SRF
Center of Research & Technology Hellas Institute of Solid Fuel Technology & Applications
(CERTH / ISFTA)
“Energy exploitation of solid biofuels : Technology, Specifications and Applications”
E. Kakaras, P. Grammelis, M. Agraniotis and Em. Karampinis +30 210 772 3662, Fax: +30 210 772 3663, E-mail: [email protected]
23 October 2009, Athens, Holiday Inn, Greece CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Contents Final Energy Consumption and Bioenergy Targets Bioenergy technologies Solid biofuel utilisation chain and specifications Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF): Definition, Advantages, Concerns, Standardization, Energy exploitation Experience on Biomass/SRF co-firing in Coal Power Plants Conclusions Technology Platform – Renewables Heating & Cooling CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
2
Final Energy Consumption
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Final Energy Consumption
Source: EUROSTAT, AEBIOM Estimation, European Energy and Transport 2030
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Targets in the Bioenergy Sector AEBIOM targets (Mtoe)
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Bioenergy technologies Heat / electricity generation and biofuels Today: 4% of energy demand in Europe
Combustion or co-combustion of biomass Anaerobic digestion Gasification (syngas production) Pyrolysis H2 production 1st generation biofuels Biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats, Bioethanol from sachares/starch 2nd generation biofuels bioethanol from lignocelluloses, BTL Biorefinery
Combustion Power Plant (240 MWe), Alholmens, Finland
Biogas unit (13,8 MWe) Helector SA, Greece
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (6MWe, 9MWth), Varnamo, Sweden
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Bioenergy technologies Conventional CHP Units (1/2) Basic Concept
Advantages 9 Mature technology for thermal exploitation of biomass 9 Low investment cost 9 Suitable for different types of biomass
9
Combustion of biomass
9
Heat recovery for steam production
9
Use of Steam Turbine for power production
9
Heat recovery from the flue gases for heat production
9
Recover of the exhaust heat of steam for heat production
9
Net electric efficiency: 25-35 %
9
Total Efficiency: ~75 %
Disadvantages 9 Low net electric efficiency 9 Low total efficiency 9 Corrosion problems in the boiler due to the high Cl of several types of biomass
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Bioenergy technologies Conventional CHP Units (2/2)
Spreader-stoker grate firing for solid fuels
Circulating fluidised bed boiler
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Bioenergy technologies Advanced CHP Units Basic Concept 9 Gasification of biomass in the reactor and production of the gas fuel 9 Gas cleaning − Cold gas clean-up – tar free gas fuel − Hot gas clean-up – tars used as fuel 9 Use of the product gas for power production in − Gas Engines − GT -CC − Fuel Cell − Stirling Engines 9 Heat recovery from the flue gases for heat production 9 Net electrical efficiency: 20 - 30% 9 Total Efficiency: 75 - 85% CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Conventional vs Advanced Biomass CHP Units Technology Gasifier-engine (1-15 MWe) Gasifier-MCFC (0.5-5 MWe) Biomass IGCC (15-100 MWe) Combustion and steam turbine 1-5 MWe 10-50 MWe
Present status Elect.Eff. Specif.Invest. % €/kWe 20-30 na 35-40 Elect.Eff. % 17 - 25 25 - 37
Target 2010 - 2015 Elect.Eff. Specif.Invest. % €/kWe
Target 2015 - 2020 Elect.Eff. Specif.Invest. % €/kWe
3500-6000
30-35
2500-4000
35-40
2000-3000
(> 10 000)
35-40
< 10 000
45-50
2500-3000
3000-4500
40-45
2000-3500
45-50
1500-2000
Specif.Invest. €/kWe 3000-4000 2000-3500
only very limited development potential (mature technology, thermodynamic limitations)
Advanced CHP units are presented to be more attractive techniques for energy production due to the : 9 Significant higher electric efficiency 9 Forecasted competitive specific investment cost after 2010 CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Solid biofuel utilisation chain Tables with property grades (Table 4 -13 in CEN/TS 14961)
Origin/Source
Traded form (e.g. pellet)
WP4.2 Combustion related properties
Fuel production
Biomass
Bioenergy use
Solid biofuel Conversion
Documentation of origin (Table 1 in CEN/TS 14961)
WP4.1 Supply chain related properties
Quality declaration (CEN/TS 15234)
WP4.3 Basics for conformity rules Source: Bionorm II project CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
11
Specifications for traded form
briquettes
pellets
exhausted olive cake
