Radiocarbon dates from the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica ...
Radiocarbon dates from the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Implications for debris band formation and glacial history T.B. KELLOGG and D.E. KELLOGG Department of Geological Sciences and
Institute for Quaternary Studies University of Maine Orono, Maine 04469 MINZE STUIVER
Quaternary Research Center University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195
During the 1989-1990 field season, as part of a long-term study of surface debris on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, we collected carbonate skeletal debris for radiocarbon dating. Forty-six dates are now available from the McMurdo Ice Shelf (table), including several dates obtained by other investigators (Swithinbank, Darby, and Wohlschlag 1961; Cow et al. 1965; Brady and Batts 1981). Some of our data on earlier dates were published previously (Stuiver et al. 1981a; Stuiver and Braziunas 1985). The long-term study spans the 1975-1976, 1976-1977, 1978-1979, and 1981-1982 field seasons (Kellogg et al. 1977; Kellogg and Kellogg 1984, 1987a, 1987b, 1988, in preparation; Kellogg, Kellogg, and Stuiver 1990). Most of the dates presented in the table and figure were obtained from shells of the barnacle Bathylasma corolliforme (Hoek), the most abundant and widespread carbonate invertebrate on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Approximately 30 grams of barnacles or other shells were used for dating in each case. Dates presented are uncorrected for carbon-14 deficiency of antarctic waters which causes carbon-14 ages to be overestimated by 1,000-1,300 years (Broecker 1963; Stuiver et al. 1981b). Our rationale for not making corrections is discussed fully in another paper (Kellogg et al. 1990). The aereal distribution of carbon-14 dates on the McMurdo Ice Shelf is presented in the figure to illustrate our first conclusion, concerning the locations where debris is incorporated in the base of the McMurdo Ice Shelf by adfreezing. Other authors (Lamplugh and Kendall in Debenham 1919, p. 74; Pearse 1962; Dayton, Robilliard, and Devries 1969) have suggested that anchor-ice freezing on the sea floor breaks loose periodically carrying biotic material and is subsequently adfrozen to the base of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Anchor ice might be carried by currents far from sites where it formed before adfreezing occurs (Swithinbank 1970). We argue that the anchor-ice mechanism is relatively unimportant because it should produce either a pattern of randomly distributed ages, if currents are sporadic or intermittent, or a distinct distribution of ages related to existing current patterns. The distribution of dates clearly shows that all dates less than 2,000 years ago occur close to shorelines, as off the north end of Black Island, near Bratina Island and the Dailey Islands, and off the west coast of Brown Peninsula. 1991 REVIEW
We conclude that adfreezing occurs predominantly in shallows where the ice shelf grounds periodically and that the anchorice mechanism either does not operate or is a relatively insignificant mechanism for transporting seafloor material to the base of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Our second conclusion is related to an interpretation of the carbon-14 dates and the glacial history of McMurdo Sound. The dates (table) have a bimodal distribution, with all dates either less than 7,750 years ago or more than 20,000 years ago, as determined by carbon-14 dating. The complete absence of dates between 7,750 and 20,000 years ago is consistent with the presence of grounded ice of the late Wisconsin Ross Sea Ice Sheet filling McMurdo Sound during this