Reference data
Reference Data for Policy Brief on Affirmative Action
Anthony Zhang, MA October 2008
Office of Minority Health and Health Equity Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services [email protected] www.dhss.ne.gov/minorityhealth
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section One: Under-representation of Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the Nebraska Healthcare Work Force...…………………………………………………. 2 Under-representation of Minority Populations in the Nursing Work Force…..…………. .2 Under-representation of Minority Populations in the Physician Work Force…..…………3
Section Two: Disparities in Socioeconomic Status ……………………………………... 5 Employment Status……………………………………………………………………………..5 Household Type ………………………………………………………………………….….....6 Housing Tenure ………………………………………………………………………….…......7 Poverty…………………………………………………………………….……………….….....8 Median Household Income…………………………………………………………….…........9 Educational Attainment………………………………………………………………….….....10
Section Three: Demographic Change in Nebraska …..……………………………….. .11 Distribution of Nebraska Population by Race/Ethnicity ……………………………………11 Change in Minority Population …………………………………………………………….…12 Projected Minority Population ………………………………………………………………..13 Foreign-Born Population ………………………………………………………………..........14 Nebraska Immigrant Admissions……………………………………………………….........16 Refugee Resettlement…………………………………………………………………….......17
References …………………………………………………………..………………………...18
1
Section One Under Representation of Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the Nebraska Healthcare Work Force Under-representation of Minority Populations in the Nursing Work Force While the Nebraska population is becoming more ethnically and racially diverse, the nursing workforce remains predominantly White (non-Hispanic). Ethnic/racial minorities are seriously underrepresented in nursing and, as such, are a factor in the nursing workforce shortage. In Nebraska, 84.9% of the general population is nonminority white, and 96.4% of registered nurses are non-minority white. Compared to a total minority population of 15 percent in 2006, minorities make up just 2.9 percent of the RN population. Hispanics remain the most under-represented group of nurses (1.1%) when compared to the total Hispanic population (7.4%). African Americans remain the second most under-represented group of nurses (0.9%) when compared to the total Hispanic population (4.4%). Minority Registered Nurses Compared to the General Minority Population
Population % population 2006 (2006)
Race/Ethnicity
NE RN population
% of NE RN population
77,636
4.4 African American
103
0.9
17,103
1.0 Native American
25
0.2
30,478
1.7 Asian*
90
0.8
7.4 Hispanic
126
1.1
11421
96.4
70
0.7
344
2.9
130,304 1,500,725 20,432 267,606
84.9 White NonHispanic 1.2 Other 15.1 Minority Population
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, population estimates, 2000 -2006. Nebraska center for Nursing * Including Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
2
Ethnicity Breakout of 11,852 RN’s (2006)
Native American (25/11,582) 0.2%
Other (87/11,852) 0.7%
Asian (90/11,582) 0.8%
African American (103/11,852) 0.9%
Total Minority (344/11,852) 3%
Hispanic (126/11,852) 1.1% White/Caucasian (11,421/11,852) 96%
Source: Nebraska Center for Nursing, 2006
Under-representation of Minority Populations in the Physician Work Force
There is currently a shortage of physicians who are of racial and ethnic minority groups, other than White. In 2006, only 1.5 percent of all NE physicians were Hispanic, although this population comprises 7.4 percent of the NE population. In addition, only 1.1 percent of all Nebraska physicians were African Americans, although this population comprises 4.4 percent of the total population. Physicians of Native American background are also underrepresented among Nebraska physicians.
3
Minority Physicians Compared to the General Minority Population
Population % population 2006 (2006)
Race/Ethnicity
NE Physicians
% of NE Physicians
77,636
4.4 African American
35
1.1
17,103
1.0 Native American
4
0.1
30,478
1.7 Asian*
181
5.6
7.4 Hispanic
48
1.5
2508
77.7
452
14.0
268
8.3
130,304 1,500,725
84.9 White NonHispanic Unknown
20,432 267,606
1.2 Other 15.1 Minority Population
Source: Health Professions Tracking Center, UNMC, 2006 U.S. Census Bureau, population estimates, 2000 -2006. * Including Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
4
Section Two Disparities in Socioeconomic Status Employment Status • •
About 11 percent of Blacks were unemployed in the civilian labor force, which was almost 4 times as high as non-Hispanic Whites (3 percent). Fifty-nice percent of Blacks were employed in the civilian labor force, compared with about two-thirds of non-Hispanic Whites.
