A PORTRAIT OF CALIFORNIA 2014–2015 | SAN JOSE METRO AREA CLOSE-UP
A P O R TR A I T OF CA L IFOR N I A 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 5
SAN JOSE
METRO AREA CLOSE-UP San Jose (7.08) San Francisco (6.72)
Oxnard–Thousand Oaks (5.62) San Diego (5.59) Sacramento (5.47) Los Angeles (5.44)
Riverside– San Bernardino (4.59) Stockton (4.34)
Fresno (3.96)
7.08 HD INDEX
83.9
LIFE EXPECTANCY (years)
6.70
EDUCATION INDEX
$42,461 MEDIAN EARNINGS
The San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara metropolitan statistical area ranks first among the ten most populous metro areas in California in terms of well-being and access to opportunity, as measured by the American Human Development Index. Its impressive Human Development (HD) Index score of 7.08 out of a possible 10 is significantly higher than the California average and almost double the score of Bakersfield, the metro area at the bottom of the rankings. The San Jose metro area, with a population of 1.9 million, comprises San Benito and Santa Clara Counties and contains seven principal cities: Cupertino, Palo Alto, Milpitas, Mountain View, Santa Clara, Sunnyvale, and San Jose. THIS CLOSE-UP IS A COMPANION TO A PORTRAIT OF CALIFORNIA 2014–2015, AVAILABLE AT WWW.MEASUREOFAMERICA.ORG.
MEASUREOFAMERIC A of the Social Science Research Council
A PORTRAIT OF CALIFORNIA 2014–2015 | SAN JOSE METRO AREA CLOSE-UP
San Jose Today HOW HAS SAN JOSE FARED SINCE THE GREAT RECESSION? San Jose ranks first on the Human Development Index, as it did before the Great Recession. San Jose is one of only four major metro areas in California that saw improvements in well-being and access to opportunity—along with San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Bakersfield—during a period when cities across the United States saw plummeting earnings.
The American Human Development Index The American Human Development (HD) Index for California is a composite measure of well-being and access to opportunity made up of health, education, and earnings indicators. The Index is expressed on a scale from 0 to 10.
Human Development before and after the Great Recession
San Jose +0.13 San Francisco
+0.10
Los Angeles
+0.08
Bakersfield
-0.01 A Long and Healthy Life is measured using life expectancy at birth, calculated with 2010–2012 mortality data from the California Department of Public Health and population data from the A Long and U.S. Census Bureau.
Healthy Life
Access to Knowledge is measured with school enrollment for those ages 3 to 24, and educational degree attainment for those 25 and older, with 2010–2012 data from theAccess Americanto Community Survey,Knowledge U.S. Census Bureau.
A Decent Standard of Living is measured using median earnings of all full- and part-time workers 16 years and older from the American Community Survey, U.S. A Decent Census Bureau, 2010Ú2012.