period (Stuiver et al. 1981a; Denton et al. 1989). Thus, the younger suite of dates provides minimum ages for ungrounding of the Ross Sea Ice Sheet because these biotic elements lived in southern McMurdo Sound after grounding-line retreat and the reinitiation of marine conditions in the area. The oldest of these young dates, 7,750 carbon-14 years ago, is located off the east coast of Brown Peninsula on a debris band that apparently formed further south near the shore of Mount Discovery (ice flow velocities in this area are probably on the order of 1 meter per year (Swithinbank 1970)). This date thus suggests that ungrounding had proceeded as far south as Mount Discovery by 7,750 years ago, as determined by carbon-14 dating. The older suite of carbon-14 dates (>20,000 years ago) represents organisms that lived in McMurdo Sound or the adjacent Ross Sea prior to the late Wisconsin advance of grounded ice that filled McMurdo Sound. We consider these dates as minimum ages for preglacial marine conditions. One of these dates (K78-100) is not actually from the McMurdo Ice Shelf but from an outcrop of Ross Sea drift on White Island. All the other dates were collected from sites on the northern part of the Swirls debris bands east of Brown Peninsula or from former segments of the Swirls that have become detached by the Bratina Island Rift Zone (Kellogg et al. 1990). This observation appears to confirm the suggestion we made earlier (Kellogg et al. 1977), that two types of debris bands are present on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The older set includes the Swirls and some of the unusual-shaped bands between Brown peninsula and Black Island. These bands are probably remnant debris from the former supergiacial flow pattern on the late Wisconsin Ross Sea Ice Sheet, and apparently incorporate some relict ice (with oxygen isotope ratios of 51,000
K76-59 QL-1132 K76-61 QL-1 223C K76-62 QL-1 130 K76-64 QL-1 224 K76-66 QL-1 225
3,610 ±40 3,630 ± 90 3,770 ±40 4,410± 90 1,340 ± 30
K76-67A QL-1 226 MIT-2 QL-85 MIT-2 QL-84 MIT-3 QL-79 MIT-4 QL-167
3,280± 300 4,140 ± 60 5,670±100 1,290± 50 3,130--90
QL-77 QL-97 QL-166
1,370 ± 50 3,370 ±80 6,600 ±60
K78-15 QL-1443 K78-18 QL-1444
7,750 ± 90 2,710± 60
K78-20 QL-1445 K78-24 QL-1446 K78-67 QL-1 447 K78-75 QL-1448 K78-78 QL-1 449 K78-80 QL-1 450 K78-100 QL-1451 K78-104 QL-4022 K78-107 QL-1452 K78-108 QL-1453 K78-1 10 QL-4023 K78-113 QL-1454 K81-7 QL-4024 K81-14 QL-4025 K81-15 QL-4026
1,890 ± 60 45,500 ± 1,500 570 ± 60 4,410± 70 3,190± 50 5,250 ± 50 35,400 ±11,500 2,530 ± 50 2,150± 40 720 ± 60 2,160± 50 5,610± 50 3,050±30 30,900±160 >46,000
K81-17 QL-4027 K81-18 QL-4028 K81-21 QL-4029 K81-29 QL-4030 K81-33 QL-4031
22,070±140 20,760 ± 80 4,880± 30 4,430±30 2,790 ± 40
K81-39 QL-4032 K81-44 QL-4033 K81-46 QL-4034 K81-55 QL-4035 FISH
4,310 ±30 3,820 ± 30 4,900 ± 30 4,150 ± 30 1,100 870--70
Brady and Batts
Material Latitude Longitude Reference dated (5) (E) Location/comments 1,2 Barnacle 770 50.5' 165°47.0' On Black Island debris bands near north end 1,2 Barnacle 77059.9' 1660 02.5' On Black Island debris bands south of the Bratina Island rift 1,2 Barnacle 78 0 05.9' 166'05.0' North of Black Island on Black Island debris bands 1,2 Barnacle 78011.0' 1660 46.0' Northeast of Scalop Hill 1,2 Barnacle 78029.2' 1670 04.0' Off east end of Minna Bluff 1,2 Serpulids 780 12.0' 1660 45.0' On end of Black Island debris bands near Scallop Hill 1,2 Shells 78009.0' 166"35.0' Northeast shore of Black Island 1,2 Barnacle 78008.8' 1650 44.0' Between Black Island and Brown Peninsula 1,2 Barnacle 780 13.5' 165040.0 South of Dog Leg 1,2 Bryozoa 77 052.0' 165015.0' Dailey Islands 1 Shells 77053.5' 1650 04.0' Dailey Islands 1,2 Algae 77053.5' 1650 53.0' On northern part of