wood chips
hog fuel
wood logs
sawdust
bark
straw bales
General master table for others Source: Bionorm II project
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
12
Solid Recovered Fuels: Definition, Advantages - Concerns Definition Solid Recovered Fuel: “Fuel prepared from non hazardous waste to be used for energy recovery in waste incineration and co-incineration plants” Advantages of SRF co-incineration in industrial processes Saving non-renewable resources by substituting fossil fuels Alternative waste management option to the msw incineration SRF is to a certain percentage biogenic (up to 70%wt) and its co-utilization helps in reducing the CO2 emissions from fossil fuel sources The utilization of existing capacities (cement kilns, power plants) for SRF co-incineration is an economically and technically efficient solution Concerns SRF utilization removal from the material recovery / re-use cycle - against the waste hierarchy (waste prevention/ minimisation and recycling preferable to energy recovery and disposal). concerns over the discrepancies between the controls applied on dedicated incineration and co-incineration plants Necessary the public acceptance and confidence Æ standardization CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
13
Solid Recovered Fuels: Standardization
Figure : Scope and objectives of CEN/ TC 343, Source: Quovadis Project
Organization and structure of CEN/ TC 343
Figure: Structure of a quality assurance management system for SRF
WG1: Terminology and quality management WG2: Fuel classification ad specification WG3: Sampling and Determination of the biomass content of SRF WG4: Physical, mechanical tests WG5: Chemical tests
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
14
Energy exploitation of RDF/SRF 1. Co-firing in large scale coal-fired power plants The potential benefits in the electricity generation sector are: - Reduction of fuel cost - Potential revenues from the CO2 credits - Renewable Energy production from the biogenic share of RDF/SRF 2. Utilisation in the cement sector Substitution of costly fossil fuels by RDF/SRF can maintain the competitiveness of local cement industry and the fulfillment of its environmental objectives as concerns the climate change. 3. Utilization in dedicated SRF combustion units A dedicated thermal unit exploiting SRF in combination with a MBT (Mechanical Biological Treatment) unit or a central incineration plant supplied by several MBT units.
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
SRF use in dedicated combustion units Wherever the capacity of the existing combustion units (cement, coal units) is not sufficient for the co-incineration of the available SRF quantities, its combustion in dedicated incineration units is applied. Current situation in Germany 13 dedicated combustion units (consumption 1.3 Μt) under operation Design to construct new units of 4 Μt total capacity in the following 2-3 years Technologies Grate firing: - Mostly applied due to the great experience in MSW incinerators Fluidized bed: - More efficient due to improved steam characteristics - More flexible due to the fluctuations in the quality of the input fuel CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
SRF use in dedicated combustion units Units under construction in Germany
Unit at the industrial park Hoechst, nearby Frankfurt
Capacity 700.000 t/a RDF Nominal capacity 270 MWth Electricity generation 86 MWel Combustion technology: Fluidized bed
Unit at Rostock
Capacity 170.000 t/a RDF Nominal capacity 87 MWth Electricity generation 18 MWel Combustion technology: water-cooled grate firing
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Classification of the SRF produced in the MBT plant of Athens – comparison with SBS®1 Athens SRF NCV (MJ/kg ar)
W (%)
SBS®1 (2007)
Cl (% ds)
Hg (mg/kg ds)
NCV (MJ/kg ar)
W (%)
Cl (% ds)
Hg (mg/kg ds)
Minimum
7,95
10,4
0,12
0,12
9,92
7,20
0,20
0,20
Maximum
21,72
49,9
2,34
1,30
18,6
23,10
0,80
0,80
Mean
13,62
27,1
0,65
0,36
14,15
21,50
0,44
0,31
St. dev.
2,80
5,8
0,49
0,29
1,25
4,06
0,13
0,15
Median
13,31
27,0
0,52
0,31
14,02
21,50
0,40
0,30
80% percentile
15,15
31,5
0,86
0,38
14,864
25,02
0,50
0,30
90% percentile
17,21
32,9
1,28
0,47
15,64
26,22
0,60
0,37
61
61
57
15
79
79
79
14
Nr. samples
The results for the SRF-plant in Athens are rather typical for SRF based on MSW and this is also validated by similar data available
Similar NCV, Hg content with SBS®1
Higher Cl content (difference ca. 0,2% ds)
Higher standard deviation values
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Co-firing Routes in Coal Power Plants
1. 2. 3. 4.