Standard of Living
-0.02 -0.03 -0.04
I N D I CATOR S
Life expectancy at birth
Educational degree attainment
School enrollment
Median earnings
-0.11 -0.15
+ Health INDEX
+
Education INDEX
+0.05 Riverside– San Bernardino Sacramento
Fresno
San Diego
Oxnard– Thousand Oaks
Stockton
CHANGE IN HD INDEX
Income INDEX
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American Human Development INDEX WWW.MEASUR EOFA M ERICA . O R G
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A PORTRAIT OF CALIFORNIA 2014–2015 | SAN JOSE METRO AREA CLOSE-UP
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEIGHBORHOOD BY NEIGHBORHOOD The San Jose metro area is divided by the U.S. Census Bureau into fifteen neighborhood clusters, each with a population between one hundred thousand and two hundred thousand residents. The HD Index scores across neighborhood clusters in the San Jose metro area do not vary as dramatically as do those in other California metro areas, and even the neighborhood cluster with the lowest well-being levels—Monterey County (South and East) and San Benito County— registers only slightly more than one point below the California average. An area of concern in San Jose is earnings inequality. The typical worker in Cupertino, Saratoga Cities & Los Gatos Town earns over three and a half times as much as the typical worker in Monterey County (South and East) and San Benito County. This gap has more to do with the extremely high earnings of the former rather than a particularly poor performance by the latter. At $85,310, those in the top earnings group earn nearly three times as much as the typical Californian. Human Development by Neighborhood Cluster in San Jose
HD INDEX
LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (years)
LESS THAN HIGH SCHOOL (%)
AT LEAST BACHELOR’S DEGREE (%)
GRADUATE OR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE (%)
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT (%)
MEDIAN EARNINGS (2012 dollars)
CALIFORNIA
5.39
81.2
18.5
30.9
11.3
78.5
30,502
SAN JOSE METRO AREA
7.08
83.9
13.6
45.7
20.1
82.7
42,461
1. Mountain View, Palo Alto & Los Altos Cities
9.26
87.0
5.2
72.4
43.1
88.7
61,444
2. Cupertino, Saratoga Cities & Los Gatos Town
9.26
85.2
2.6
73.3
36.8
92.3
85,310
3. Sunnyvale & San Jose (North) Cities
8.18
83.8
9.0
58.9
29.5
81.6
58,650
4. San Jose City (Southwest/Almaden Valley)
7.70
83.2
8.3
46.4
18.8
87.7
52,273
5. San Jose (Northwest) & Santa Clara Cities
7.47
82.5
8.0
52.8
23.3
83.1
48,974
6. San Jose (West Central) & Campbell Cities
7.25
83.4
8.3
47.8
20.1
81.3
45,756
7. Milpitas & San Jose (Northeast) Cities
7.04
85.0
15.2
40.5
14.6
83.4
41,801
8. San Jose City (Southeast/Evergreen)
6.84
84.0
18.5
39.1
14.0
84.0
41,663
9. San Jose City (South Central/Branham) & Cambrian Park
6.76
82.0
9.2
39.1
12.3
82.6
44,164
10. San Jose City (Central)
6.11
82.5
18.1
35.1
12.5
79.6
36,702
11. San Jose City (East Central) & Alum Rock
5.89
85.3
23.5
26.6
7.9
79.6
31,700
12. Gilroy, Morgan Hill & San Jose (South) Cities
5.77
81.9
18.4
30.9
11.1
80.1
33,855
13. San Jose City (Northwest)
5.56
82.7
23.6
34.2
12.2
77.5
30,637
14. San Jose City (East Central/East Valley)
4.85
85.4
34.3
16.5
3.2
75.8
24,877
15. Monterey (South & East) & San Benito Counties
4.17
83.0
35.4
13.0
3.4
72.2
23,164
Source: Measure of America calculations using California Department of Public Health 2010–2012 mortality data and U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates and American Community Survey 2010–2012.
WWW.MEASUR EOFA M ERICA . O R G
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A PORTRAIT OF CALIFORNIA 2014–2015 | SAN JOSE METRO AREA CLOSE-UP
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BY RACE AND ETHNICITY Another lens for understanding access to opportunity is race and ethnicity. Wellbeing levels in San Jose vary across racial and ethnic groups. Asian American well-being levels in San Jose top the charts at 8.97. Asian Americans, whites, and African Americans in San Jose outperform their counterparts in California’s other large metro areas. Latinos in San Jose come in second to Latinos in San Francisco. The typical African American, Asian American, and white residents earn more in San Jose than in any other metro area. A typical Latino in San Jose, however, earns almost $1,000 less annually than a typical Latino in San Francisco.
Human Development by Neighborhood Cluster 880
Mountain View
Milpitas
Sunnyvale
Palo Alto
Santa Clara Cupertino
280
San Jose
Morgan Hill HD INDEX 6.82–9.26 5.76–6.81 4.77–5.75 4.00–4.76 2.14–3.99 Parkland
WWW.MEASUR EOFA M ERICA . O R G
Hollister
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A PORTRAIT OF CALIFORNIA 2014–2015 | SAN JOSE METRO AREA CLOSE-UP
The racial and ethnic profile of the San Jose metro area is rather unique. The share of Asian Americans, 31.4 percent, is nearly two and a half times greater than that of California overall. San Jose also has an atypically small share of Latino residents, 27 percent less than in California as a whole. No major California metro area has a sufficiently large Native American population to allow for reliable calculations of the HD Index at this level, unfortunately; the HD Index score for Native Americans in the state is 4.51.