Black Island debris bands 1,2 Shells 77053.5' 1650 53.0' On northern part of Black Island debris bands 1,2 Shells 78008.2' 1660 31.0' Northeast shore of Black Island 1,2 Shells 78013.0' 1650 42.0' South of Dog Leg 1,2 Shells 77057.8' 1650 18.0' Eastern Dailey Island, south side 1,2 Shells 77052.5' 1650 18.0' Eastern Dailey Island, east side 1,2 Shells 77048.0' 1650 40.0' North end of Black Island debris bands (site no longer exists) 3 Barnacle 780 02.5' 165052.0 Swirls, eastern edge 3 Barnacle 78000.0' 1650 39.0' Swirls, northern edge 3 Barnacle 78000.0' 165036.0' East of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 77059.7' 1650 32.0' North of Bratina Island, on outlier 3 Bryozoa 78 006.5' 1650 15.0' On Koettlitz Glacier Confluence, south end 3 Barnacle 78009.5 165 053.5' Near north end of Dog Leg 3 Barnacle 780 11 .0 165 0 50. 0 Dog Leg, center 3 Barnacle 780 11.8' 165044.0' Dog Leg, south end 3 Barnacle 78002.0' 1670 24.0' White Island, Speden (1962) site number 19 3 Barnacle 78025.5 165045.0' North of Minna saddle 3 Barnacle 78016.3' 165044.0' Northeast of Mount Discovery 3 Bryozoa 780 09.0' 165°10.0' On Koettlitz Glacier Confluence, south end 3 Barnacle 78013.0' 1650 34.0' East of Brown Peninsula saddle 3 Barnacle 780 12.5' 1650 36.0' East of Brown Peninsula saddle 3 Barnacle 77059.0' 1650 32.0' On outlier, northeast of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 77059.3' 1650 30.0' On outlier, northwest of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 77059.8' 1650 29.0' Northwest of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 78000.5' 165031.0' On Swirls, west of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 78000.7' 1650 32.0' On Swirls, southwest of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 78001.2' 1650 33.5' On Swirls, south of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 78008.0' 1650 59.5' West of north end of Black Island 3 Barnacle 78005.5' 1660 02.0' Northwest of Black Island 3 Barnacle 78005.5 165055.0' Northwest of Black Island 3 Barnacle 780 13.0' 1650 29.0' On Swirls, near Brown Peninsula saddle 3 Barnacle 78012.2 165030.0' On Swirls, near Brown Peninsula saddle 3 Barnacle 78028.0' 1660 17.0' North shore of Minna Bluff 4 Fish 77053.0 165 0 15.0' D. mawsoni near GOW-Di, Dailey Island 5 Algae 78011.5' 1660 44.0' On Black Island debris bands north of Scallop HilId
a Numbers denote the following: 1 = Stuiver et al. 1981 a; 2 = Stuiver and Braziunas 1985; 3 = this article; 4 = Swithinbank et al. 1961; 5 = Brady and Batts 1981. b Material dated: barnacle = Bathylasma corolliforme (Hoek); shells = mixed bryozoa, serpulids, barnacles, etc.; algae = nonmarine algae from meltponds; bryozoa = mixed bryozoan fragments; serpulids = serpulid tubes. C Reported incorrectly as QL-1123 in reference 2 (see footnote a). d Date on algae associated with Mirabilite beds near K81-43, northeast shore of Black Island.
Broecker, WS. 1963. Radiocarbon ages of Antarctic materials. Polar Record, 11, 472-473. Dayton, P.K., G.A. Robilliard, and A.L. DeVries. 1969. Anchor ice formation in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and its biological effects. Science, 163, 273-274.
78
Debenham, F. 1919. A new mode of transportation by ice. Quarterly Journal Geological Society of London, 75(part 2), 51-76. Denton, G.H., J.G. Bockheim, S.C. Wilson, and M. Stuiver. 1989. Late Wisconsin and early Holocene glacial history, inner Ross embayment, Antarctica. Quaternary Research, 31(2), 151-182.
ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
LM
/0
McMurdo Sound 1340±30 (0L1225) X76-66
1
_/
77.45
I)
00±60 (0L181)
6510150 (OL-1126) K76-4 0 -1 1160 1 -1370150 (OL-77) 32801300 (0 Ide 87± \"
(0L
900 Is
4
3050 2t:30 (0L'024) K917 # \t,'' .
(0L402$1 KS115 - - 4830±80 (0L1127) K7l-l8 1140 10L40271 --'cj V 27I060 (Ot.1444) 78 8 ' 35,40011500 (0L1451) get_I? (OL-1443) K7e-15 K75-100 (Sd.I *19) / 20,710±80 (0L402$5 #! i0±30 )0L4032) K5139 I, gel_IS 2790±40 (QL-403I) 90133 Brown ±30 (OL-4021) 91_21jJ 210±30 (0L1128) Idle-u I,. (0L4030) KIt- 29 570110 (0L1447) K7517 LPeninsula I 1290150 (01.-7I) MIT3 3770± 40 J0L1130 White K75.e2P/ 3130190 (OL1223) 720±10 (OL-1453) 58- KYS61 / Island 4900±30 (0L 4034) Idle 1' r,V-44.70(0L1448) 3590100 (OL-I222) Kle-u KS 141 3I90150 (6L-1449 Klele 5250±50 (0L1450) Idle-SO L39201(4 3I30190 (0V167) ' Block Island K$144 MIT-4 4410±90 (OL-1224) 2110150 (QL-4023) K7e-I10 K1114 *-2150140 10L4521 K71107 \
78
I
lit
Mt. Discovery A
2530±50 (0L4022) K78-104 I,
5 0 5 to 158ffi Scale
M,,5,10
ç4
ISO ±30 (01-4035) K01 55
P
p
>51,000 (01.-I129) K7€5e
8.
78,36
Locations of radiocarbon dates listed in the table. See figures 12 to 16 in Kellogg et al. (1990) for detailed sketch maps of specific areas. Cow, A.J., WE Weeks, C. Hendrickson, and R. Rowland. 1965. New light on the mode of uplift of the fish and fossiliferous moraines on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 5, 813-828. Kellogg, D.E., and T.B. Kellogg. 1984. Diatoms from the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 19(5), 76-77 Kellogg, D.E., and T.B. Kellogg. 1987 Diatoms of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Implications for sediment and biotic reworking. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 60, 77-96. Kellogg, D.E., and T.B. Kellogg. 1987 Reworking of biotic and sedimentary debris on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 22(5), 118-119. Kellogg, D.E., and T.B. Kellogg. In preparation. Macrofossil debris on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Distribution and significance for late Quaternary glacial history. Kellogg, TB., and D.E. Kellogg. 1988. A fish story from the Antarctic, II. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 23(5), 82-84. Kellogg, TB., D.E. Kellogg, and M. Stuiver. 1990. Late Quaternary history of the southwestern Ross Sea: Evidence from debris bands on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. In C.R. Bentley, (Ed.), Contribution to antarctic research, I (Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 50). Washington, D.C: American Geophysical Union.
1991 REVIEW
Kellogg, T.B., M. Stuiver, D.E. Kellogg, and G.H. Denton. 1977 Marine microfossils on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 12, 82-83. Pearse, J.S. 1962. Untitled letter. Scientific American, 207, 12. Speden, I.G. 1962. Fossiliferous Quaternary marine deposits in the McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 5, 746-777. Stuiver, M., and T.F. Braziunas. 1985. Compilation of isotopic dates from Antarctica. Radiocarbon, 27(2A), 117-304. Stuiver, M., G.H. Denton, T.J. Hughes, and J.L Fastook. 1981a. History of the marine ice sheet in West Antarctica during the last glaciation: A working hypothesis. In G.H. Denton, and T.J. Hughes (Eds.), The last great ice sheets. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Stuiver, M., I.C. Yang, G.H. Denton, and T.B. Kellogg. 1981b. Oxygen isotope ratios of antarctic permafrost and glacier ice. In L.D. McGinnis (Eds.), Dry Valley Drilling Project. (Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 33). Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Swithinbank, C.W.M. 1970. Ice movement in the McMurdo Sound area of Antarctica. IAHSISCAR Publication, 86, 472-487 Swithinbank, C.W.M., D.C. Darby, and D.E. Wohlschlag. 1961. Faunal remains on an Antarctic ice shelf. Science, 133, 764-766.
