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Satellite and TerrestrialNarrow-BandPropagation MeasurementsAt 2.05 GHz A. Vaisnys Jet PropulsionLaboratory,CaliforniaInstitute of Technology EE~niversitY of Texas at Austin

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1.~ measurements wereconducklon 15and 16 A SeliCS of satelliteandtenestn“alpropagation December, 1994in the vicinityof theJet PropulsionLaboratory(JPL),PasadeU Califomi&in supportof the VOMPL DBS-Radioprogram.The reasonfor includingterrestrialmeasurementswas the possibleuse of terrestrialboostersto improvereceptionin somesatellitedigitalaudiobroadcastingsystemserviceareas. The signalsourcesusedweretheNASATDRSsatellitelocatedat 171degreesWestand a terrestrialtransmitterlocatedon a highpointon JPL property.Bothsignalswereunmodulatedctiers near 2.05GHz, spaceda few lcHzapartso thatbothcouldbe receivedsimultaneouslyby a singlereceiver.An unmodulatedsignalwas usedin orderto maximizethedynamicrangeof thesignalstrengthmeasurement.A rangeof greaterthan 35 dB wasachievedwiththesatellitesignal,and over50 dB was achievedwith the temestrialsignalmeasurements.. Three testcourseswereusedto conductthemeasurements: ●

A 33 km roundtrip drivefromJPL throughPasadenawas usedto remeasurethe propagationof the satellitesignalover the pathpreviouslyusedin DBS-Radioexperimentsin mid 1994.A shortened portionof this test course,approximately20 km, was usedto measurethesatelliteand temestrial signalssimultaneously.

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A 9 km roundtrip drivethroughJPL property,goingbehindbuildingsand otherobstacles,was used to measurethe satelliteandterrestrialsignalssimultaneously. “ A path throughone of the buildingsat JPL, handcamyingthe receiver,was alsousedto measurethe s~ellite and temestrialsignalssimultaneously. Belowis a photographof the viewfkomtheterrestrialtransmitsitedownto JPL and towardPasadena. The horizonis ColoradoBoulevard,whichmarksthefar pointof thePasadenaruns. Building161, whichwas the site of the indoormeasurement,is indicated.

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2. Test Confisruration The receivingsystemconjuration for the automobilemountedequipmentis shownin Figure 1. The receivingantema was a bifilarhelixwitha gain of 8 dBi at25 degrees’elevation.Thiswas followedby a low noisearnp~ler and a receiverwhichconvertedthe signalto theaudiofkquency range between2.5 kHz and 7.5 kHz. This signalwasrecordedon a digitalaudiotape (DAT’)recorderat a samplingrate of 48 kHz. Postprocessingwas thenusedto falteranddetectthe signalamplitudeand phase.The resultantdata was providedat a samplerate of 1000samplesper second. The configurationusedindoorswasthe sameexceptthattheantennawasomnidirectional,with approximatelyOdBi gain. All of the outdoortestsalso includedrecordingwithtwo vehiclemountedvideocameras,one facingforwardand the othera fisheyelensfacingup.A globalpositioningsystem(GPS)receiverwas used to recordvehicleposition,speedand heading. l%e directionto thesatellitewas 248 compassdegrees(Southof West)and the elevationanglewas 22 degrees.The directionto theterrestrialtransmitterwas generallyto theNorthor Northwest,

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3. Test Results ‘he completeset of testdata is documentedin Universityof TexasReportEERL-95-B1,10 February,1995.Thispaperpresentsa selectionof the testresultsandsomeconclusionson the differences in propagationof satelliteand terrestrialsignals. 3.1.Pasadena Run 1- SatelliteSismal. The Pasadenalongpathwas usedin a previoustesh in mid 1994,to test the performanceof the VOA/JPLDBS Receiverwith‘IT)RS.Signaldrop-outswereexperienceddue to blockageby buildingsand trees.The signalstrengthmeasurementshowedsharpsignaldropsduringblockage,but being a wide band measuremen~it couldnot achievea dynamicrangeof morethan about10dB. The mainpurposeof the December1994testrun 1 wasto retestthispath witha muchwiderdynamicrangesignalmeasurement.