Co-milling of biomass coal Separate milling, injection in pf-lines, combustion in coal burners Separate milling, combustion in dedicated biomass burners Biomass gasification, syngas combusted in furnace boiler
Note: Each co-firing route has its own (unique) operational requirements and constraints and specific demands on the fuel quality. CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
19
Co-combustion trials in RWE’s Weisweiler power plant Three weeks co-combustion trials took place in the RWE-Weisweiler brown coal fired power plant SRF feeding rate per unit: 12,5 t/h equivalent corresponded to 2% thermal share two 600 MWel boilers were used in the trials investigated topics during the test campaign: - fuel handling and feeding system - mill performance - combustion behaviour - emissions - ash properties
Figures: Photo and feeding schema of the RWE Weisweiler power plant, Source: RWE - Power
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
20
Co-Firing in the Greek power sector Title of Project
Biomass co-firing with lignite in a 300 MWe unit
Scope
Demonstrate biomass co-firing with lignite in large-scale power unit and determine specifications for long term performance at the highest biomass share in the blend
Partners
PPC S.A. / Thermoelectric P.P. of Kardia & CERTH/ISFTA
Overall project Objectives
Develop a reliable biomass supply system ) Identify technical difficulties when co-firing biomass with lignite ) Implement appropriate modifications for reliable operation ) Elaborate specs for permanent operation and implementation of similar projects in other units or the enhancement of the solid biofuels matrix
Budget
approx. 1,2 Mi€, 50% EC funding (DEBCO project)
Project duration
48 months
)
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
21
Co-Firing in the Greek power sector Technical performance Indicators ¾ Availability of 117,500 tn of agricultural residues on annual basis and another 144,000 tn in the proximity ¾ Potential substitution of lignite with biomass share equals to 5% thermal input enhancing this up to 10% th.i. ¾ Estimated quantities to be co-fired approx. 100,000tn/yr for at least two biomass species
Environmental performance Indicators ¾ Conservation of brown coal resources is amounted to approx. 210,000tn/yr per unit ¾ CO2 emissions avoidance is approx. 140,000tn/yr, while SOx and NOx emissions are below the legislative limits ¾ No special permissions for the co-firing implementation
Economic performance Indicators ¾ The total investment cost for biomass co-firing in two 300MWe Units rises up to 24 Mi€ ¾ An additional income from the CO2 credits is estimated to be 3.5 Mi€/yr (price of 25€/tnCO2)
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
22
Co-Firing in the Greek power sector ¾
¾
¾
¾
In 2008, the first demonstration of biomass/Greek lignite co-firing took place in the Kardia Power Plant Following a market survey and a call for suppliers, ~200 tn of olive kernels were supplied to Kardia and used in a two-day trial The fuel feeding system and the operational characteristics of the boiler were investigated through observations and measurements from the plant’s data acquisition system Overall, the co-firing was considered successful by the plant operator – no problems were detected regarding the milling system, the boiler or the emissions
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Co-Firing in the Greek power sector ¾ ¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
9
Cultivation: Spring – Autumn
9
Harvesting: Summer (July, August)
¾
Cardoon (Perennial crop) Well adapted to the xerothermic conditions of the Mediterranean Takes good advantage of winter and spring rains, requiring little irrigation Moisture content during harvesting is low (
(CERTH / ISFTA)
“Energy exploitation of solid biofuels : Technology, Specifications and Applications”
E. Kakaras, P. Grammelis, M. Agraniotis and Em. Karampinis +30 210 772 3662, Fax: +30 210 772 3663, E-mail: [email protected]
23 October 2009, Athens, Holiday Inn, Greece CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Contents Final Energy Consumption and Bioenergy Targets Bioenergy technologies Solid biofuel utilisation chain and specifications Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF): Definition, Advantages, Concerns, Standardization, Energy exploitation Experience on Biomass/SRF co-firing in Coal Power Plants Conclusions Technology Platform – Renewables Heating & Cooling CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
2
Final Energy Consumption
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Final Energy Consumption
Source: EUROSTAT, AEBIOM Estimation, European Energy and Transport 2030
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Targets in the Bioenergy Sector AEBIOM targets (Mtoe)
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Bioenergy technologies Heat / electricity generation and biofuels Today: 4% of energy demand in Europe
Combustion or co-combustion of biomass Anaerobic digestion Gasification (syngas production) Pyrolysis H2 production 1st generation biofuels Biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats, Bioethanol from sachares/starch 2nd generation biofuels bioethanol from lignocelluloses, BTL Biorefinery
Combustion Power Plant (240 MWe), Alholmens, Finland
Biogas unit (13,8 MWe) Helector SA, Greece
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (6MWe, 9MWth), Varnamo, Sweden