79
Institute for Quaternary Studies University of Maine Orono, Maine 04469 MINZE STUIVER
Quaternary Research Center University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195
During the 1989-1990 field season, as part of a long-term study of surface debris on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, we collected carbonate skeletal debris for radiocarbon dating. Forty-six dates are now available from the McMurdo Ice Shelf (table), including several dates obtained by other investigators (Swithinbank, Darby, and Wohlschlag 1961; Cow et al. 1965; Brady and Batts 1981). Some of our data on earlier dates were published previously (Stuiver et al. 1981a; Stuiver and Braziunas 1985). The long-term study spans the 1975-1976, 1976-1977, 1978-1979, and 1981-1982 field seasons (Kellogg et al. 1977; Kellogg and Kellogg 1984, 1987a, 1987b, 1988, in preparation; Kellogg, Kellogg, and Stuiver 1990). Most of the dates presented in the table and figure were obtained from shells of the barnacle Bathylasma corolliforme (Hoek), the most abundant and widespread carbonate invertebrate on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Approximately 30 grams of barnacles or other shells were used for dating in each case. Dates presented are uncorrected for carbon-14 deficiency of antarctic waters which causes carbon-14 ages to be overestimated by 1,000-1,300 years (Broecker 1963; Stuiver et al. 1981b). Our rationale for not making corrections is discussed fully in another paper (Kellogg et al. 1990). The aereal distribution of carbon-14 dates on the McMurdo Ice Shelf is presented in the figure to illustrate our first conclusion, concerning the locations where debris is incorporated in the base of the McMurdo Ice Shelf by adfreezing. Other authors (Lamplugh and Kendall in Debenham 1919, p. 74; Pearse 1962; Dayton, Robilliard, and Devries 1969) have suggested that anchor-ice freezing on the sea floor breaks loose periodically carrying biotic material and is subsequently adfrozen to the base of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Anchor ice might be carried by currents far from sites where it formed before adfreezing occurs (Swithinbank 1970). We argue that the anchor-ice mechanism is relatively unimportant because it should produce either a pattern of randomly distributed ages, if currents are sporadic or intermittent, or a distinct distribution of ages related to existing current patterns. The distribution of dates clearly shows that all dates less than 2,000 years ago occur close to shorelines, as off the north end of Black Island, near Bratina Island and the Dailey Islands, and off the west coast of Brown Peninsula. 1991 REVIEW
We conclude that adfreezing occurs predominantly in shallows where the ice shelf grounds periodically and that the anchorice mechanism either does not operate or is a relatively insignificant mechanism for transporting seafloor material to the base of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Our second conclusion is related to an interpretation of the carbon-14 dates and the glacial history of McMurdo Sound. The dates (table) have a bimodal distribution, with all dates either less than 7,750 years ago or more than 20,000 years ago, as determined by carbon-14 dating. The complete absence of dates between 7,750 and 20,000 years ago is consistent with the presence of grounded ice of the late Wisconsin Ross Sea Ice Sheet filling McMurdo Sound during this period (Stuiver et al. 1981a; Denton et al. 1989). Thus, the younger suite of dates provides minimum ages for ungrounding of the Ross Sea Ice Sheet because these biotic elements lived