Employment Status Civilian labor force: employed
Civilian labor force: unemployed
Total
67.5
White alone, not Hispanic
67.9
Black alone
58.9
Not in labor force
3.4
2.8
11.1
28.7
28.8
29.7
Asian alone
68.3
5.4
25.7
Hispanic or latino
68.7
5.1
25.7
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
5
Household Type • • •
About 62 percent of Black households and about 65 percent of non-Hispanic White households were family households. About 30 percent of Black households were families maintained by a woman with no husband present, compared with about 8 percent of non-Hispanic White households. Black households (27 percent) were less likely than non-Hispanic White households (54 percent) to be married couple households.
Households by Type Married couple
Male householder, no wife present
Total
52.9
White alone, not Hispanic
54.1
Black alone
26.7
Hispanic or latino
3.7
5.4
34.0
3.1 8.1
34.6
29.6
37.3
38.3
4.02.1
12.0
54.3
Nonfamily households
9.3
70.3
Asian alone
Native American alone
Female householder, no husband present
25.4
9.9
23.6
25.3
12.8
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
6
22.9
Housing Tenure • • •
A majority of Black households, about 65 percent, lived in renter-occupied homes and about 35 percent lived in owner-occupied homes. A majority of Native American households, about 61 percent, lived in renteroccupied homes and about 39 percent lived in owner-occupied homes. In comparison, about 71 percent of non-Hispanic White households lived in owner-occupied homes.
Housing Tenure Owners
Renters 67.9
Total
32.1
White alone
70.3
29.7
White alone, not Hispanic
71.0
29.0
Black alone
35.5
57.4
Asian alone
Native American alone
Hispanic or latino
64.5
42.6
38.8
61.2
52.3
47.7
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
7
Poverty • • •
About 30 percent of Blacks and 21 percent of Hispanics were living below the poverty level in the 12 months prior to being surveyed, compared with about 9 percent of non-Hispanic Whites. The poverty rate was generally higher for children (under age 18). About 39 percent of Black children and 27 percent of Hispanic children lived in poverty. Among those aged 65 and older, Blacks had a poverty rate of about 16 percent, Hispanics had a poverty rate of about 13 percent, compared with about 9 percent for non-Hispanic Whites.
Poverty Rate by Age Group All ages
Total
White alone, not Hispanic
Under 18
11.5
14.4
9.4
Hispanic or latino
9.5
10.5
9.2
29.6
Black alone
Asian alone
65 and older
39.4
12.9
5.1
21.1
10.1
26.5
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
8
16.4
12.9
Median Household Income • •
The median income of Black households in the 12 months prior to being surveyed was about $28,400. This was less than two-thirds of the median income of non-Hispanic White households, which was about $47,062. The median income of Native American households in the 12 months prior to being surveyed was about $33,578. This was $13,484 less than the median income of nonHispanic White households.
The Median Household Income
$45,474
Total
$47,062
White alone, not Hispanic
Black alone
$28,423
$58,056
Asian alone
Native American
Hispanic or Latino
$33,578
$35,639
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
9
Educational Attainment •
Nearly half (48%) of Hispanic populations and over one-third of Native American populations age 25 years and over did not finish high school, compared with 7.7 percent of the non-Hispanic White population.
•
Only 10 percent of Hispanic, 10 percent of Native American, and 18 percent of African Americans age 25 and over had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 28.1 percent of non-Hispanic Whites34.
Educational Attainment for the Population 25 Years and Over, By Race/Ethnicity, 2006 100.0 92.3 87.8
90.0
82.8
80.0 70.0 61.7
Percent
60.0 52.0 48.2
50.0 38.3
40.0 28.1
30.0
18.9
20.0
17.2
12.2
10.0
48.0
10.1
10.0
7.7
0.0 White Less than high school diploma
Black
Native Am High School Diploma or Higher*
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey *High school Diploma includes equivalency Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race.
