᙯĄೱ֏̝Ăд˿гѳߖإ Ϗੵ̝݈Ăг̙д˿г˯ซҖЇңүࠎĄ҃Ăѳߖੵ̍үߊ ຽ˫ਈ̂ณјώĂгώ֭֗ੑ˧நĂྕтΩ˘Ҝгٺణኘॡٙ ֏Ĉ Ķ֤࣎̍Ğӈѳߖੵğ၁дজ̂Ă၁ҰΨϔมѺؖΝநĂϔม Ѻ˵ؖ՟ѣ֤࣎ਕ˧ČČҰᄲԧࣇѺؖΞͽԯ˿ೀѼֽĉԧࣇࣹѣ֤ ࣎ਕ˧ĉķ Ķ֤г˫̙ਕĂԧࣇ˵̙ਕဗĂԧࣹѣᏱڱĉķܜഇ ͽֽٙ᎕۞क़ୀຏĂֹг၆ѩѨѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪۞ેҖயϠధк ႷયĂ̙ᕝኳႷГӀϡࢍ൪۞ΞҖّĂᄮࠎд˿ѳإڱϏ࣒ࢎ̝݈â̷
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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ౌߏ।҃̏ĄϤѩΞۢĂࡶ߆ܝొعڱஎˢ˞ྋѳߖצच۰ܜഇͽֽ ٙٚ۞צѣԛᄃԛјώĂࢦෛг͕̚۞क़ୀຏᄃࢬຏצĂనڱଂॲ ώ۞΄ڱఢౢֽྋՙયᗟĂಶצזڱच۰۞ܫЇĄ ѨĂֶඊ۰ᏐణѳߖಞӬ۞៍၅ĂಞӬγ៍ᄃ˘ਠྮᙝ۞ქгਨ ᕍளĂ̙टٽឰˠ͕ϠᛋᛇĂ˵ពϯ˞߆࠹عᙯಏҜ၆ٺಞӬᙝا ϔٙٚ۞צᒖဩࢲᐍͻۺᄮĂٙͽ՟ѣপҾከϲӘϯֽᛋӘֽ۞ـϔிĂ ٕજ೩ֻྤੈឰاϔҋԧგநͽᔖҺ࿅ޘᇷᜨܛࢦٺᛳѳߖĄͽώࡁտ ៍၅۞࣎९ࠎּĂಞӬय़ཏჸ̂ณ۞ϔшĂޝटٽឰˠεΝᛋԦĂۤડ ̰۞ආໂѣΞਕያܕಞӬ࡞ەĂЯ҃ᇷᜨٺ࿖ѳߖ۞ࢲᐍ̚ĂপҾߏ ආ̙Һԯ˿ڪەĂՀߏܕᗓгତܛࢦܕᛳĄдඊ۰۞៍၅ඊ̚Ăᐂ ፆүአߤॡᄃ༊гاϔତᛈ۞གྷរĂ̚΄ඊ۰О෪எ۞גĂಶߏצ ణ۰ӈֹѝ̏ჷѣѳߖ˿г۞хдĂҭдаᑕ˯࠹ݒ༊πᐖĂࠤҌѣצ ణ۰ܑϯҋ֭̎ܧгĂܑ̙͞ܮ྿ຍ֍Ăֱౌ·̶ពϯاϔ၆ٺዐܕ ѳߖಞӬ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍۢᛇޝҲĄ֤ᆃĂ˫тңܡᘣ˞ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃ ĉ༊ಞӬᙝϔிͻࢲᐍۢᛇĂГΐ˯ѳߖ˿гߏˠ۞ੑயĂҋ ၆ٺѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪யϠ̙˞ᎸĂܑனְ̙ᙯ̎۞ၗޘĄߊ ͻણᄃજ፟Ăңֽѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĉ
ᨨ!гٙͻ۞ۺᄮ ѳߖ˿гࡶᛳռˠੑயĂ֤ᆃ߆ࢋعଯજГӀϡࢍ൪ॡĂܮໂᅮг ۞੨ЪĄҭдѩ࣎९̚Ăг၆ܝొع߆ٺѣ࿅۞ޘഇޞĂ֭ͷЯ ࣧЯ҃ͻĞٕڱğۺᄮ߆ܝొعજଯજѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞ྕຍĂጱ гдણᄃ˯ଳ۞ܲפၗޘĄඊ۰ࠤҌፉ͕Ă࿅۞ޘഇ˘ޞόར۩Ă ၆ٺг҃֏ߏΩ˘Ѩ۞क़ୀĂऻُ̙Ӏٺг၆߆ܝొعώ̏ԑԑΞ П۞ܫЇຏĄ г̝ٙͽ၆ܝొع߆ٺѣ࿅۞ޘഇޞĂࢋߏЯࠎѩѨࢍ൪ߏϤ߆ ܝొعજࠀྙг۞੨ЪຍᙸĂጱгᄱᄮࠎĂߊߏ߆ܝొعજ ତࠀĂಶܑϯ߆ᙸعຍ೩ֻੑચྃӄᄃԫఙ͚೯ĂࠤҌᑕྍనڱᗫཆ΄ڱĄ дణኘ̚Ăг೩זĶ࣎Ğѳߖ˿гГӀϡğ˵ࢋ߆عѣྃӄԧ̖ѣ ᏱڱબČČԧ̙ߏઇྺ۞Ăಶზԧѣགྷԧ˵՟ᏱڱઇĂЯࠎԫఙ˯ԧԆ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
Б՟ᏱڱČČಶ࠻߆عѣ՟ѣᏱڱநČČԧࣇ̙ࢋፉ֤࣎ࢲᐍધČČ ̙Ԙ˘ԘౌߏԧĂ՟ѣ̦ᆃඕྖ۞ڍĂԧިᆃΞਕົࢋĂтڍ՟ѣ ઇֽĂኪ۞ߏԧҋ̎ࡠĄтع߆ߏڍѣ̦ᆃ९གྷĂගԧࣇᑒѓᇹķĄ ༊Ăгࣇ۞ഇߏޞΞͽநྋ۞ĂࢵАĂгٙጾѣ۞ྺгܜഇεΝӀ ϡᆊࣃĂඈܜٺഇᄋצੑயຫεĂ༊̙ᙸᅅٽඍᑕҋଶཕΒ੨ЪซҖ݈ ഀϏۢ۞˿гГӀϡࢍ൪ĄЯѩĂಶг۞ϲಞ҃֏Ăࡶ߆عੑચྃӄĂ ңᅮ੨ЪેҖĉѨĂѳߖፋٕڼѳߖ˿г۞щБྺүĂౌᅮຽԫఙĂ ࡶ߆ܝొع೩ֻԫఙ͚೯Ăߏ̙ΞਕซҖ۞ĄГ۰Ăྕт݈Ăг࿅ Νഅགྷࠎ˞ឰѳߖ˿гѪаϠ҃ᄃ߆ܜܝొعഇ఼ϏڍĂ˵Я҃˞ྋ ˿ѳڱ၆ٺѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞ࢨטĄгᄮࠎĂࡶ΄ڱ՟ѣᗫཆĂ ซҖЇңᄃѳߖፋڼᙯ۞˿гГӀϡࢍ൪ĂᔵѣҖ߆ಏҜ۞ᅃጱĂ̪ ᛳ࿁ڱĂبॡࡶዎᑭᓝĂֶྍڱௐ 40 ୧۞ఢؠĂΞਕົజາέ။ 15 ༱̮ͽ˯Ă75 ༱̮ͽ˭۞ჳᔫĄࠎ˞੨Ъ߆۞عѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪ĂΞ ਕ҃ͅࠎҋ̎٢ຒ౫ĄྕтΩ˘Ҝг೩זĶ೩ֻԧ˘ֱፘࡺٕ̦ᆃĂ ԧֽങ՟ᙯܼબČČΨԧҋ̎ങĂΞߏԧങĂҰ˫ᄲԧߏ߲ۏĂ ࢋԯԧԘଫĂԧ֤܅ᆃкဗĉČČ̳͛˭ֽĂԧፋ࣎˫ౌ̙֍˞Ğඊ۰ Ĉ۞ߏٙѣ۞͕ҕğĂ˫ࢋჳԧ̦ᆃჳܛĂᄲԧॺ̦ᆃķĄ ҃ĂტЪ߆࠹عᙯొ۞ܝణኘඕڍĂ൴னੵ˞ԫఙ͚೯ͽγĂੑચ ྃӄᄃ΄ڱᗫཆĂϫ݈Ξਕّ̪ѣ៍ޞ၅Ą̳ొצܝణ۰ܑϯܧ૱ᙸຍ ೩ֻгםӄĂҭυืֶڱҖ߆Ăࡶ೩ֻੑચྃӄநռˠ˿г۞ѳߖፋ ڼᄃ˿гГӀϡĂ֤ᆃϏֽБέ៉ிкռˠѳߖ˿гтңͧᏱநĉͽߙ ˘̳ొצܝణಏҜࠎּĂ֏ۡܮĂ ĶČČߏ˘࣎ռˠ۞ГӀϡࢍ൪Ăд Җ߆םӄྫྷם΄ڱӄ۞ొ̶ĂԧࣇౌΞͽ೩ֻ࠹༊۞םӄĄҌࢋٺ೩ֻགྷ ͞ࢬĂົͧྵߏ࣎ٺࢨצռѣ۞ĂΞਕົѣ˘ֱયᗟдĄķҌ΄ڱٺ ᗫཆՀߏ˘ี̂̍Ăঘ̈́Ч࠹ᙯొ΄ڱܝఢౢ۞ࡎયᗟĂ၆̙ߏಏ ϤᒖܲཌಶਕநĂΞਕᔘঘ̈́ྺᖏཌᄃͪӀཌĄϤѩ࠻ֽĂ߆ܝొعᄃ гᗕ͞Ҭͼдߊѣ۞ޠڱఢቑ̝˭Ăࢬᓜ၁ኳЪү۞ӧဩĄಶ߆ܝొع ۞ϲಞֽ࠻Ăજ೩ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪Ăߏഇ୕གྷϤ߆۞عᅃጱĂᄃ ϔมЪүநѳߖ˿гĂЯѩԓ୕гΞͽ੨ЪԸྤڦĄଂг۞ϲ ಞ҃֏Ăдјώड़ৈ۞҂ณ̝˭Ă֭જ፟੨Ъ˘࣎՟ѣ݈ഀܲᙋ۞ϏֽĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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гͻ၆Ϗֽ۞͕ܫĂࢋߏֽҋٺ၆߆ܫ̙۞عЇĂ҃ѩ̙ܫЇĂ˫ ߏങૄ۞ֽͽ˳ܜٺक़ୀຏĄ҃Ăг၆ܝొع߆ٺϫ݈۞જၗޘĂ ͻۺᄮĂдѩព˵ߏ˘࣎ᙯᔣĂࡶਕΐૻ͞ࢬ۞ۺᄮĂ၆߆ܝొع ۞ܫЇຏ̖ົ೩̿ĄSolitare (2005) അ೩זĂણᄃ۰̝ม۞ܫЇĂߏౄಶѣ ຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃ࣎˘̚АՙࢋІĂϫ݈ѩࢋІពߏͻ۞Ą
ᨩ!ಞӬᙝاϔٙͻ۞ۺᄮ ଂώѨ၁ᅫፆүϔிણᄃ۞གྷរ̚Ă൴னಞӬᙝاϔ၆ٺώ֗ٙᇷ ᜨ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍͻᛋᛇĂࣧЯѣ˟Ąߏ˘т݈ĂಞӬ۞γᄻᄃ˘ਠྮ य़ᗔਨᕍϠҲޘӀϡ۞˿гளĂ҃߆֭ܝొعଳפ᎕ໂ۞ၗޘજ೬ ᜨੈिĂдಞӬᙝ՟ѣከϲځព۞ᛋӘᇾϯĄߏ˟ϔி၆ٺҋ̎۞ᒖ ဩᝋͻۺᄮĂࣇᅅ˞نҋ̎ᑕѣᝋӀࢋՐ˘࣎ѳߖཱ̝۞Ϡ߿ᒖဩĄ ְ၁˯ĂΪࢋߏاҝдѳߖಞӬᙝĂಶߏᇷᜨдᒖဩࢲᐍ̚Ą˘ਠ ҃֏ĂࡶಞӬߏᛳٺг˭ͪѳߖĂ֤ᆃૄ߹۞ͪٺજّĂᒖဩࢲᐍડાܮ ̙ࢨٺѳߖ˿гᙝĂҭࡶಞӬࠎ˿ᚓѳߖĂ֤ᆃତܕѳߖಞӬĂϔி ٙٚ۞צᒖဩࢲᐍ̂Ąέ៉Яࠎг̈ˠ༵Ăிк۞ѳߖಞӬᔳٺҝш ᙝĂሕдצच۰۞ࢲᐍۢᛇࡶਕ೩̿ĂҌ͌Ξͽనڱଳ֨פ᜕ନ߉ᔖҺ࿅ ޘᇷᜨٺᒖဩࢲᐍ̚ĞּтдѳߖಞӬᙝ߿જॡӈᑛ˾ཊăٕߏᔖҺତ ܕѳߖ˿ᚓğ Ąॲፂώࡁտ۞៍၅ඊ൴னĂдેҖયסአߤ࿅̚Ăధк צణ۰дۢአߤ̍ү۞ϫ۞ߏᄃѳߖ˿гГӀϡ࠹ᙯॡĂௐ˘ͅᑕ఼ ૱ߏĂ҃ޢᜈ۞ၗܧౌ̂ޘ૱நّމঈĂݚᄮࠎѳߖ˿гߊߏռ ѣгĂγˠިਕѣᝋཉಚĄ҃ᇹ۞ၗޘĂពϯ၆ٺώ֗ٙ۞ᒖဩщ БّͻᄮᙊĂ՟ѣᛋᛇזҋ̎Ξਕߏሕд۞ѳߖצच۰ĂЯ̙҃ᄮࠎѩ ᛉᗟᄃ࠹̷֗ᙯĄྏຐĂт̍ߙڍᇄፋ͟ଵ·ٸ႕ள۞קᆿঈĂᙝا ϔдܬצᕘ̝ዶĂົтѩநّгᄮࠎ̍ᇄߏҾˠ۞ੑயĂय़ˠᝋ̒ঘ ᒉྻĉϔி˘ਠ၆ٺҒਙ۞ѳߖޝۏᙱயϠᛋᛇĂѩᙷ࠻ֽ୮̙ ீזݒхд۞ѳߖಞӬĂࡶࢋдѳߖ˿гГӀϡ࿅̚၁ኹѣຍཌྷ۞ϔ ிણᄃĂॲώ۞߄ጼᑕྍߏϔி၆ٺҋ֗ᒖဩᝋ۞ۺᄮ̙֖Ą̝֏ٽĂ ࡶϔிਕдۢѳߖಞӬ۞хдॡĂಶயϠĶҋ֗ᒖဩᝋܬזצϚķ۞ຏ צĂซ҃ᙯ͕ѳߖಞӬ۞Ϗֽཉ͞ёĂтѩ̖Ξਕ᎕ໂણᄃѳߖ˿гГ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
Ӏϡࢍ൪۞ఢထᄃેҖ࿅Ąྕт Solitare (2005) ۞ࡁտ៍၅ඕڍ൴னĂࢋ ྿זѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĂ࣎˘̚Аՙ୧Іߏϔிᛇኢ̚۞ᛉᗟᄃ̷ ֗࠹ᙯĄ ˯ˬӀचᙯܼ۰۞ͻۺᄮĂᔵдܡᘣᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁˯ ౌߏࢦࢋЯ৵Ăҭซ˘Վᑭෛԧ઼ϫ݈۞ነгࢦޙ၁ચ̝ົܮޢ൴னĂͽ னล߱҃֏Ă߆ܝొعᄃг۞ͻۺᄮࠎᙯᔣĄࢵАĂѳߖ˿гࠎռ ѣгĂࢋ੫၆ռѣгซҖѳߖ˿гГӀϡĂг۞੨ЪຍᙸߏᙯᔣĂ҃Ă г۞੨ЪຍᙸĂ˫ᄃ߆ۺ۞ܝొعᄮღღ࠹ᘭĂপҾߏᘣ˿ٺѳ۞ڱఢ ؠĂѳߖ˿г˯۞Їңүࠎౌυืᄃѳߖፋ࠹ڼᙯĂࡶ˟۰̝ม̢࠹ڱ ۺᄮĂᛸ͘Ъүనڱଵੵטࢨ΄ڱĂ֤ᆃ၆ڱᚶᜈјಶѳߖ˿гГӀ ϡ۞߆ඉ࡚ຍĄѨâό݈۞ᅪᘣΞͽଵੵĂ֤ᆃ߆ܝొع၆ٺಞӬ ᙝاϔٙٚ۞צᒖဩࢲᐍͻۺᄮĂ࣎˘˭ߏܮᙯᔣયᗟĂலౣಞӬ ᙝاϔ၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ᛋᛇĂࠤҌซ˘Վ൴ण၆ٺᒖဩᝋ۞ۺᄮĂౌᅮ ࢋϤ̳ొܝજ೬ᜨྤੈᄃซҖᒖဩିֈĄ
