Simulation and Optimization of Photovoltaic/Diesel Hybrid System for ...
International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering, 3(2), 17-37, April-June 2014 17
Simulation and Optimization of Photovoltaic/Diesel Hybrid System for OffGrid Banking Industry Vincent Anayochukwu Ani, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT Power supply is one of the major problems of the banking industry of many emerging economies, such as Nigeria, particularly as the banks strive to modernize and offer quality services, such as electronic banking. This paper proposed a PV/Diesel hybrid power generation system suitable for banking. The study is based on simulation and optimization of hybrid system of a bank located in two different locations [Nsukka (Enugu State – which covers the southern part of the nation) and Kaura (Kaduna State – covering the northern part of the nation)]. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software was used for the design of the proposed stand-alone PV/Diesel power system. A control system for the Hybrid PV-Diesel Energy System with Battery Storage was developed to coordinate when power should be generated by PV panels and when it should be generated by diesel generator. From the simulation results, 46% decrease in each pollutant is noticed in Nsukka for a 46% renewable penetration into the existing diesel only power system; while in Kaura, 55% decrease in each pollutant is noticed for a 55% renewable penetration into the existing diesel only power system. This shows that the more % of renewable penetration into the diesel only system, the more decrease in pollutant emission. The results also show that the two locations (Nsukka and Kaura) have the same excess electricity of 45kWh/yr showing that the system is optimally sized. This excess electricity of power supply is guaranteed in the location simulated in order to give room for future Bank expansion. This may also be applied to other regions of the country. Keywords:
Control Strategy, Geographical Location, HOMER, Hybrid System, Nigeria, Optimization, Pollutant Emission, Power Supply, Renewable Energy
INTRODUCTION Lack of steady power supply is one of the major problems of the banking industry of many emerging economies, such as Nigeria, particularly as the banks strive to modernize and
offer quality services, such as electronic banking (special issue, 2012). Banks have become adept at generating their own off-grid power. This is particularly so in Nigeria where availability of power is uncertain. This has typically been achieved by running diesel generators either as
DOI: 10.4018/ijeoe.2014040102 Copyright © 2014, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
18 International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering, 3(2), 17-37, April-June 2014
supplements to the national grid or exclusively. The use of diesel generators to ensure continuous power supply has the disadvantage of increasing the greenhouse gas emission which has a negative impact on the environment. Moreover, the expense on energy (diesel generator) accounts for a significant share of the operational cost of these banks. Solar energy is one of the in-exhaustible energy sources available for the implementation of renewable energy system on banking in Nigeria. Therefore, integration of solar photovoltaic with readily available standalone diesel generator (or generally known as the hybrid PV/diesel system) will see potential application in banking industry. The use of renewable energy solutions consists in replacing (partially or totally) the diesel generator by renewable energy (solar panels or a wind turbine) as the main power supply of the Bank. Nowadays, using renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar power for generation of energy is increasing (Bakhtiar et al, 2012), as power system are steadily growing with ever larger capacity. Formerly separated power systems are interconnected to each other. Modern power systems have evolved into systems of very large size (Tawfiq, 2013). Combinations of different but complementary energy generation systems based on renewable or mixed energy (renewable energy with a backup diesel generator) are known as hybrid energy system. These different configurations – Diesel-Battery; Solar-Diesel-Battery; Solar-Battery, etc (CAT, 2011) are being deployed for Banking purposes. According to (Taylor, 2011), the configuration of a HPS (Hybrid Power Systems) depends on three factors: Resource (renewable source), Load, and Cost [capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure (OPEX)]. (Faruk et al, 2012) opined that HPS provide a realistic alternative for conventional energy sources in terms of economy (fuel consumption and maintenance) and environmentally benign although the CAPEX of such systems is high. However, the life-cycle cost is comparatively less, considering the cost of emissions.