10
Asian Bachelor's degree or higher
Hispanic
Section Three Demographic Change in Nebraska
Distribution of Nebraska Population by Race/Ethnicity Nebraska continues to become more diverse. In 2007, the population of Nebraska was 1,774,571. Minorities represent 15.5% of the total population. Hispanics were the largest minority group at 7.5% of the state population. African Americans were the second-largest minority group at 4% of the state population. Followed by Asians /Pacific Islanders (PI), and Native Americans. Hispanics accounted for 49% of the total 274,191 minority population while African Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans accounted for 27%, 11%, and 5.5%, respectively. 1
Percent Distribution of Nebraska Population by Race/Ethnicity, 2007 Two or more races,NonHispanic Asian/PI, Non-Hispanic 1.1% 1.7% Native American, NonHispanic 0.9%
Hispanic 7.5%
White, Non-Hispanic 84.5%
Black, Non-Hispanic 4.2%
Total=1,774,571 Source: US Census Bureau, 2007 Population Estimates Program
11
Change in Minority Population The minority population in Nebraska has been increasing more rapidly than the nonHispanic (NH) White population. According to the U.S .Census Bureau, from 20002007, Nebraska’s racial/ethnic minority population grew from 214,152 to 274,191, a 28% increase. While the non-Hispanic White population only had a 0.2% increase.2 A detailed recap is provided in the following table and figure. Nebraska Population by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 and 2007 Race/Ethnicity
Population* Apr.1,2000
Nebraska Total
1,711,265
White Alone
1,585,619
African American Alone
% population (2000)
Population Jul.1,2007
%population (2007)
Change (00-07)
%change (00-07)
1,774,571
100.0
63,306
3.7
92.7
1,625,144
91.6
39,525
2.5
70,043
4.1
78,581
4.4
8,538
12.2
American Indian or Alaska Native Alone
15,634
0.9
17,576
1.0
1,942
12.4
Asian/PI Alone
23,521
1.4
30,543
1.7
7,022
29.9
Hispanic
94,425
5.5
133,832
7.5
39,407
41.7
White Non-Hispanic
1,497,113
87.5
1,500,380
84.5
3,267
0.2
Minority Population
214,152
12.5
274,191
15.5
60,039
28.0
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 population estimates (Released date: May 1, 2008), 2000 census estimates base. *2000 Population Estimates base reflects changes to the Census 2000 population from the Count Question Resolution program and geographic program revisions.
Nebraska Population Changes by Race/Ethnicity, 2000-2007
45.0
41.7
%of population changes
40.0 35.0
29.9
28.0
30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0
12.2
12.4
10.0
3.7
5.0
0.2 0.0
White(NH)
Black
Native American
Asian*
Hispanic
Minority Population
Source:U.S.Census Bureau, 2007 population estimates, 2000 population estimates base. * Including Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
12
Nebraska Total
Projected Minority Population In the mid-nineties, United States Census projections for the state of Nebraska’s minority populations were expected to reach a high by the year 2025 of 14.4% of the total population.3 In 2005, 20 years ahead of those projections, the racial ethnic minority population of Nebraska was estimated to be 14.6%. It was also estimated that the number of Hispanic Americans in Nebraska would reach approximately 111,000 by 2025, 4 although the Hispanic population had already reached 130,304 by 2006, 17.4% more than the U.S. Census Bureau’s 1995 projection. Based on the U.S. Census Bureau projections, the trend in racial and ethnic minority population growth will continue for the foreseeable future. It has been estimated the White population is expected to increase 7% during the 2005-2025 period, while the Asian/PI populations are expected to increase 45%, the American Indian or Alaska Native population by 39% and the Black/African American population by 33%.5 With this expected growth in minority populations in Nebraska, it is imperative that efforts be made now to eliminate the disparities in health. Projected populations by Race/Ethnicity: 1995-2025 (Numbers in thousands)
1995
2000
2005
2015
2025
1,637
1,705
1,761
1,850
1,930
1,496
1,540
1,572
1,619
1,653
Black alone
64
72
82
95
109
Asian/PI Alone
17
23
29
35
42
14
16
18
22
25
Hispanic
50
61
72
89
111
Minority Population
141
165
189
231
277
1995
2000
2005
2015
2025
Non-Hispanic White alone
91.4
90.3
89.3
87.5
85.6
Black alone
3.9
4.2
4.7
5.1
5.6
Asian/PI Alone
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.3
Hispanic
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.8
5.8
Minority Population
8.6
9.7
10.7
12.5
14.4
Nebraska Total Non-Hispanic White alone
American Indian or Alaska Native alone
(Percent of total population)
American Indian or Alaska Native alone
Source: Projected State Populations, by Sex, Race: 1995-2025, U.S. Census Bureau, Released 1996
13