˟ăଂਕ˧ޥ҂ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁ӧဩ ਕ˧शԯĶጾѣ۞ੑఱķᄃĶੑఱٙਕயϠ۞Αਕķ̶ฟֽ࠻Ă၆ ٺᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁ѣࢦࢋ۞ຍཌྷĄᒖဩԔϒཌྷૺĂזצᒖဩՙ ඉᇆᜩ۞Ӏचᙯܼ۰ౌᑕྍѣड़гણᄃՙඉ࿅ĂܑϯӀचᙯܼ۰̙Ϊ ߏజኬ̟ણᄃՙඉ࿅۞፟ົĂ҃ͷᔘࢋдՙඉ࿅̚Էႊѣຍཌྷ۞֎ҒĄ ٙᏜѣຍཌྷ۞֎ҒĂ༊̙ߏ˘࣎జજણᄃٕࠎ߆ඉࡦ३۞֎ҒĂ҃ߏਕ ૉ࿅ણᄃ҃ৌϒ೩̿ҋ̎ٙ۞ᒖဩݡኳĄೱ֏̝Ăৌϒ۞ᒖဩԔϒ ཌྷĂᅮࢋ۞̙ΪߏឰӀचᙯܼ۰ጾѣણᄃ፟ົĂ҃ͷᔘࢋቁܲણᄃ۰ਕૉ Ӏϡ࣎፟ົĂ൴೭࣎፟ົ۞၁ኳΑਕĄ дώࡁտ៍၅۞࣎९྆Ăᔵᒖܲཌྏဦޙϲϔிણᄃ፟טĂഇ୕ග ̟гᄃಞӬᙝاϔܑ྿ຍ֍۞፟ົĂҭنݒர˞˘࣎ᙯᔣࢋ৵Ăӈг ᄃಞӬᙝاϔߏӎѣਕ˧·ЊӀϡ࣎ણᄃ፟ົֽԼචᒖဩݡኳĄٙ Ꮬ۞ਕ˧Ăֶ Sen (1999: 75) ۞ؠཌྷĂߏԯٙጾѣ۞ੑఱᖼ̼ࠎ၆Ϡ߿ѣ Αਕ۞ਕ˧Ąдѩѳߖ˿гГӀϡ࣎९̚ĂΞͽଂࢬ࣎Шֽᑭෛгᄃ ಞӬᙝاϔߏӎਕ൴೭ણᄃ፟ົ۞Αਕֽ೩̿ᒖဩݡኳĂߏ˘ણᄃ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
63
જ፟Ăߏ˟ຽۢᙊĂ݈۰ᄃ˯۞ۺᄮѣໂ̂۞ᙯܼĂޢ۰ᄃᒖဩ ѳߖ࣎९পኳѣᙯĂ҃˟۰۞ͻĂౌܡᘣ˞ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĄ ࢵАĂѣᙯϔி۞ણᄃજ፟Ăд̶݈ۺژᄮ̙֖۞ᇆᜩॡಶ̏གྷ ኢ࿅Ă̙ГᖴĄѨĂӈֹϔிѣણᄃજ፟Ă֤ᆃࣇߏӎѣ֖ૉ۞ ຽۢᙊᑒӄซҖБࢬّ۞ޥ҂ᄃຽّ۞ኢĂᙯͼણᄃ۞ຍཌྷᄃ ड़தĄд˘ᙷ۞࣎९̚Ăгٙᅮࢋ۞ຽۢᙊĂΒ߁ᄃѳߖ˿г࠹ᙯ ۞΄ڱఢቑĂͽ̈́ѳߖ˿гፋ࠹ڼᙯ۞ԫఙۢᙊĂּт̙Тѳߖّ߲۞ۏ ᄃᇆᜩă੫၆পؠѳߖ۞ۏፋڼशăѳߖ˿гፋ۞ޢڼϖᜈჯᄃዋ༊ ۞ྺү͞ёඈඈĄ҃Ăдᄃг۞ణኘ࿅̚ĂΞͽځពຏࣇזצЯ ၆࠹ᙯຽۢᙊ۞̙˞ྋĂ҃౯ຏ؉Ąг̝˘ܑϯĂ ĶŰŰٙࣇࠁˠ ֽĞ˿ኳԼ։ğྏរબĂྏរԆ˵̙˞˞̝બĂྫྷࣇ൴ય˿гѮߖĞଐ ԛğ Ă˵՟ѣ˭͛Ą˘ѐٚ১Ԇಶ֕˞બĄķྍҜгдྖ̚˵ܑϯĂܕ ഇ˫ќܑ̳͛ع߆זϯྍྺг̪ᖞ༰ͤॺྺүۏĄΩ˘Ҝг̙ᕝࢦ ኑܑϯĂ Ķԧ̙ߏઇྺ۞Ăಶზԧѣགྷԧ˵՟ᏱڱઇĂЯࠎԫఙ˯ԧԆБ ՟Ᏹڱķ Ăణኘ̚˵˘ГܑϯĂࢋ੨Ъ՟યᗟĂҭߏĶࢋΝጯ˘ֱຽ ۢᙊĂᇹ̖ѣᏱع߆ྫྷڱ੨ЪબĂ̙̦ᆃౌ̙ົĂ՟ѣ͕ܫબķ Ąг ᄬঈ̚۞؉ពϯ၆࠹ٺᙯۢᙊᄃԫఙ۞̙˞ྋĂдޝ˭ڶېᙱᄃ ࠹ᙯಏҜซҖѣड़۞఼Ą ͽಞӬᙝاϔ҃֏Ăࣇᅮࢋֱࣹຽۢᙊ̖ਕѣड़гણᄃ˿гГ Ӏϡࢍ൪ĉдѩᙷ࣎९̚ĂاϔҌ͌ᅮࢋ೩̿၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍ࠹ᙯۢᙊ۞ᄮ ᙊĂ˞ྋҋ̎ᇷᜨдңѳߖރ۞ۏ̝˭Ăͽ̈́Яᑕ̝Ă̖ਕ੫၆ѳ ߖಞӬ۞ГӀϡซҖநّ۞ኢĄ˘ਠ҃֏Ăѳߖצच۰۞ຍ֍ܑ྿टٽ జᄮࠎ͉ଐჰ̼֭ͷ̙ૉࡊጯĂٙͽĂϔிࡶਕૄࡊٺጯۢᙊซҖநّ۞ ၆ྖĂӈֹΪߏ೩યᗟĂౌົឰˠѣĶחϫ࠹࠻ķ۞קĂѣӄٺ೩̿ జۺᄮ۞ޘĂซ҃ѣӄٺ၁ኳ۞ϔிણᄃĄ҃Ăд࣎࣎९̚Ăϔ ி၆ٺ࿖ѳߖ۞ۢᙊ̙֖Ăٙͽ̙ኢߏયסඍ۰ٕߏణኘצణ۰Ăౌ՟ ѣ੫၆࿖Ѯߖ೩Їң࠹ᙯຽયᗟĄ ѩγĂώ࣎९ۤડاϔ੫၆ಞӬᙝۤડ൴णٙ೩۞Чࢍ൪ĂϤ ྵͧߏౌ̂ٺᐌّ۞ຍ֍Ă՟ѣགྷ࿅͉кຽ҂ณĂЯѩѣֱຍ֍д̳ొ צܝణ۰ֽ࠻Ă̂ౌѣેҖ˯۞ᙱޘĄּтاϔᄮࠎᑕྍᆧΐۤડ̰۞ქ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