in southern McMurdo Sound after grounding-line retreat and the reinitiation of marine conditions in the area. The oldest of these young dates, 7,750 carbon-14 years ago, is located off the east coast of Brown Peninsula on a debris band that apparently formed further south near the shore of Mount Discovery (ice flow velocities in this area are probably on the order of 1 meter per year (Swithinbank 1970)). This date thus suggests that ungrounding had proceeded as far south as Mount Discovery by 7,750 years ago, as determined by carbon-14 dating. The older suite of carbon-14 dates (>20,000 years ago) represents organisms that lived in McMurdo Sound or the adjacent Ross Sea prior to the late Wisconsin advance of grounded ice that filled McMurdo Sound. We consider these dates as minimum ages for preglacial marine conditions. One of these dates (K78-100) is not actually from the McMurdo Ice Shelf but from an outcrop of Ross Sea drift on White Island. All the other dates were collected from sites on the northern part of the Swirls debris bands east of Brown Peninsula or from former segments of the Swirls that have become detached by the Bratina Island Rift Zone (Kellogg et al. 1990). This observation appears to confirm the suggestion we made earlier (Kellogg et al. 1977), that two types of debris bands are present on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The older set includes the Swirls and some of the unusual-shaped bands between Brown peninsula and Black Island. These bands are probably remnant debris from the former supergiacial flow pattern on the late Wisconsin Ross Sea Ice Sheet, and apparently incorporate some relict ice (with oxygen isotope ratios of 51,000
K76-59 QL-1132 K76-61 QL-1 223C K76-62 QL-1 130 K76-64 QL-1 224 K76-66 QL-1 225
3,610 ±40 3,630 ± 90 3,770 ±40 4,410± 90 1,340 ± 30
K76-67A QL-1 226 MIT-2 QL-85 MIT-2 QL-84 MIT-3 QL-79 MIT-4 QL-167
3,280± 300 4,140 ± 60 5,670±100 1,290± 50 3,130--90
QL-77 QL-97 QL-166
1,370 ± 50 3,370 ±80 6,600 ±60
K78-15 QL-1443 K78-18 QL-1444
7,750 ± 90 2,710± 60
K78-20 QL-1445 K78-24 QL-1446 K78-67 QL-1 447 K78-75 QL-1448 K78-78 QL-1 449 K78-80 QL-1 450 K78-100 QL-1451 K78-104 QL-4022 K78-107 QL-1452 K78-108 QL-1453 K78-1 10 QL-4023 K78-113 QL-1454 K81-7 QL-4024 K81-14 QL-4025 K81-15 QL-4026
1,890 ± 60 45,500 ± 1,500 570 ± 60 4,410± 70 3,190± 50 5,250 ± 50 35,400 ±11,500 2,530 ± 50 2,150± 40 720 ± 60 2,160± 50 5,610± 50 3,050±30 30,900±160 >46,000
K81-17 QL-4027 K81-18 QL-4028 K81-21 QL-4029 K81-29 QL-4030 K81-33 QL-4031
22,070±140 20,760 ± 80 4,880± 30 4,430±30 2,790 ± 40
K81-39 QL-4032 K81-44 QL-4033 K81-46 QL-4034 K81-55 QL-4035 FISH
4,310 ±30 3,820 ± 30 4,900 ± 30 4,150 ± 30 1,100 870--70
Brady and Batts
Material Latitude Longitude Reference dated (5) (E) Location/comments 1,2 Barnacle 770 50.5' 165°47.0' On Black Island debris bands near north end 1,2 Barnacle 77059.9' 1660 02.5' On Black Island debris bands south of the Bratina Island rift 1,2 Barnacle 78 0 05.9' 166'05.0' North of Black Island on Black Island debris bands 1,2 Barnacle 78011.0' 1660 46.0' Northeast of Scalop Hill 1,2 Barnacle 78029.2' 1670 04.0' Off east end of Minna Bluff 1,2 Serpulids 780 12.0' 1660 45.0' On end of Black Island debris bands near Scallop Hill 1,2 Shells 78009.0' 166"35.0' Northeast shore of Black Island 1,2 Barnacle 78008.8' 1650 44.0' Between Black Island and Brown Peninsula 1,2 Barnacle 780 13.5' 165040.0 South of Dog Leg 1,2 Bryozoa 77 052.0' 165015.0' Dailey Islands 1 Shells 77053.5' 1650 04.0' Dailey Islands 1,2 Algae 77053.5' 1650 53.0' On northern part of Black Island debris bands 1,2 Shells 77053.5' 1650 53.0' On northern part of