Foreign-Born Population The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in 2006, the number of foreign-born residents in Nebraska was about 99,500. 6 This represented 5.6% of Nebraska’s overall population, and an increase of 252.9% above the 1990 population of foreign-born residents in the state (28,198 residents). The foreign-born population of Nebraska changed by 164.7% from 28,198 to 74,638 between 1990 and 2000, and increased from 74,638 to 99,500 between 2000 and 2006, representing an increase of 33.3%. 7 Nebraska ranked 7th in percent increase in foreign-born population between 1990 and 2006 (see the detailed table below). This increase is nearly 3 times the national rate. Of the foreign-born population residents in Nebraska in 2006, 36.4 percent entered during the 1990s, and 32.9 percent entered in 2000 or later. Top Fifteen States with Greatest Percentage Change in Foreign-born Population, 1990-2006
Percent Change in the Foreign-Born Population: 1990 and 2006
State United States
1990
2000
2006
Foreign-Born Population
Foreign-Born Population
Foreign-Born Population
19,767,316
31,107,889
Change 1990-2006 Percent change
37,547,789
89.9
Rank
North Carolina
115,077
430,000
614,198
433.7
1
Georgia
173,126
577,273
859,590
396.5
2
Nevada
104,828
316,593
475,914
354.0
3
Arkansas
24,867
73,690
107,346
331.7
4
Tennessee
59,114
159,004
236,516
300.1
5
Utah
58,600
158,664
210,500
259.2
6
Nebraska
28,198
74,638
99,500
252.9
7
South Carolina
49,964
115,978
176,018
252.3
8
Colorado
142,434
369,903
489,496
243.7
9
Arizona
278,205
656,183
929,083
234.0
10
Kentucky
34,119
80,271
111,724
227.5
11
Delaware
22,275
44,898
68,722
208.5
12
Minnesota
113,039
260,463
339,236
200.1
13
Alabama
43,533
87,772
130,049
198.7
14
Idaho
28,905
64,080
82,040
183.8
15
Source: US Census Bureau, 1990 and 2000 Census; 2006 American Community Survey.
14
According to the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, of the total foreignborn population in Nebraska in 2006, the largest share (57.5 percent) were from Latin America (South America, Central America, and the Caribbean), 24.1 percent from Asia, 9.2 percent from Europe, 7.4 percent were from Africa, 1.5 percent from Northern America (Canada, Bermuda, Greenland, and St. Pierre and Miquelon), and 0.4 percent from Oceania.
Place of Birth of Foreign-Born Population, Nebraska, 2006 Africa: Oceania: Caribbean: 0.4% 0.5% 7.4%
Asia: 24.1%
Central Am erica (Mexico and Other): 54.7% Europe: 9.2% Northern Am erica: 1.5% South Am erica: 2.3%
Total= 99,500
Source:US Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
The top three countries of birth of the foreign born in Nebraska were Mexico, Vietnam, and China. In 2006, Mexico alone accounted for 44.8 percent of all foreign-born Nebraska residents. Vietnam was the birthplace of the next largest of this group (6.9 percent), followed by China (4.7 percent).8
15
Nebraska Immigrant Admissions The overall trend of immigration into Nebraska has been increasing. The number of people granted legal permanent residence has ranged from 2,270 in FY'97 to 3,795 in FY'06. The cumulative total of admissions to Nebraska between fiscal years 1997 and 2006 was 27,290 immigrants. This included new arrivals and persons who adjusted their status. 9 The chart below shows recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative immigrant admissions data since 1997.
Nebraska Immigrant Admissions 1997-2006 4,500
Number of Immigrants Admitted
4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Fiscal Year
Source : DHS, 2006 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics
16
2003
2004
2005
2006
Refugee Resettlement Based on data from the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office of Refugee Resettlement , Nebraska has received nearly 4,430 refugees over the most recent ten fiscal years (FY'97-'06) , with 298 arriving in FY’ 06. 10The chart below shows recent Nebraska refugee settlement and the cumulative refugee settlement data since 2000. Nebraska Refugee Settlement FY'2000-FY'2006 3000
the Number of refugees
2500
2000
1500
1000
arrivals cumulatives
500
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Source: U.S.Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Refugee Resettlement, 2007
17
2005
2006
References 1
U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 population estimates, Released Date: May 1, 2008.
2
U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 population estimates, 2000 census estimates base.
3.4.5
Population Division, U. S. Census Bureau. Projected State Populations, by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1995-2025. Release Date: October 1996. 6.7.8
9
U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey, Census 1990.
DHS, 2006 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics.
10
U.S. Department of health & Human Services, Office of Refugee Resettlement.