The major problem faced by power generation using Hybrid system is the fluctuation in load demand and renewable resource (solar radiation). Therefore, the major concern in the design of an electric power system that utilizes renewable energy source is the accurate selection of system components that can economically satisfy the load demand. Based on the costs of components, fuel, labour, transport and maintenance, it is desired to evaluate the most cost-effective sizing of all components to meet the predicated peak loads. Sizing improves performance, economy and reliability. In the above optimization problem, hybrid system sizing is done with the aim of minimizing net present costs while meeting a given demand reliably and cost-effectively. One method of doing this is to incorporate computer simulation model for Hybrid power systems. The purpose of this paper is to hybridize the diesel generator source system with PV panels through design and optimization and demonstrate the potential of renewable energies to replace (partially or totally) diesel as a source of power for Banking system. The aim is to determine the suitability of hybrid PV/ diesel system with battery in banking industry, in the perspective of technical and economical analysis.
Distributed Power Generation Technologies Distributed generation is defined as a smallscale power generating technology located at or near the load. Technologies under consideration include photovoltaic (PV) arrays, engine generator and battery storage. Brief descriptions of each technology are given below: •
Photovoltaics: PV is a technology that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy. The output is direct current, which can be used directly, converted to alternating current, or stored for later use. Despite its high initial cost, solar electricity can cost less than any other means of produc-
Copyright © 2014, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
19 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the product's webpage: www.igi-global.com/article/simulation-and-optimization-ofphotovoltaicdiesel-hybrid-system-for-off-grid-bankingindustry/117707?camid=4v1
This title is available in InfoSci-Journals, InfoSci-Journal Disciplines Engineering, Natural, and Physical Science. Recommend this product to your librarian: www.igi-global.com/e-resources/libraryrecommendation/?id=2
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Simulation and Optimization of Photovoltaic/Diesel Hybrid System for OffGrid Banking Industry Vincent Anayochukwu Ani, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT Power supply is one of the major problems of the banking industry of many emerging economies, such as Nigeria, particularly as the banks strive to modernize and offer quality services, such as electronic banking. This paper proposed a PV/Diesel hybrid power generation system suitable for banking. The study is based on simulation and optimization of hybrid system of a bank located in two different locations [Nsukka (Enugu State – which covers the southern part of the nation) and Kaura (Kaduna State – covering the northern part of the nation)]. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software was used for the design of the proposed stand-alone PV/Diesel power system. A control system for the Hybrid PV-Diesel Energy System with Battery Storage was developed to coordinate when power should be generated by PV panels and when it should be generated by diesel generator. From the simulation results, 46% decrease in each pollutant is noticed in Nsukka for a 46% renewable penetration into the existing diesel only power system; while in Kaura, 55% decrease in each pollutant is noticed for a 55% renewable penetration into the existing diesel only power system. This shows that the more % of renewable penetration into the diesel only system, the more decrease in pollutant emission. The results also show that the two locations (Nsukka and Kaura) have the same excess electricity of 45kWh/yr showing that the system is optimally sized. This excess electricity of power supply is guaranteed in the location simulated in order to give room for future Bank expansion. This may also be applied to other regions of the country. Keywords:
Control Strategy, Geographical Location, HOMER, Hybrid System, Nigeria, Optimization, Pollutant Emission, Power Supply, Renewable Energy
INTRODUCTION Lack of steady power supply is one of the major problems of the banking industry of many emerging economies, such as Nigeria, particularly as the banks strive to modernize and
offer quality services, such as electronic banking (special issue, 2012). Banks have become adept at generating their own off-grid power. This is particularly so in Nigeria where availability of power is uncertain. This has typically been achieved by running diesel generators either as
DOI: 10.4018/ijeoe.2014040102 Copyright © 2014, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
18 International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering, 3(2), 17-37, April-June 2014
supplements to the national grid or exclusively. The use of diesel generators to ensure continuous power supply has the disadvantage of increasing the greenhouse gas emission which has a negative impact on the environment. Moreover, the expense on energy (diesel generator) accounts for a significant share of the operational cost of these banks. Solar energy is one of the in-exhaustible energy sources available for the implementation of renewable energy system on banking in Nigeria. Therefore, integration of solar photovoltaic with readily available standalone diesel generator (or generally known as the hybrid PV/diesel system) will see potential application in banking industry. The use of renewable energy solutions consists in replacing (partially or totally) the diesel generator by renewable energy (solar panels or a wind turbine) as the main power supply of the Bank. Nowadays, using renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar power for generation of energy is increasing (Bakhtiar et al, 2012), as power system are steadily growing with ever larger capacity. Formerly separated power systems are interconnected to each other. Modern power systems have evolved into systems of very large size (Tawfiq, 2013). Combinations of different but complementary energy generation systems based on renewable or mixed energy (renewable energy with a backup diesel generator) are known as hybrid energy system. These different configurations – Diesel-Battery; Solar-Diesel-Battery; Solar-Battery, etc (CAT, 2011) are being deployed for Banking purposes. According to (Taylor, 2011), the configuration of a HPS (Hybrid Power Systems) depends on three factors: Resource (renewable source), Load, and Cost [capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure (OPEX)]. (Faruk et al, 2012) opined that HPS provide a realistic alternative for conventional energy sources in terms of economy (fuel consumption and maintenance) and environmentally benign although the CAPEX of such systems is high. However, the life-cycle cost is comparatively less, considering the cost of emissions.