Racial and Ethnic Makeup of the San Jose Metro Area
San Jose Forecast: The Next Generation Although HD Index scores are a good proxy for potential risks to child well-being, the HD Index uses a set of indicators that chart the life course of adults and are therefore less suited to capturing how the next generation will fare. Additional indicators can help round out the picture. Below are a set of faster-moving indicators that shed light on the overall physical and social conditions children and youth face as they grow up in San Jose today. These factors, which operate “behind the scenes,” affect the degree to which children and teens in San Jose are sheltered from harm, have their fundamental needs met, and are able to build the capabilities required to flourish in the future Violent crime in the San Jose metro area, at 274 per 100,000 residents, is the second lowest of the ten largest metro areas in California. San Jose also performs especially well in terms of employment and wages. The unemployment rate is only 5.3 percent, one of the lowest of the ten major metro areas in the state. The percentage of the full-time working population earning under $25,000 a year is only 13.1 percent. These two indicators, taken together, suggest that youth in San Jose have a better chance of finding a well-paying job compared to those in the other nine metro areas. Children and youth in San Jose are also better positioned to succeed in terms of educational attainment compared to those in other metro areas. Almost six in ten children ages 3 to 4 years old attend preschool, and only slightly more than one in ten high schoolers drop out. The future looks bright for children and youth in San Jose. Armed with the tools to succeed as well as a generally safe, nurturing, and healthy environment, it is likely that the next generation of San Joseans will drive the San Jose HD Index ranking higher in the years to come.
WWW.MEASUR EOFA M ERICA . O R G
34.7% Whites 31.4% Asian Americans 27.8% Latinos 3.5% Two or more Races or other 2.4% African Americans 0.2% Native Americans
These indicators track important risks that children and youth are facing as they grow up in San Jose today.
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A PORTRAIT OF CALIFORNIA 2014–2015 | SAN JOSE METRO AREA CLOSE-UP
Forecast Indicators: The Next Generation
RANKING (BASED ON HD INDEX)
NEWBORNS WITH LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
AIR QUALITY
(% of births less than 5.5 lbs.)
(# of unhealthy days per year)
NO HEALTH INSURANCE (% of residents)
GREEN SPACE (square miles per 100,000 residents)
DISCONNECTED YOUTH
PRESCHOOL ENROLLMENT
HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUT
(% of 3- and 4-year-olds)
(% of cohort)
(% 16-24 year olds not working or in school)
1. San Jose 2. San Francisco
58.7
11.1
11.6
60.3
12.9
12.3
3. Oxnard
51.7
10.7
10.4
RANKING (BASED ON HD INDEX)
1. San Jose 2. San Francisco
6.9 7.0
8 7
11.9 11.9
26 18
3. Oxnard
6.2
5
16.3
121
4. San Diego
6.5
19
17.3
65
4. San Diego
49.3
9.2
11.9
5. Sacramento
6.7
35
13.4
80
5. Sacramento
49.2
9.5
14.3
6. Los Angeles
7.1
80
21.4
12
6. Los Angeles
53.6
11.4
14.1
7. Riverside–San Bernardino
6.8
130
20.8
418
7. Riverside–San Bernardino
37.6
11.2
18.2
8. Stockton
7.0
30
17.5
3
8. Stockton
40.7
12.3
21.0
9. Fresno 10. Bakersfield
7.8 7.0
109 100
20.4 20.7
256 242
9. Fresno 10. Bakersfield
38.4 34.9
14.6 16.2
19.4 24.2
Sources: California Department of Public Health, 2010 Birth Records; Environmental Protection Agency Air Quality Index Report 2013; U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2010–2012, Table DP03; California Protected Areas Database.