18
Anthony Zhang, MA October 2008
Office of Minority Health and Health Equity Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services [email protected] www.dhss.ne.gov/minorityhealth
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section One: Under-representation of Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the Nebraska Healthcare Work Force...…………………………………………………. 2 Under-representation of Minority Populations in the Nursing Work Force…..…………. .2 Under-representation of Minority Populations in the Physician Work Force…..…………3
Section Two: Disparities in Socioeconomic Status ……………………………………... 5 Employment Status……………………………………………………………………………..5 Household Type ………………………………………………………………………….….....6 Housing Tenure ………………………………………………………………………….…......7 Poverty…………………………………………………………………….……………….….....8 Median Household Income…………………………………………………………….…........9 Educational Attainment………………………………………………………………….….....10
Section Three: Demographic Change in Nebraska …..……………………………….. .11 Distribution of Nebraska Population by Race/Ethnicity ……………………………………11 Change in Minority Population …………………………………………………………….…12 Projected Minority Population ………………………………………………………………..13 Foreign-Born Population ………………………………………………………………..........14 Nebraska Immigrant Admissions……………………………………………………….........16 Refugee Resettlement…………………………………………………………………….......17
References …………………………………………………………..………………………...18
1
Section One Under Representation of Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the Nebraska Healthcare Work Force Under-representation of Minority Populations in the Nursing Work Force While the Nebraska population is becoming more ethnically and racially diverse, the nursing workforce remains predominantly White (non-Hispanic). Ethnic/racial minorities are seriously underrepresented in nursing and, as such, are a factor in the nursing workforce shortage. In Nebraska, 84.9% of the general population is nonminority white, and 96.4% of registered nurses are non-minority white. Compared to a total minority population of 15 percent in 2006, minorities make up just 2.9 percent of the RN population. Hispanics remain the most under-represented group of nurses (1.1%) when compared to the total Hispanic population (7.4%). African Americans remain the second most under-represented group of nurses (0.9%) when compared to the total Hispanic population (4.4%). Minority Registered Nurses Compared to the General Minority Population
Population % population 2006 (2006)
Race/Ethnicity
NE RN population
% of NE RN population
77,636
4.4 African American
103
0.9
17,103
1.0 Native American
25
0.2
30,478
1.7 Asian*
90
0.8
7.4 Hispanic
126
1.1
11421
96.4
70
0.7
344
2.9
130,304 1,500,725 20,432 267,606
84.9 White NonHispanic 1.2 Other 15.1 Minority Population
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, population estimates, 2000 -2006. Nebraska center for Nursing * Including Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
2
Ethnicity Breakout of 11,852 RN’s (2006)
Native American (25/11,582) 0.2%
Other (87/11,852) 0.7%
Asian (90/11,582) 0.8%
African American (103/11,852) 0.9%
Total Minority (344/11,852) 3%
Hispanic (126/11,852) 1.1% White/Caucasian (11,421/11,852) 96%
Source: Nebraska Center for Nursing, 2006
Under-representation of Minority Populations in the Physician Work Force
There is currently a shortage of physicians who are of racial and ethnic minority groups, other than White. In 2006, only 1.5 percent of all NE physicians were Hispanic, although this population comprises 7.4 percent of the NE population. In addition, only 1.1 percent of all Nebraska physicians were African Americans, although this population comprises 4.4 percent of the total population. Physicians of Native American background are also underrepresented among Nebraska physicians.
3
Minority Physicians Compared to the General Minority Population
Population % population 2006 (2006)
Race/Ethnicity
NE Physicians
% of NE Physicians
77,636
4.4 African American
35
1.1
17,103
1.0 Native American
4
0.1
30,478
1.7 Asian*
181
5.6
7.4 Hispanic
48
1.5
2508
77.7
452
14.0
268
8.3
130,304 1,500,725
84.9 White NonHispanic Unknown
20,432 267,606
1.2 Other 15.1 Minority Population
Source: Health Professions Tracking Center, UNMC, 2006 U.S. Census Bureau, population estimates, 2000 -2006. * Including Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
4
Section Two Disparities in Socioeconomic Status Employment Status • •
About 11 percent of Blacks were unemployed in the civilian labor force, which was almost 4 times as high as non-Hispanic Whites (3 percent). Fifty-nice percent of Blacks were employed in the civilian labor force, compared with about two-thirds of non-Hispanic Whites.