The major problem faced by power generation using Hybrid system is the fluctuation in load demand and renewable resource (solar radiation). Therefore, the major concern in the design of an electric power system that utilizes renewable energy source is the accurate selection of system components that can economically satisfy the load demand. Based on the costs of components, fuel, labour, transport and maintenance, it is desired to evaluate the most cost-effective sizing of all components to meet the predicated peak loads. Sizing improves performance, economy and reliability. In the above optimization problem, hybrid system sizing is done with the aim of minimizing net present costs while meeting a given demand reliably and cost-effectively. One method of doing this is to incorporate computer simulation model for Hybrid power systems. The purpose of this paper is to hybridize the diesel generator source system with PV panels through design and optimization and demonstrate the potential of renewable energies to replace (partially or totally) diesel as a source of power for Banking system. The aim is to determine the suitability of hybrid PV/ diesel system with battery in banking industry, in the perspective of technical and economical analysis.
Distributed Power Generation Technologies Distributed generation is defined as a smallscale power generating technology located at or near the load. Technologies under consideration include photovoltaic (PV) arrays, engine generator and battery storage. Brief descriptions of each technology are given below: •
Photovoltaics: PV is a technology that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy. The output is direct current, which can be used directly, converted to alternating current, or stored for later use. Despite its high initial cost, solar electricity can cost less than any other means of produc-
Copyright © 2014, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
19 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the product's webpage: www.igi-global.com/article/simulation-and-optimization-ofphotovoltaicdiesel-hybrid-system-for-off-grid-bankingindustry/117707?camid=4v1
This title is available in InfoSci-Journals, InfoSci-Journal Disciplines Engineering, Natural, and Physical Science. Recommend this product to your librarian: www.igi-global.com/e-resources/libraryrecommendation/?id=2
Related Content A Comparative Study of BAT and Firefly Algorithms for Optimal Placement and Sizing of Static VAR Compensator for Enhancement of Voltage Stability B. Venkateswara Rao and G.V. Nagesh Kumar (2015). International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering (pp. 68-84).
www.igi-global.com/article/a-comparative-study-of-bat-and-firefly-algorithmsfor-optimal-placement-and-sizing-of-static-var-compensator-forenhancement-of-voltage-stability/124747?camid=4v1a Oil Consumption Forecasting in Turkey using Artificial Neural Network Ebru Turanoglu, Ozlem Senvar and Cengiz Kahraman (2012). International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering (pp. 89-105).
www.igi-global.com/article/oil-consumption-forecasting-turkeyusing/72732?camid=4v1a
Application of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Renewable Energy Generation from Micro-Hydel Projects of Himachal Pradesh A. N. Sarkar (2014). International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering (pp. 72-97).
www.igi-global.com/article/application-of-clean-development-mechanismcdm-in-renewable-energy-generation-from-micro-hydel-projects-of-himachalpradesh/120630?camid=4v1a Computer Assisted Diagnosis of Tumor in Brain MRI Images using Wavelet as input to Ada-Boost classifier A. Jayachandran and R. Dhanasekaran (2014). International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering (pp. 72-85).
www.igi-global.com/article/computer-assisted-diagnosis-of-tumor-in-brainmri-images-using-wavelet-as-input-to-ada-boostclassifier/118206?camid=4v1a