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Figure2 showsa map of thetest route,with a shortdescriptionof the temaingivenin Table 1. Figure3 showsa GPSderivedplotof the vehiclepositionduringthe testrun. lzlsuol

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Table 1.Test RouteDescription Buildingsand treeson JPL property Mediumwidth,4 lane, streetwith treesat vqing distancefkom roadway AbovestreetIevelfkeewaywithoccasionaloverpasses Wide,4 lane,streetwithtreesat varyingdistancefromroadway Wide,4 lane,streetwithtreesat varyingdistancefromroadway (south) commercialwith 10W buildings Abovestreetlevelkeway with occasionaloverpasses Two longtunnels Belowstreetlevelfreewaywith occasionaloverpasses Commercial,mostly3 story,but sometall buildings MixedOpen and sometreescloseto road Residentialheavilyshadedby trees Mediumwidth,4 lane, streetwith treesat varyingdistancefkom roadway Buildingsand treesonJPL property

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Figure4 is a plot of thereceivedsignalpower,at 100samplesper second,relativeto a line-ofsightvaluereferencedto OdB. Themeasurementindicatesthat thereis verylittlemultipathunderline-ofsightconditions.Mostimpairmentsaredue to signalblockageby buildingsandtrees.Figure5 showsthe histogramand cumulativeprobabilityof thereceivedsignalpowersamples,whichindicate that signal attenuationunderthe testconditionsexceeded15dB about 10percentof thetimeand 30 dB about2 percentof the time.

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Becauseof transmkion at a lowerelevationangle,the terrestrialsignalsuffersmuchmore multipaththanthe satellitesignal.In additionthereis a greaterchanceof terrainblockage.Run 6 startedon the hill nearthe terrestrialtransmitsite.In the initialparLhorn 10:43to 10:49,the signalwas blockedby the ridgeuponwhichthe transmitterwas located.Thereare also indicationsof signalblockageby terrainat 11:12and at 11:19. Run 6 includedseveral360degreeloopsin a parkinglot.Figure8 showsa plot of @esatelliteand terrestrialsignalduringthe parkinglot calibrationcircles.This plot alsoindicatesthatthereis muchmore fnuitipathfor the temestrialsignalpath.

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Figures9 and 10showthereceivedsatelliteand terrestrialsampledsignalsfor run 7. Figure 11showsthereceivedterrestrialsignalaveragedwitha onesecondrunningaverage.This showsthatmuchof the signalfluctuationstructureseen in Figure 10is of a shorttermnature,a good indicationthat signalfluctuationsare causedby multipath.Multipatheffectscan be overcometo someextentby antennadiversity. .

The averageattenuationof the terrestrialsignalover the testcoursewas not excessive. Since it is possibleto have largertemestrialsignaltransmitterpower,the use of wideareaterrestrialboostersfor augmentingsatellitesignalreceptionat S-bandappearspromising.

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Figure 12showthesignalstatisticsfor the satelliteand terrestrialsignalmeasurementsof run 7.

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JPL Run 5- SatelliteandTerrestrialSimmlson JPL Test Run.

Run 5 was also a simultaneousmeasurementof the satelliteand terrestrialsignal,exceptthat it was conductedover a shortercoursewithinJPL.Figure 13showsa map of JPL,whileFigure 14showsthe GPS derivedvehiclepositionduringthetestloop.Somedriftin the latitudedeterminationis apparentfkomthis plot. \-e

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( 3.4. JPL Indoor (Building. 161) - Satellite and Terrestrial Signals. Run 8 of the measurements was conducted indoors, walking through JPL building 161. Shown below is a close-up photo of Building 161, looking from the general direction of the temestrial transmit site.

The receiver was carried into the second floor East entrance to the building, carried through the North corridor, out through the West door (at 14:35:30), back in and down the West corridor, then back all the way to the East entrance and outside (at 14:39:40). Figure 18 shows the signal statistics. Figures 19 through 20 show the signal power measurements. including one second averages. Run 8- Terrestrialand Satellite Signal Statistics(Bid. 161) 100.00 -J

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