Employment Status Civilian labor force: employed
Civilian labor force: unemployed
Total
67.5
White alone, not Hispanic
67.9
Black alone
58.9
Not in labor force
3.4
2.8
11.1
28.7
28.8
29.7
Asian alone
68.3
5.4
25.7
Hispanic or latino
68.7
5.1
25.7
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
5
Household Type • • •
About 62 percent of Black households and about 65 percent of non-Hispanic White households were family households. About 30 percent of Black households were families maintained by a woman with no husband present, compared with about 8 percent of non-Hispanic White households. Black households (27 percent) were less likely than non-Hispanic White households (54 percent) to be married couple households.
Households by Type Married couple
Male householder, no wife present
Total
52.9
White alone, not Hispanic
54.1
Black alone
26.7
Hispanic or latino
3.7
5.4
34.0
3.1 8.1
34.6
29.6
37.3
38.3
4.02.1
12.0
54.3
Nonfamily households
9.3
70.3
Asian alone
Native American alone
Female householder, no husband present
25.4
9.9
23.6
25.3
12.8
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
6
22.9
Housing Tenure • • •
A majority of Black households, about 65 percent, lived in renter-occupied homes and about 35 percent lived in owner-occupied homes. A majority of Native American households, about 61 percent, lived in renteroccupied homes and about 39 percent lived in owner-occupied homes. In comparison, about 71 percent of non-Hispanic White households lived in owner-occupied homes.
Housing Tenure Owners
Renters 67.9
Total
32.1
White alone
70.3
29.7
White alone, not Hispanic
71.0
29.0
Black alone
35.5
57.4
Asian alone
Native American alone
Hispanic or latino
64.5
42.6
38.8
61.2
52.3
47.7
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
7
Poverty • • •
About 30 percent of Blacks and 21 percent of Hispanics were living below the poverty level in the 12 months prior to being surveyed, compared with about 9 percent of non-Hispanic Whites. The poverty rate was generally higher for children (under age 18). About 39 percent of Black children and 27 percent of Hispanic children lived in poverty. Among those aged 65 and older, Blacks had a poverty rate of about 16 percent, Hispanics had a poverty rate of about 13 percent, compared with about 9 percent for non-Hispanic Whites.
Poverty Rate by Age Group All ages
Total
White alone, not Hispanic
Under 18
11.5
14.4
9.4
Hispanic or latino
9.5
10.5
9.2
29.6
Black alone
Asian alone
65 and older
39.4
12.9
5.1
21.1
10.1
26.5
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
8
16.4
12.9
Median Household Income • •
The median income of Black households in the 12 months prior to being surveyed was about $28,400. This was less than two-thirds of the median income of non-Hispanic White households, which was about $47,062. The median income of Native American households in the 12 months prior to being surveyed was about $33,578. This was $13,484 less than the median income of nonHispanic White households.
The Median Household Income
$45,474
Total
$47,062
White alone, not Hispanic
Black alone
$28,423
$58,056
Asian alone
Native American
Hispanic or Latino
$33,578
$35,639
Source: U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
9
Educational Attainment •
Nearly half (48%) of Hispanic populations and over one-third of Native American populations age 25 years and over did not finish high school, compared with 7.7 percent of the non-Hispanic White population.
•
Only 10 percent of Hispanic, 10 percent of Native American, and 18 percent of African Americans age 25 and over had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 28.1 percent of non-Hispanic Whites34.
Educational Attainment for the Population 25 Years and Over, By Race/Ethnicity, 2006 100.0 92.3 87.8
90.0
82.8
80.0 70.0 61.7
Percent
60.0 52.0 48.2
50.0 38.3
40.0 28.1
30.0
18.9
20.0
17.2
12.2
10.0
48.0
10.1
10.0
7.7
0.0 White Less than high school diploma
Black
Native Am High School Diploma or Higher*
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey *High school Diploma includes equivalency Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race.