UNEMPLOYMENT RANKING (BASED ON HD INDEX)
EARNING UNDER $25,000/YEAR
INCOME INEQUALITY
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2010–2012, Table S1401 and analysis of 2010–2012 PUMA microdata; California Department of Education cohort dropout rate.
RANKING (BASED ON HD INDEX)
AFFORDABLE HOUSING (% who spend less than 30% of income on housing)
AVERAGE COMMUTE TIME
VIOLENT CRIMES
(minutes/day)
(per 100,000 residents)
58.5
26
274
55.2
30
551 198
(% 16 years old and older)
(% of full-time workers)
(gini)
1. San Jose 2. San Francisco
5.3
13.1
0.47
5.0
13.4
0.49
1. San Jose 2. San Francisco
3. Oxnard
5.9
21.0
0.44
3. Oxnard
53.9
25
4. San Diego
5.8
20.4
0.47
4. San Diego
50.9
25
374
5. Sacramento
6.7
17.7
0.45
5. Sacramento
54.7
25
441
6. Los Angeles
7.2
24.8
0.49
6. Los Angeles
48.6
29
393
7. Riverside–San Bernardino
8.0
23.8
0.44
7. Riverside–San Bernardino
51.3
31
369
8. Stockton
10.3
20.0
0.46
8. Stockton
53.2
30
889
9. Fresno 10. Bakersfield
10.5 10.1
29.4 29.0
0.48 0.46
9. Fresno 10. Bakersfield
54.2 57.6
23 24
540 579
Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics; U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2012, Tables S2001 and B19083.
WWW.MEASUR EOFAM ERICA . O R G
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2012, Tables S2503 and S0802; FBI Uniform Crime Reports 2012.
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A PORTRAIT OF CALIFORNIA 2014–2015 | SAN JOSE METRO AREA CLOSE-UP
Human Development in San Jose at a Glance San Jose in the National Context
Human Development in California's Ten Most Populous Metro Areas
San Jose (7.08) 5.07
UNITED STATES HD INDEX
5.39
CALIFORNIA HD INDEX
TOP 5 Neighborhood Clusters
7.08
San Francisco (6.72)
SAN JOSE HD INDEX
Race/Ethnicity 10 (HD INDEX MAXIMUM)
9.26
Mountain View, Palo Alto & Los Altos Cities, Santa Clara County
9.26
Cupertino, Saratoga Cities & Los Gatos Town, Santa Clara County
Asian Americans
8.18
Sunnyvale & San Jose (North) Cities, Santa Clara County
Whites
7.70
San Jose City (Southwest/Almaden Valley), Santa Clara County
7.47
San Jose (Northwest) & Santa Clara Cities, Santa Clara County
8.97 7.91
Oxnard–Thousand Oaks (5.62) San Diego (5.59) Sacramento (5.47) Los Angeles (5.44)
African Americans
BOTTOM 5 Neighborhood Clusters
5.57
5.89
San Jose City (East Central) & Alum Rock, Santa Clara County
4.53
5.77
Gilroy, Morgan Hill & San Jose (South) Cities, Santa Clara County
5.56
San Jose City (Northwest), Santa Clara County
4.85
San Jose City (East Central/East Valley), Santa Clara County
4.17
Monterey (South & East) & San Benito Counties
Latinos
Riverside– San Bernardino (4.59) Stockton (4.34)
Fresno (3.96) 0 (HD INDEX MINIMUM)
Bakersfield (3.69)
Measure of America is a nonpartisan project, founded in 2007, of the Social Science Research Council. It creates easy-to-use yet methodologically sound tools for understanding well-being and opportunity in America and stimulates fact-based dialogue about these issues. Through hard copy and online reports, interactive maps, and custom-built dashboards, Measure of America works closely with partners to breathe life into numbers, using data to identify areas of need, pinpoint levers of change, and track progress over time. For policymaker and press inquiries: Eric Henderson, Chief of Advocacy and Media
[email protected], (718) 517-3606.
MEASUREOFAMERICA of the Social Science Research Council