Black Island debris bands 1,2 Shells 78008.2' 1660 31.0' Northeast shore of Black Island 1,2 Shells 78013.0' 1650 42.0' South of Dog Leg 1,2 Shells 77057.8' 1650 18.0' Eastern Dailey Island, south side 1,2 Shells 77052.5' 1650 18.0' Eastern Dailey Island, east side 1,2 Shells 77048.0' 1650 40.0' North end of Black Island debris bands (site no longer exists) 3 Barnacle 780 02.5' 165052.0 Swirls, eastern edge 3 Barnacle 78000.0' 1650 39.0' Swirls, northern edge 3 Barnacle 78000.0' 165036.0' East of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 77059.7' 1650 32.0' North of Bratina Island, on outlier 3 Bryozoa 78 006.5' 1650 15.0' On Koettlitz Glacier Confluence, south end 3 Barnacle 78009.5 165 053.5' Near north end of Dog Leg 3 Barnacle 780 11 .0 165 0 50. 0 Dog Leg, center 3 Barnacle 780 11.8' 165044.0' Dog Leg, south end 3 Barnacle 78002.0' 1670 24.0' White Island, Speden (1962) site number 19 3 Barnacle 78025.5 165045.0' North of Minna saddle 3 Barnacle 78016.3' 165044.0' Northeast of Mount Discovery 3 Bryozoa 780 09.0' 165°10.0' On Koettlitz Glacier Confluence, south end 3 Barnacle 78013.0' 1650 34.0' East of Brown Peninsula saddle 3 Barnacle 780 12.5' 1650 36.0' East of Brown Peninsula saddle 3 Barnacle 77059.0' 1650 32.0' On outlier, northeast of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 77059.3' 1650 30.0' On outlier, northwest of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 77059.8' 1650 29.0' Northwest of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 78000.5' 165031.0' On Swirls, west of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 78000.7' 1650 32.0' On Swirls, southwest of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 78001.2' 1650 33.5' On Swirls, south of Bratina Island 3 Barnacle 78008.0' 1650 59.5' West of north end of Black Island 3 Barnacle 78005.5' 1660 02.0' Northwest of Black Island 3 Barnacle 78005.5 165055.0' Northwest of Black Island 3 Barnacle 780 13.0' 1650 29.0' On Swirls, near Brown Peninsula saddle 3 Barnacle 78012.2 165030.0' On Swirls, near Brown Peninsula saddle 3 Barnacle 78028.0' 1660 17.0' North shore of Minna Bluff 4 Fish 77053.0 165 0 15.0' D. mawsoni near GOW-Di, Dailey Island 5 Algae 78011.5' 1660 44.0' On Black Island debris bands north of Scallop HilId
a Numbers denote the following: 1 = Stuiver et al. 1981 a; 2 = Stuiver and Braziunas 1985; 3 = this article; 4 = Swithinbank et al. 1961; 5 = Brady and Batts 1981. b Material dated: barnacle = Bathylasma corolliforme (Hoek); shells = mixed bryozoa, serpulids, barnacles, etc.; algae = nonmarine algae from meltponds; bryozoa = mixed bryozoan fragments; serpulids = serpulid tubes. C Reported incorrectly as QL-1123 in reference 2 (see footnote a). d Date on algae associated with Mirabilite beds near K81-43, northeast shore of Black Island.
Broecker, WS. 1963. Radiocarbon ages of Antarctic materials. Polar Record, 11, 472-473. Dayton, P.K., G.A. Robilliard, and A.L. DeVries. 1969. Anchor ice formation in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and its biological effects. Science, 163, 273-274.
78
Debenham, F. 1919. A new mode of transportation by ice. Quarterly Journal Geological Society of London, 75(part 2), 51-76. Denton, G.H., J.G. Bockheim, S.C. Wilson, and M. Stuiver. 1989. Late Wisconsin and early Holocene glacial history, inner Ross embayment, Antarctica. Quaternary Research, 31(2), 151-182.
ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
LM
/0
McMurdo Sound 1340±30 (0L1225) X76-66
1
_/
77.45
I)
00±60 (0L181)
6510150 (OL-1126) K76-4 0 -1 1160 1 -1370150 (OL-77) 32801300 (0 Ide 87± \"
(0L
900 Is
4
3050 2t:30 (0L'024) K917 # \t,'' .