10
Asian Bachelor's degree or higher
Hispanic
Section Three Demographic Change in Nebraska
Distribution of Nebraska Population by Race/Ethnicity Nebraska continues to become more diverse. In 2007, the population of Nebraska was 1,774,571. Minorities represent 15.5% of the total population. Hispanics were the largest minority group at 7.5% of the state population. African Americans were the second-largest minority group at 4% of the state population. Followed by Asians /Pacific Islanders (PI), and Native Americans. Hispanics accounted for 49% of the total 274,191 minority population while African Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans accounted for 27%, 11%, and 5.5%, respectively. 1
Percent Distribution of Nebraska Population by Race/Ethnicity, 2007 Two or more races,NonHispanic Asian/PI, Non-Hispanic 1.1% 1.7% Native American, NonHispanic 0.9%
Hispanic 7.5%
White, Non-Hispanic 84.5%
Black, Non-Hispanic 4.2%
Total=1,774,571 Source: US Census Bureau, 2007 Population Estimates Program
11
Change in Minority Population The minority population in Nebraska has been increasing more rapidly than the nonHispanic (NH) White population. According to the U.S .Census Bureau, from 20002007, Nebraska’s racial/ethnic minority population grew from 214,152 to 274,191, a 28% increase. While the non-Hispanic White population only had a 0.2% increase.2 A detailed recap is provided in the following table and figure. Nebraska Population by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 and 2007 Race/Ethnicity
Population* Apr.1,2000
Nebraska Total
1,711,265
White Alone
1,585,619
African American Alone
% population (2000)
Population Jul.1,2007
%population (2007)
Change (00-07)
%change (00-07)
1,774,571
100.0
63,306
3.7
92.7
1,625,144
91.6
39,525
2.5
70,043
4.1
78,581
4.4
8,538
12.2
American Indian or Alaska Native Alone
15,634
0.9
17,576
1.0
1,942
12.4
Asian/PI Alone
23,521
1.4
30,543
1.7
7,022
29.9
Hispanic
94,425
5.5
133,832
7.5
39,407
41.7
White Non-Hispanic
1,497,113
87.5
1,500,380
84.5
3,267
0.2
Minority Population
214,152
12.5
274,191
15.5
60,039
28.0
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 population estimates (Released date: May 1, 2008), 2000 census estimates base. *2000 Population Estimates base reflects changes to the Census 2000 population from the Count Question Resolution program and geographic program revisions.
Nebraska Population Changes by Race/Ethnicity, 2000-2007
45.0
41.7
%of population changes
40.0 35.0
29.9
28.0
30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0
12.2
12.4
10.0
3.7
5.0
0.2 0.0
White(NH)
Black
Native American
Asian*
Hispanic
Minority Population
Source:U.S.Census Bureau, 2007 population estimates, 2000 population estimates base. * Including Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
12
Nebraska Total
Projected Minority Population In the mid-nineties, United States Census projections for the state of Nebraska’s minority populations were expected to reach a high by the year 2025 of 14.4% of the total population.3 In 2005, 20 years ahead of those projections, the racial ethnic minority population of Nebraska was estimated to be 14.6%. It was also estimated that the number of Hispanic Americans in Nebraska would reach approximately 111,000 by 2025, 4 although the Hispanic population had already reached 130,304 by 2006, 17.4% more than the U.S. Census Bureau’s 1995 projection. Based on the U.S. Census Bureau projections, the trend in racial and ethnic minority population growth will continue for the foreseeable future. It has been estimated the White population is expected to increase 7% during the 2005-2025 period, while the Asian/PI populations are expected to increase 45%, the American Indian or Alaska Native population by 39% and the Black/African American population by 33%.5 With this expected growth in minority populations in Nebraska, it is imperative that efforts be made now to eliminate the disparities in health. Projected populations by Race/Ethnicity: 1995-2025 (Numbers in thousands)
1995
2000
2005
2015
2025
1,637
1,705
1,761
1,850
1,930
1,496
1,540
1,572
1,619
1,653
Black alone
64
72
82
95
109
Asian/PI Alone
17
23
29
35
42
14
16
18
22
25
Hispanic
50
61
72
89
111
Minority Population
141
165
189
231
277
1995
2000
2005
2015
2025
Non-Hispanic White alone
91.4
90.3
89.3
87.5
85.6
Black alone
3.9
4.2
4.7
5.1
5.6
Asian/PI Alone
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.3
Hispanic
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.8
5.8
Minority Population
8.6
9.7
10.7
12.5
14.4
Nebraska Total Non-Hispanic White alone
American Indian or Alaska Native alone
(Percent of total population)
American Indian or Alaska Native alone
Source: Projected State Populations, by Sex, Race: 1995-2025, U.S. Census Bureau, Released 1996
13