гࢬ᎕ᄃፘ͢ങĂٕߏར၁Ӱ̶ᙷаќГӀϡĂҭ੫၆݈۰Ă̳ొܝ צణ۰ܑϯĂ Ķᆧΐქгࢬ᎕ঘ̳זѣ˿г۞ొ̶Ă֤ռѣ˿гԧࣇͧྵ ̙टٽΝ̬ˢĂٙͽ࣎ొ̶Ξਕົѣ˘۞ؠӧᙱޘĄ࣎ᑕྍଂ̳ѣ˿ г۞ఢထ͞ࢬΝ͘ČČଂፋ࣎ౌξࢍထ۞ఢထ͞ШΝ͘Ăࡶঘ̈́ռѣ ˿гĂಶυืםአᒔٙѣг۞Тຍ̖Җķ ĂҌޢٺ۰Ă༊г֧֏ܜĂ Ķᄲ۞ޝᖎಏઇ۞ޝӧᙱĂҰᄲኡࢋֽᙝĞӰğ̶ᙷĂ֤ᙝاϔТ̙ ТຍĉČČт֤྆ڍѣקĂاϔᄲҰቡ߇Ԙ࣎дᙝĂاϔົޝ кຍ֍ČČ̫͇ᇹӰ̶ᙷ˭Ν၆ѣק۞ધĊ˘ؠԩ۞ۋધĊķೱ ֏̝ĂӰаќಞ۞ޙཉгᕇĂ҃ѩዐᔖన߉۞ᏴӬĂ͔ۋ۞̂ޝ ᛉĄϤѩΞۢĂણᄃՙඉ࿅۞ϔிࡶ՟ѣགྷ࿅ૈ˧۞࿅ĂಶΪਕᐌّ ൴ܑຍ֍Ă҃༊ͻຽۢᙊ۞ຍ֍ࢦ۞ܝొع߆זצڱෛॡĂϔி۞ ણᄃજ፟ಶົు႙ᖼऴĂӄٺ၁ኳ۞ϔிણᄃĄ ݈۞ࡁտඕڍĂຉፋٺဦ 2 ̚Ą
ౙăඕኢĈ၁ኹነгࢦ̚ޙ ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞୧І ѳߖ˿гГӀϡߏϫ݈ᒖܲཌܨ୬ଯҖ۞ነгࢦࢍޙ൪Ăᔵధкགྷ រࡁտ̏གྷ೩ֻ˞࠹ᙯޙᛉĞDaley & Layton, 2004ćDixon, 2003ćDull & Wernstedt, 2010ćEckerd and Keeler, 2012ćGallagher and Jackson, 2008 ඈğĂ ҭֱࡁտ̂ౌߏ័ಷд઼۞ۤົրඛٙ̚ซҖ۞Ąଂֱ͛ᚥ̚൴ னĂధкለă࡚ă͟ነгࢦޙјΑ۞९ּ̚Ăϔม۞જਕ఼૱ߏ͚ᇣነг ࢦ˧ࢋࢦ۞ޙณĂϔி۞ણᄃજ፟˵дгّۤ͞ဥ۞જࣶ̚ᜈ̙ᆩĄ ҃Ăͽԧ઼۞ன֏҃ېĂѳߖ˿гГӀϡ̪дѝഇ൴णล߱Ăϫ่݈Ϥᒖ ܲཌဘྏϤ˯҃˭ଯજĂإϏჷϤਨॲّۤဥ൴ٕጱ۞९ּĂϔ ม۞ણᄃሤྕ˵إϏ൴णјሢĂপҾд̙ீ۞ѳߖಞӬᙝՀߏĄЯѩĂ ࢋтңдԧ઼۞ነгࢦࢍޙ൪̚ར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ჟৠĂ၁ኹѣຍཌྷ۞ ϔிણᄃĂᅮࢋૄٺԧ઼ѳߖಞӬᙝۤડ۞পኳĂֽᗃ֭ޙၹٙᅮࢋ ۞ૄᖂ୧ІĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
ဦ2
65
ࡁտඕڍຉፋ
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋᘱ
ώࡁտଂܕϒཌྷநኢٙ൴णֽ҃۞ۺᄮᄃਕ˧࣎शĂᑭෛᒖဩ Ԕϒཌྷдԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡ၁ચ̚ར၁۞ӧဩĂ൴னۺᄮᄃਕ˧Ϲ࠹ ᇆᜩϔிણᄃ۞࿅ĄӀचᙯܼ۰كѩͻۺᄮĂጱгᄃಞӬᙝ اϔ۞ણᄃજ̙֖፟Ă҃ͷĂгᄃاϔͣຽਕ˧Ă˵ጱڱ၁ኳ ᚥٺѳߖгГӀϡ۞ኢᄃՙඉ࿅Ąᔵώ͛Ϊ៍၅ಏ˘۞ѳߖгГ Ӏϡࢍ൪Ăҭྕт݈Ăߏϫ݈ԧ઼˘˘࣎ྏဦޙၹϔிણᄃ፟ٺט ነгࢦޙ࿅۞࣎९ĂГ۰Ăώࡁտ៍၅۞၆෪֭ܧໂბপּĂ҃ߏז Ξ֍۞ྺгѳߖĂ҃ͷಞӬٙдг˵ܧໂࠎઐᅈٕໂࠎౌξ̼̝гડĂ҃ ߏ࿆хдٺԧ઼̝ҝથྺЪ۞̈ݱݭξĂЯѩĂࡁտඕڍᑕΞ೩ֻᙷ Ҭ࣎९۞ણ҂Ą
66
ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ͽ˭ૄࡁٺտ൴னĂГ੨Ъϒཌྷநኢ̚۞ۺᄮᄃਕ˧࣎शĂဘྏ ଂϔிણᄃજ፟ᄃણᄃਕ˧ࢬ࣎ШĂ೩ೀ࣎၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞Аՙ ୧ІĄͽ˭۞୧І˘ă˟ăˬߏࠎ˞೩̿ϔிણᄃજ፟҃೩Ă҃୧Іαă ̣˞ࠎߏ೩̿ϔிણᄃਕ˧҃೩Ą
˘ăણᄃજ፟ ѣᝥٺӀचᙯܼ۰كѩͻۺᄮĂጱгᄃಞӬᙝاϔ۞ણᄃજ ̙֖፟ĂЯѩώࡁտᄮࠎĂࢋར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷĂυืА͘೩̿ϔிણ ᄃજ፟ĄϤٺϫ݈ԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡߏϤ˯҃˭ଯҖĂЯѩϔிણᄃજ ̙፟ᑕజෛࠎநٙ༊гхдĂপҾߏοٺЧг۞ѳߖಞӬ̙֭ــព ீĂޝᙱӛ͔ᙝاϔ۞ڦຍĂՀ࿇ኢણᄃነгࢦ۞ޙજ፟ĄЯѩĂдϔ ிણᄃજ፟˯Ăώ͛೩ͽ˭ˬ࣎Аՙ୧ІĂਕૉᑒӄར၁ѣຍཌྷ۞ϔி ણᄃĄ ୧І˘ĂϤ៍ٺ၅ܝొع߆ז၆ٺг۞ຫεۺᄮ̙֖Ăጱг၆ ٺણᄃѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪۞ኳႷၗޘĂЯѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂࢋ೩̿г ۞ણᄃજ፟Ăࢦࢋ۞ಶߏ߆࠹عᙯొܝਕૉۺᄮг۞Чຫεăࢬ ຏצăᄃᆊࣃ៍ĂЯࠎѣтѩĂԧࣇ̖Ξਕଂצच۰۞֎ޥֽޘ҂ࣇ ৌϒ۞ᅮՐĄְ၁˯Ăࢬ၆ѳߖצच۰۞ЧຫεĂԧࣇܧ૱टٽརˢ˘ Ķѣຫεಶኪᐺķ۞ၚّޥ҂Ă֭ᄮࠎኪᐺ۞ග;ಶܑѳߖצच۰۞ ຫεۺזצᄮĄдѩĂώ͛ޙᛉྯ௲ѩޥ҂ሀёĂ҃ଂೀ࣎͞ࢬֽणன ۺᄮ۞ၗޘĄௐ˘Ă߆࠹عᙯొܝᑕΞ࿅ӈॡ۞аᑕֽܑனۺᄮĂּт