(0L402$1 KS115 - - 4830±80 (0L1127) K7l-l8 1140 10L40271 --'cj V 27I060 (Ot.1444) 78 8 ' 35,40011500 (0L1451) get_I? (OL-1443) K7e-15 K75-100 (Sd.I *19) / 20,710±80 (0L402$5 #! i0±30 )0L4032) K5139 I, gel_IS 2790±40 (QL-403I) 90133 Brown ±30 (OL-4021) 91_21jJ 210±30 (0L1128) Idle-u I,. (0L4030) KIt- 29 570110 (0L1447) K7517 LPeninsula I 1290150 (01.-7I) MIT3 3770± 40 J0L1130 White K75.e2P/ 3130190 (OL1223) 720±10 (OL-1453) 58- KYS61 / Island 4900±30 (0L 4034) Idle 1' r,V-44.70(0L1448) 3590100 (OL-I222) Kle-u KS 141 3I90150 (6L-1449 Klele 5250±50 (0L1450) Idle-SO L39201(4 3I30190 (0V167) ' Block Island K$144 MIT-4 4410±90 (OL-1224) 2110150 (QL-4023) K7e-I10 K1114 *-2150140 10L4521 K71107 \
78
I
lit
Mt. Discovery A
2530±50 (0L4022) K78-104 I,
5 0 5 to 158ffi Scale
M,,5,10
ç4
ISO ±30 (01-4035) K01 55
P
p
>51,000 (01.-I129) K7€5e
8.
78,36
Locations of radiocarbon dates listed in the table. See figures 12 to 16 in Kellogg et al. (1990) for detailed sketch maps of specific areas. Cow, A.J., WE Weeks, C. Hendrickson, and R. Rowland. 1965. New light on the mode of uplift of the fish and fossiliferous moraines on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 5, 813-828. Kellogg, D.E., and T.B. Kellogg. 1984. Diatoms from the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 19(5), 76-77 Kellogg, D.E., and T.B. Kellogg. 1987 Diatoms of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Implications for sediment and biotic reworking. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 60, 77-96. Kellogg, D.E., and T.B. Kellogg. 1987 Reworking of biotic and sedimentary debris on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 22(5), 118-119. Kellogg, D.E., and T.B. Kellogg. In preparation. Macrofossil debris on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Distribution and significance for late Quaternary glacial history. Kellogg, TB., and D.E. Kellogg. 1988. A fish story from the Antarctic, II. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 23(5), 82-84. Kellogg, TB., D.E. Kellogg, and M. Stuiver. 1990. Late Quaternary history of the southwestern Ross Sea: Evidence from debris bands on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. In C.R. Bentley, (Ed.), Contribution to antarctic research, I (Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 50). Washington, D.C: American Geophysical Union.
1991 REVIEW
Kellogg, T.B., M. Stuiver, D.E. Kellogg, and G.H. Denton. 1977 Marine microfossils on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 12, 82-83. Pearse, J.S. 1962. Untitled letter. Scientific American, 207, 12. Speden, I.G. 1962. Fossiliferous Quaternary marine deposits in the McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 5, 746-777. Stuiver, M., and T.F. Braziunas. 1985. Compilation of isotopic dates from Antarctica. Radiocarbon, 27(2A), 117-304. Stuiver, M., G.H. Denton, T.J. Hughes, and J.L Fastook. 1981a. History of the marine ice sheet in West Antarctica during the last glaciation: A working hypothesis. In G.H. Denton, and T.J. Hughes (Eds.), The last great ice sheets. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Stuiver, M., I.C. Yang, G.H. Denton, and T.B. Kellogg. 1981b. Oxygen isotope ratios of antarctic permafrost and glacier ice. In L.D. McGinnis (Eds.), Dry Valley Drilling Project. (Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 33). Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Swithinbank, C.W.M. 1970. Ice movement in the McMurdo Sound area of Antarctica. IAHSISCAR Publication, 86, 472-487 Swithinbank, C.W.M., D.C. Darby, and D.E. Wohlschlag. 1961. Faunal remains on an Antarctic ice shelf. Science, 133, 764-766.
79