Foreign-Born Population The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in 2006, the number of foreign-born residents in Nebraska was about 99,500. 6 This represented 5.6% of Nebraska’s overall population, and an increase of 252.9% above the 1990 population of foreign-born residents in the state (28,198 residents). The foreign-born population of Nebraska changed by 164.7% from 28,198 to 74,638 between 1990 and 2000, and increased from 74,638 to 99,500 between 2000 and 2006, representing an increase of 33.3%. 7 Nebraska ranked 7th in percent increase in foreign-born population between 1990 and 2006 (see the detailed table below). This increase is nearly 3 times the national rate. Of the foreign-born population residents in Nebraska in 2006, 36.4 percent entered during the 1990s, and 32.9 percent entered in 2000 or later. Top Fifteen States with Greatest Percentage Change in Foreign-born Population, 1990-2006
Percent Change in the Foreign-Born Population: 1990 and 2006
State United States
1990
2000
2006
Foreign-Born Population
Foreign-Born Population
Foreign-Born Population
19,767,316
31,107,889
Change 1990-2006 Percent change
37,547,789
89.9
Rank
North Carolina
115,077
430,000
614,198
433.7
1
Georgia
173,126
577,273
859,590
396.5
2
Nevada
104,828
316,593
475,914
354.0
3
Arkansas
24,867
73,690
107,346
331.7
4
Tennessee
59,114
159,004
236,516
300.1
5
Utah
58,600
158,664
210,500
259.2
6
Nebraska
28,198
74,638
99,500
252.9
7
South Carolina
49,964
115,978
176,018
252.3
8
Colorado
142,434
369,903
489,496
243.7
9
Arizona
278,205
656,183
929,083
234.0
10
Kentucky
34,119
80,271
111,724
227.5
11
Delaware
22,275
44,898
68,722
208.5
12
Minnesota
113,039
260,463
339,236
200.1
13
Alabama
43,533
87,772
130,049
198.7
14
Idaho
28,905
64,080
82,040
183.8
15
Source: US Census Bureau, 1990 and 2000 Census; 2006 American Community Survey.
14
According to the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, of the total foreignborn population in Nebraska in 2006, the largest share (57.5 percent) were from Latin America (South America, Central America, and the Caribbean), 24.1 percent from Asia, 9.2 percent from Europe, 7.4 percent were from Africa, 1.5 percent from Northern America (Canada, Bermuda, Greenland, and St. Pierre and Miquelon), and 0.4 percent from Oceania.
Place of Birth of Foreign-Born Population, Nebraska, 2006 Africa: Oceania: Caribbean: 0.4% 0.5% 7.4%
Asia: 24.1%
Central Am erica (Mexico and Other): 54.7% Europe: 9.2% Northern Am erica: 1.5% South Am erica: 2.3%
Total= 99,500
Source:US Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey
The top three countries of birth of the foreign born in Nebraska were Mexico, Vietnam, and China. In 2006, Mexico alone accounted for 44.8 percent of all foreign-born Nebraska residents. Vietnam was the birthplace of the next largest of this group (6.9 percent), followed by China (4.7 percent).8
15
Nebraska Immigrant Admissions The overall trend of immigration into Nebraska has been increasing. The number of people granted legal permanent residence has ranged from 2,270 in FY'97 to 3,795 in FY'06. The cumulative total of admissions to Nebraska between fiscal years 1997 and 2006 was 27,290 immigrants. This included new arrivals and persons who adjusted their status. 9 The chart below shows recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative immigrant admissions data since 1997.
Nebraska Immigrant Admissions 1997-2006 4,500
Number of Immigrants Admitted
4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Fiscal Year
Source : DHS, 2006 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics
16
2003
2004
2005
2006
Refugee Resettlement Based on data from the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office of Refugee Resettlement , Nebraska has received nearly 4,430 refugees over the most recent ten fiscal years (FY'97-'06) , with 298 arriving in FY’ 06. 10The chart below shows recent Nebraska refugee settlement and the cumulative refugee settlement data since 2000. Nebraska Refugee Settlement FY'2000-FY'2006 3000
the Number of refugees
2500
2000
1500
1000
arrivals cumulatives
500
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Source: U.S.Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Refugee Resettlement, 2007
17
2005
2006
References 1
U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 population estimates, Released Date: May 1, 2008.
2
U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 population estimates, 2000 census estimates base.
3.4.5
Population Division, U. S. Census Bureau. Projected State Populations, by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1995-2025. Release Date: October 1996. 6.7.8
9
U.S.Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey, Census 1990.
DHS, 2006 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics.
10
U.S. Department of health & Human Services, Office of Refugee Resettlement.
18