ᖎ̼Җ߆Ԕăજ೩ֻЧᙷ̏གྷຉፋ࿅۞ྤੈඈඈĂឰ̏གྷᄋצຫε۞ ѳߖצच۰Ă̙ᅮࠎ˞Җ߆үຽԔ҃িٺ؋ĂٕҋҖരЧొܝٙ೩ ֻ۞ͯ߱ྤੈĄௐ˟Ă࿅ྕᑗ۞఼ֽܑனۺᄮĄྕᑗ˟фᔵܧ૱٩ ෪҃ͷ֍̥֍ംĂҭඊ۰ᄮࠎĂᄃૻአĶѣड़۞ķ఼Ă̙тૻአĶྕ ᑗ۞ķ఼ĂপҾߏдᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ۞ଐဩ˭Ăࡶਕဘྏ˞ྋצच۰۞ࢬ ຏצĂಶົۢѳߖצच۰ᅮࢋ۞఼͞ёĂ၆̙ΪߏྤੈĶѣड़۞็ ྿ķĂ҃ߏឰצच۰ቁ၁ຏ۞זצĶѣ็۞ޘ྿ķĄ˘৽̳ٕ͛˘఼ϒё ۞ྖĂ၆̙ͧ˯Ꮠҋణ܅ॡมӱ˭ֽ௭௭ֽٙ۞ޘĄBond et al. (2004: 622) ٙ൴ण۞ϔிણᄃ̶ߛژၹâ̝̚ಶߏ̙ࢋΪߏኢְ၁
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
67
ᙋፂĂ҃ࢋ҂ณӀचᙯܼ۰۞ᆊࣃ៍Ąඊ۰ᄮࠎĂࡊጯ૱૱ૻአְ၁۞ࢦ ࢋّĂҭдࢬ၆ѳߖצच۰ॡĂన֗г˞ྋӀचᙯܼ۰۞ᆊࣃ៍Ăົឰ ϔிણᄃ۞࿅к˘ֱᙯᘃ۞ޘĄௐˬĂ࿅ྭొົ۞ޘטፋЪֽܑன ۺᄮĄѳߖ˿гГӀϡঘ۞߆ܝొعிкĂͽώ࣎९۞ѳߖྺгГӀϡ ࠎּĂҌ͌ঘ̈́ˬಏҜĂ̶Ҿߏྺຽăг߆ăᄃᒖܲಏҜĂ҃ЧಏҜд Җ߆˯۞ࢨטᄃਕૉ೩ֻ۞םӄ࠰̙࠹ТĂࠤҌΞਕдֶٙፂ۞࠹˯΄ڱ ̢օĄRogers and Whetten (1982) ۞ࡁտĂ༊߆̝ܝొعม۞Чࢍ ထͣፋЪĂࠤҌ̢࠹Ϭ࠼ॡĂٙ೩ֻ۞ಶົΪߏͯ߱ё۞ڇચĂ҃ͯ߱ ё۞ڇચ၁д΄ˠٙዋଂĄ˯ˬᕇૄۺٺᄮٙ൴णֽ҃۞߆ඉޙ ᛉĂ࠹ܫΞͽ೩̿г၆ܫ۞ܝొ̳ٺЇޘᄃણᄃຍᙸĄ ୧І˟ĂϤ៍ٺ၅֭ܝొع߆זજдѳߖ˿гܕܢ೬ᜨѳߖ࠹ᙯ ྤੈĂጱϔி၆ٺٙࢬ၆۞ᒖဩࢲᐍ˘ٙۢĂซ҃ͻણᄃຍᙸĂЯ ѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂ߆࠹عᙯొܝᅮࢋАۺᄮѳߖಞӬᙝاϔ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍĂЯ ࠎѣтѩĂ̖ਕᑒӄاϔ೩̿ࢲᐍۢᛇĄ၁Ă၆࠹ٺᙯಏҜ҃֏Ă ࢋۺᄮಞӬᙝاϔ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍٕధ̙ᙱĂӧᙱ۞ᑕߏޢᜈ۞ҖજĄ˘ਠ ҃֏Ă߆ܝొع̙ԓ୕͔ϔி۞ऻຖĂचُ೩ֻ࿅к۞ྤੈ҃ͅົ ֽ̙υࢋ۞Җ߆ᑅ˧Ą҃Ăྤੈ·֖ع߆ߏځ၆ϔிᑕႽ۞యЇĂ߆ ۞عၗޘ̙੯ྴĂ̖Ξਕ೩̿ϔி۞ܫЇຏĄͽώ९ּ҃֏Ă߆࠹عᙯ ొܝᑕΞ࿅ͽ˭ೀ͞ёֽणனۺᄮ۞ၗޘĄௐ˘Ă·̶Әۢᙝϔி ѳߖಞӬ۞хдĄௐ˟Ă೩ֻѳߖಞӬ۞࠹ᙯྤੈĂΒ߁ѳߖۏăѳߖă ͽ̈́၆֗វઉ۞ރޘĄௐˬĂ೩ֻϔிҋԧ᜕ܲ۞࠹ᙯۢᙊĄௐαĂ ·̶Әۢϔிѣᙯ߆ޢܝొعᜈ۞நԔᄃॡĄ༊ϔிజ೩ᏹٙࢬ ᓜ۞ᒖဩࢲᐍĂ̖Ξਕ͕Ϡᛋᛇซ҃೩ણᄃજ፟Ą ୧ІˬĂϤ៍ٺ၅זಞӬᙝاϔ၆ٺҋ̎۞ᒖဩᝋຏۢࠤ͌Ăጱ ӈֹۢاछܕܢѣѳߖಞӬܑ̪ன࠹༊நّ႐ĂЯѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂѳ ߖಞӬᙝاϔᅮۺᄮҋ̎۞ᒖဩᝋĂЯࠎѣтѩĂاϔ၆ٺٙ۞ᒖ ဩݡኳ̖ົѣୂຏޘĄ༊߆ܝొعજ೩ֻѳߖಞӬ࠹ᙯྤੈॡĂ˵ᅮࢋ ಞӬᙝاϔᙸຍᙯڦѩְĂࡶاϔڱវᄮᒖဩᝋ۞ࢦࢋّĂ̙ᄮࠎҋ ̎ᑕѣᝋӀࢋՐщБ۞Ϡ߿ᒖဩĂ֤ᆃӈֹ߆ܝొع೩ֻГкྤੈĂ˵ߏ व౻Ą҃Ăͽέ៉ϫ݈۞ன࠻ֽڶĂϔிੵ˞дᔉཉ̙જய̝݈ົຍ
68
ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
Ղჴබ
ԧ઼ѳߖгГӀϡ၁ּ۞៍၅̶ژ
ҝшᙝᒖဩͽγâਠਕӛ͔ϔிڦຍ۞ĂᔘߏᛳٺᏰᙊ۞ྵޘѳߖĂ ЯѩĂࢋ೩̿ಞӬᙝاϔ၆ٺҋ̎ᒖဩᝋ۞ࢦෛĂᑕྍଂᒖဩିֈ͘Ą ࠹ᙯొܝᑕΞ੫၆ѳߖಞӬٙдгડĂซҖؠഇ۞ᒖဩିֈĂּтӀϡҁ ˠ߿જ͕̚ᓝᏱᒖဩିֈ࠹ᙯ߿જĂ֭ᖣѩѳߖ˿г۞ྤੈӘۢۤડا ϔĂࠤҌΞͽᄃ༊гЧ৺ጯ७ЪүĂᑒӄѐᅅጯ̄ଂ̈ૈዳᒖဩᝋ۞៍هĂ ֭˞ྋۤડ̚ѳߖ˿г۞።ΫĄSolitare (2005) ۞ࡁտඕڍ൴னĂϔிᄮࠎ జᇈྙ۞ᛉᗟᄃҋ֗ѣᙯĂߏѣຍཌྷ̝ϔிણᄃ۞݈೩ࢋІ̝˘Ą݈୧ І˟ૺϤ߆عજ೩ֻѳߖಞӬ࠹ᙯྤੈගᙝاϔĂ୧ІˬૺᖣϤ ᒖဩିֈ೩̿ѳߖۤડاϔ၆ٺᒖဩᝋ۞ۺᄮĂౌਕૉᑒӄاϔԯѳߖ˿ гГӀϡෛࠎ̷֗࠹ᙯ۞યᗟĂซ҃೩̿ણᄃજ፟Ą ͽ˯ˬ࣎ѣᙯ೩̿ϔிણᄃજ፟۞୧І̚Ă୧І˘ߏ੫၆гĂ୧І ˟ᄃˬߏ੫၆ಞӬᙝϔிĄд݈ଂۺᄮޥ҂ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ར၁ӧဩ ̚അགྷ೩זĂͽனล߱۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪҃֏Ăгᄃ߆̝ܝొعม ۞Ъүߏ˘࣎ᙯᔣĂࡶࢋޥ҂୧І˘ă˟ăˬ̝ม۞ᐹАึԔĂಶன၁۞ ҂ณ҃֏Ă୧І˘ѣᙯг۞ણᄃજ፟ᑕߏனล߱ར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ᙯ ᔣĄ༊Ă၆ٺгણᄃજ፟۞೩̿҃֏Ăԣిѣड़۞ᄵЯĂಶߏБ Ϥ߆ܝొع೩ֻˠ˧ă˧ۏăੑ˧ᑒӄѳߖ˿г۞ГӀϡĄҭྕт݈Ă тڍѳߖ˿гГӀϡߏϏֽᒖܲཌԓ୕ు˘Ԇј۞̍үĂ֤ᆃಶܑϯБέ ѣ˼к࣎ѳߖಞӬᅮࢋநĂࡶԆБያ̳ొ۞ܝੑ˧˧ۏĂೀͼߏ̙Ξ ਕ۞ЇચĄЯѩĂώ͛ᄮࠎĂ೩̿гણᄃ۞̰дᄵЯĂᅮࢋ߆࠹عᙯొ ̝ܝมАҖፋЪĂΝੵЧಏҜдҖ߆˯۞ࢨטᄃд̢࠹˯΄ڱօ̝Ă ֭ፋЪਕૉ೩ֻ۞םӄĂᖎ̼Җ߆Ԕ֭જ೩ֻЧᙷ̏གྷຉፋ࿅۞ྤ ੈĂޢГགྷϤࢬ၆ࢬ۞఼Ăᗃгᄃ߆̝ܝొعม۞ЪүᙯܼĂឰ гຏۢܝొع߆זྋՙયᗟ۞ྕຍĂтѩ˵̖ΞਕຏજгĂ೩̿ણ ᄃજ፟ĂࠤҌޢᜈгડ۞ѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪˵̖ΞਕజኑᄦซҖĄ
˟ăણᄃਕ˧ ଂ݈ᄃг۞ణኘͽ̈́ᄃયסඍ۰۞̢જ̚Ă൴ன݈۰၆ٺણᄃ ѩࢍ൪ͻ࣎˘̚۞͕ܫЯ৵Ăдͻٺѳߖፋڼă˿ኳ࣒ೇăѳߖ˿ гГӀϡඈඈ࠹ᙯ۞ຽۢᙊᄃԫఙĂ҃ޢ۰дٙ೩ֻ۞ۤડϏֽ൴ण
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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ޙᛉ˯ĂЯͣฉБ۞ޥ҂҃ΞҖّҲĄЯѩώࡁտᄮࠎĂࢋར၁ᒖဩ ԔϒཌྷĂੵ˞ણᄃજ፟ͽγĂϔி˵ᅮࢋѣਕ˧Ă̖ਕӀϡણᄃ፟ົֽ೩ ̿ҋ̎֗۞ᒖဩݡኳĄд࣎࣎९̚Ξͽ៍၅זгᄃಞӬᙝاϔд ࠹ᙯຽۢᙊ˯۞ͻĂЯѩĂӈֹѣ֖ૉ۞ણᄃજ፟Ă˵ᔘڱ྿זѣ ຍཌྷ۞ણᄃĄຽۢᙊ۞౯Ă၆ٺᒖဩѳߖ࣎९̚Ӏचᙯܼ۰̝ม۞၆ ྖপҾࢦࢋĂϔிࡶਕૉᔖҺଐჰّ൴֏Ă҃ߏૄࡊٺጯۢᙊֽણᄃኢĂ ҋͧྵटٽдણᄃ۞࿅̚זצࢦĄ҃Ăᒖဩѳߖߏຽܝᕣޝ ۞ᛉᗟĂͻۏந̼ጯۢᙊࡦഀ۰ྵᙱˢܝĄՀ؉۞ߏĂдᒖဩ̙ϒཌྷ ̝˭۞ѳߖצच۰Ă૱૱ߏۤົགྷᑻऴ๕Ă̂ొ̶ౌᙱͽྭຽܝᕣĂ ౯ຽ۞ણᄃਕ˧ĄЯѩĂࡶ̙ϒෛѳߖડϔிຽણᄃਕ˧۞೩̿Ă ֤ᆃ၆ৈٺѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĄдԧ઼ѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞࣎९̚ĂϤ ٺгᄃಞӬᙝاϔ۞ϲಞᄃٙᙯ͕۞ᛉᗟ̙֭Б࠹ТĂЯѩࣇٙ ᅮࢋ۞ຽۢᙊĂ˵ᑕྍѣٙડĄͽ˭۞୧Іαᄃ୧І̣Ăߏ੫၆೩̿ гᄃಞӬᙝاϔ۞ણᄃਕ˧҃೩Ą ୧ІαĂϤ៍ٺ၅זг̙ᕝૻአώ֗၆࠹ٺᙯຽۢᙊ۞ͻĂ ֹдણᄃၗ˯ޘѣٙᏵႷĂЯѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂߊдனล߱г۞Ъүၗޘ ᄃਕ˧ߏୁજѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞ᙯᔣĂ֤ᆃĂгಶᅮࢋຽۢᙊ۞྅౯Ă Β߁ѳߖፋڼԫఙăјώड़ৈăᄃፋ˿۞ޢڼгჯ͞ёĄгᙯ͕۞ ᛉᗟᑕྍߏѳߖ˿гтңፋڼĂͽ̈́Ϗֽ˿г۞ӀϡᆊࣃĄѣᙯѳߖ˿г ۞ፋڼԫఙᄃፋڼјώᄃड़ڍĂౌߏгᅮࢋ˞ྋ۞ຽۢᙊĂгᅮࢋ ૄֱٺຽۢᙊĂГ੨ЪϏֽ˿г۞ഇ୕Ӏϡ͞ёĂͽՙؠፋ͞ڼёĄ Ҍ˿ٺгϏֽ۞ӀϡᆊࣃĂΞ̶ࠎâࠎ˿ኳڱԼ։Ă˟ࠎ˿ኳΞ ͽԼ։ҌЪ΄ڱᇾĄࡶ˿гѳߖ݈ࠎڶې۰Ă֤ᆃߏӎΞͽតՀгϫ ͽԼតӀϡ͞ёĉ࠹ᙯ۞΄ڱఢౢࠎңĉࡶ˿ኳΞͽԼ։Ă֤ᆃࢋтңซ Җྺү̖ਕϠயच۞ྺүۏĉѳߖፋ˿۞ޢڼᚓݡኳྍтңჯĉтң ᔖҺГזצޘѳߖĉֱຽۢᙊ۞็఼Ăౌᅮࢋ߆࠹عᙯొ۞ܝ छͽᖎಏٽᑖ۞͞ёםӄซҖĄ ୧І̣ĂϤ៍ٺ၅זಞӬᙝاϔ่̙၆ٺᒖဩࢲᐍ۞ᄮᙊ̙֖Ă҃ ͷ၆ٺѳߖ˿г۞ϏֽཉĂͽ̈́ۤડдᒖဩ˯۞൴ण͞ШĂౌڱणன ͧྵຽ۞ޥ҂Ăٙ೩۞ޙᛉ˵д̳ొצܝణ۰۞̶ޢ̝ژ൴னયᗟࢦ
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ᒖဩԔϒཌྷдነгࢦ۞̚ޙ၁ኹ୧ІĈ
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ࢦĂЯѩώ͛ᄮࠎĂࢋ྿זѣຍཌྷ۞ϔிણᄃĂಞӬᙝاϔᅮࢋѣຽ ۢᙊ۞྅౯ĄͽಞӬᙝاϔ҃֏Ăࡶࢋਕૉѣຍཌྷгણᄃѳߖ˿гГӀ ϡࢍ൪ĂҌ͌ᅮࢋ྅౯۞࠹ᙯۢᙊĂಶߏѳߖ˿г۞ѳߖۏăѳߖăѳ ߖۏ၆֗វઉΞਕౄј۞Пचăͽ̈́ҋԧ᜕ܲନ߉ඈඈĄੵѩ̝γĂᔘ ᑕႽΞਕஎˢ˞ྋѳߖፋڼԫఙᄃፋڼඕڍĂЯࠎ၆ٺѳߖ˿г۞ཉ͞ ёົۡତᇆᜩזᙝاϔϏֽ۞Ϡ߿ᒖဩݡኳĄᔵԧࣇΞਕົᄮࠎĂҾ ˠ۞˿гࢋިᆃፋڼĂय़ˠΞਕᝋ̒ঘĂҭࡶଂѳߖ˿гሕдצच۰۞ ϲಞֽ࠻Ăѳߖ˿гтңፋڼᄃፋڼड़ڍĂᙯͼϏֽ۞Ϡ߿ᒖဩݡኳĂ тڍፋ̪ޢڼѣ͌ณ۞ѳߖۏĂ֤ᆃົтңᇆᜩᙝاϔĉاϔྍтң ֨ቑĉ֨ቑјώтңĉͻֱۢᙊ۞྅౯ĂಞӬᙝاϔޝᙱ၁ኳણᄃ ၆ኘĄ҃Ăֱຽۢᙊ۞ዳј֭˘ܧᙙΞೀĂܜഇ۞ᒖဩିֈ၆ߏ ྅౯اϔ۞ࢦࢋඉரĂҭޙᛉᒖဩିֈΞϹϤۤડ̰ٕгّ͞۞ܧᒉӀ ᖐֽఢ൪ซҖĂ҃߆ܝొعΪᅮԷႊૈങгّ͞ᖐ֭೩ֻੑચྤ۞ᅃ ӄ֎ҒӈΞĄтѩޙᛉ۞ࢋநϤдٺĂгّ͞ܧᒉӀᖐͧྵਕૉ˞ྋ ༊гϔி۞Ϡ߿௫ّĂ˵Я҃ྵਕనࢍఢ൪ዋЪ༊г۞ᒖဩିֈ͞ёĂ̙ ኢߏᐖၗ۞ᒖܲ̈Ί็ކĂٕߏજၗ۞ۤડᒖဩჯ߿જĂౌᑕෛ༊гا ϔ۞௫ၚֽనࢍĂপҾߏᑕᓞᒁ۞ᒖဩѮߖۢᙊᄃ࠹ᙯྤੈĂͽᖎ఼ٽ ܸ۞͞ёӔனឰϔிநྋĂͽᑒӄۤડاϔՀ˞ྋۤડ̰ѳߖಞӬ۞ຽ ྤੈĂ֭ᖣϤ߿જనࢍᐌॡӘۢϔிѳߖ˿гГӀϡ۞ซĂឰᙝاϔ ຏזצҋ̎ߏГӀϡࢍ൪۞ણᄃ۰҃ܧय़៍۰Ą ଂΟҌ̫ĂٙѣЩ۞ѳߖ࣎९дᘕ൴̝݈Ăౌᐖᐖгሕᖟٺᙝا ϔ۞щاሄຽ̚Ă҃ԧࣇᓁߏඈ̂זఢሀ۞๋च̏јְ၁Ă̖ົ˸ѿྃկĂ ҭ˵૱Я҃ຏရࠎॡ̏ĄሕᖟдԧࣇϠ߿ᒖဩ̚۞ிкѳߖಞӬĂౚՕ щᐖĂϔி۞ۢᛇĂឰԧࣇᄱͽࠎ͇˭͉πĄ߆ܝొعฟؕϒෛነг ࢦޙĂ၁ߏԧ઼̍ຽѳߖΫ˯۞ࢦࢋݵ፟Ă҃дነгࢦޙ࿅̚ޙϲϔ ிણᄃ፟۞טဘྏĂ·႕։ච࡚ຍĄ҃Ăϒཌྷ۞၁ኹĂ̙ਕಏያײ ಄ᄃሤଐĂᔘᅮࢋχргૄĂӎ࠻Ҭ۞˞זפۋϒཌྷĂ၁Ξਕवԛ ё୮ຍཌྷĄ̙ኢԧ઼д࿅Ν˭˞к͌ᒖဩԔ̙ϒཌྷ۞ЯĂٚ˞צк ͌ᒖဩ̶੨̙ϒཌྷ۞ڍĂ༊ۤົ˯ϒཌྷ۞ຍᙊు႙ٶᐝĂ༊߆࠹عᙯొܝ ྏဦጯ௫၁ኹᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ჟৠ҃ޙϲϔிણᄃ፟טॡĂυืྕ၁ࢬ၆
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 68 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 6 ͡
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ેҖ˯۞ӧဩĄЯѩĂώࡁտᖣϤ၁ᅫፆү៍၅ϔிણᄃ፟טĂ̶ژར၁ ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞ӧᙱĂ֭ૄѩ೩ೀᕇར၁ᒖဩԔϒཌྷ۞୧ІĂഇ୕ਕ ឰ઼̰ነгࢦޙՙඉ࿅̚۞ϔிણᄃ̙ົवԛёĂഴ͌Ԕϒཌྷдந ຐᄃ၁ኹ၁ચ̝ม۞मĄ ༊Ăӈֹநຐᄃ၁ચ̝ม۞ᗓజᒺൺĂࠤҌԔϒཌྷѣضజ၁ኹĂ ԧࣇౌྴڱᔖତᏫֽ҃۞યᗟĂ֤ಶߏԔϒཌྷ۞јಶߏӎߏѳߖצच ۰۞ໂϫᇾĉԔϒཌྷ၆ٺѳߖצच۰۞ৌ၁ຍཌྷࠎңĉ˘ాҚ۞ય ή၁Ш˘࣎̂ݙયĂӈԔϒཌྷߏӎਕૉܲᙋ̶੨ϒཌྷĉ࣎ય ᗟд߆ࣰڼጯᅳા̚ኢ̏˳Ăᔵ̙дώࡁտ۞ኢቑᘞ̝̰Ăҭώ͛ ѣయЇ͛ٺϐ೩ֱયᗟĂᔖҺԔϒཌྷజෛࠎϫᇾֽՐĂٕߏ జநٙ༊гᄮࠎυጱ̶੨ϒཌྷĄͽώࡁտ۞ነгࢦ֏҃ޙĂӈֹ гᄃᙝاϔܧ૱நຐгдѳߖ˿гГӀϡࢍ൪̚Էႊ᎕ໂѣड़۞֎ ҒĂ֭ͷѣຍཌྷгણᄃ˞ፋ࣎࿅Ă୮༂ஷг၁ኹ˞ԔϒཌྷĂ၆ٺ ࣇ҃֏Ăᑕྍ̙ົߏϫ۞ĂЯࠎ߆ඉણᄃ۰ᑕྍົ၆߆ඉඕ ۞ڍഇ࠽҃ણᄃĂԓ୕߆ඉඕڍਕૉЪ̶੨ϒཌྷĄЯѩĂՐԔϒཌྷ ۞ТॡĂᑕྍྏဦᗃણᄃ۰၆̶ٺ੨ϒཌྷ۞ຐညᄃநྋĂ̖ѣӄ̶ٺ੨ ϒཌྷ۞јಶĄ༊ԧࣇᓝϒཌྷĂЈ୕ϒཌྷĂԯϒཌྷ༊үϫᇾֽՐॡĂ ٕధྍॡॡ೩ᏹҋ̎Ă̷ంنர˞ϒཌྷ۞၁ኹវĄ
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1/23Ą ࡰۘ۾Ă2014Ă IJࢲᐍგטᄃԔϒཌྷĈࢲ˧൴፟నཉۋᛉij Ă ĮϔᄃڼநįĂ 1(2): 59-81Ą เ̝ഏăเ༄༮Ă2009aĂIJϒཌྷ۞ώ˿̼ůέ៉၆ለ࡚ᒖဩϒཌྷநኢ۞ᚶצ ̈́ٙࢬᓜ̝ӧᙱijĂĮᑕϡࣖநෞኢįĂ46: 17-50Ą เ̝ഏăเ༄༮Ă2009bĂIJϒཌྷ۞ᚶצĈԧࣇᄃ઼࡚ˠᓾ۞ߏ̙ߏغזТᇹ ۞ᒖဩϒཌྷĉijĂĮ઼छ൴णࡁտįĂ9(1): 85-144Ą ᒖܲཌ˿ѳૄგົĂ2016ĂIJ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳߖፋڼშĈЕგ̚ಞӬᇴijĂҖ ߆ੰᒖဩ᜕ܲཌ˿ᚓ̈́г˭ͪѳ染整治基金管理網頁，http://sgw.epa.gov. tw/public/default.aspxĂ2016/6/30Ą ᔁᇉТበĂ2011Ă ĮݑԸξĶႉᎸԠரķį ĂݑԸᎩݑԸξĈႉᎸۤડ൴णົםĄ
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Prerequisites for Practicing Procedural Environmental Justice: A Case Study on the Reclamation of Polluted Land in Taiwan* Tsuey-ping Lee**
Abstract Applying the recognition and capacity approach from contemporary theories of justice, the difficulties of and prerequisites for practicing procedural environmental justice in brownfield redevelopment are explored in this paper. Meaningful public participation in the decision-making process is the core of practicing procedural environmental justice. By observing the polluted land reclamation program which intends to establish public participation mechanism for the first time in Taiwan, this paper analyzes the gap between ideal kind of public participation and the reality in practice. The major finding of this research is that the interaction between recognition and capacity affects the public participation process. A lack of recognition between stakeholders reduces participatory incentives for the neighboring residents. In addition, a lack of professional capacity impedes stakeholders’ meaningful contribution to the decision-making process. This paper concludes by naming prerequisites for practicing procedural justice in brownfield redevelopment as follows. The government recognizes the losses suffered by pollution victims and the environmental risks faced by the neighboring residents; the residents recognize their right to a healthy environment; and the residents are equipped with the professional knowledge to participate in the decision-making process. Keywords: Environmental Governance, Environmental Justice, Procedural Environmental Justice, Brownfield Redevelopment Policy, Reclamation of Polluted Land
* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.68(37-76) ** Professor, Department of Political Sceince, National Chung Cheng University. E-mail: [email protected]