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Bioenergy technologies Conventional CHP Units (1/2) Basic Concept
Advantages 9 Mature technology for thermal exploitation of biomass 9 Low investment cost 9 Suitable for different types of biomass
9
Combustion of biomass
9
Heat recovery for steam production
9
Use of Steam Turbine for power production
9
Heat recovery from the flue gases for heat production
9
Recover of the exhaust heat of steam for heat production
9
Net electric efficiency: 25-35 %
9
Total Efficiency: ~75 %
Disadvantages 9 Low net electric efficiency 9 Low total efficiency 9 Corrosion problems in the boiler due to the high Cl of several types of biomass
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Bioenergy technologies Conventional CHP Units (2/2)
Spreader-stoker grate firing for solid fuels
Circulating fluidised bed boiler
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Bioenergy technologies Advanced CHP Units Basic Concept 9 Gasification of biomass in the reactor and production of the gas fuel 9 Gas cleaning − Cold gas clean-up – tar free gas fuel − Hot gas clean-up – tars used as fuel 9 Use of the product gas for power production in − Gas Engines − GT -CC − Fuel Cell − Stirling Engines 9 Heat recovery from the flue gases for heat production 9 Net electrical efficiency: 20 - 30% 9 Total Efficiency: 75 - 85% CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Conventional vs Advanced Biomass CHP Units Technology Gasifier-engine (1-15 MWe) Gasifier-MCFC (0.5-5 MWe) Biomass IGCC (15-100 MWe) Combustion and steam turbine 1-5 MWe 10-50 MWe
Present status Elect.Eff. Specif.Invest. % €/kWe 20-30 na 35-40 Elect.Eff. % 17 - 25 25 - 37
Target 2010 - 2015 Elect.Eff. Specif.Invest. % €/kWe
Target 2015 - 2020 Elect.Eff. Specif.Invest. % €/kWe
3500-6000
30-35
2500-4000
35-40
2000-3000
(> 10 000)
35-40
< 10 000
45-50
2500-3000
3000-4500
40-45
2000-3500
45-50
1500-2000
Specif.Invest. €/kWe 3000-4000 2000-3500
only very limited development potential (mature technology, thermodynamic limitations)
Advanced CHP units are presented to be more attractive techniques for energy production due to the : 9 Significant higher electric efficiency 9 Forecasted competitive specific investment cost after 2010 CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Solid biofuel utilisation chain Tables with property grades (Table 4 -13 in CEN/TS 14961)
Origin/Source
Traded form (e.g. pellet)
WP4.2 Combustion related properties
Fuel production
Biomass
Bioenergy use
Solid biofuel Conversion
Documentation of origin (Table 1 in CEN/TS 14961)
WP4.1 Supply chain related properties
Quality declaration (CEN/TS 15234)
WP4.3 Basics for conformity rules Source: Bionorm II project CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
11
Specifications for traded form
briquettes
pellets
exhausted olive cake
wood chips
hog fuel
wood logs
sawdust
bark
straw bales
General master table for others Source: Bionorm II project
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
12
Solid Recovered Fuels: Definition, Advantages - Concerns Definition Solid Recovered Fuel: “Fuel prepared from non hazardous waste to be used for energy recovery in waste incineration and co-incineration plants” Advantages of SRF co-incineration in industrial processes Saving non-renewable resources by substituting fossil fuels Alternative waste management option to the msw incineration SRF is to a certain percentage biogenic (up to 70%wt) and its co-utilization helps in reducing the CO2 emissions from fossil fuel sources The utilization of existing capacities (cement kilns, power plants) for SRF co-incineration is an economically and technically efficient solution Concerns SRF utilization removal from the material recovery / re-use cycle - against the waste hierarchy (waste prevention/ minimisation and recycling preferable to energy recovery and disposal). concerns over the discrepancies between the controls applied on dedicated incineration and co-incineration plants Necessary the public acceptance and confidence Æ standardization CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
13
Solid Recovered Fuels: Standardization
Figure : Scope and objectives of CEN/ TC 343, Source: Quovadis Project
Organization and structure of CEN/ TC 343
Figure: Structure of a quality assurance management system for SRF
WG1: Terminology and quality management WG2: Fuel classification ad specification WG3: Sampling and Determination of the biomass content of SRF WG4: Physical, mechanical tests WG5: Chemical tests
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
14
Energy exploitation of RDF/SRF 1. Co-firing in large scale coal-fired power plants The potential benefits in the electricity generation sector are: - Reduction of fuel cost - Potential revenues from the CO2 credits - Renewable Energy production from the biogenic share of RDF/SRF 2. Utilisation in the cement sector Substitution of costly fossil fuels by RDF/SRF can maintain the competitiveness of local cement industry and the fulfillment of its environmental objectives as concerns the climate change. 3. Utilization in dedicated SRF combustion units A dedicated thermal unit exploiting SRF in combination with a MBT (Mechanical Biological Treatment) unit or a central incineration plant supplied by several MBT units.
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
SRF use in dedicated combustion units Wherever the capacity of the existing combustion units (cement, coal units) is not sufficient for the co-incineration of the available SRF quantities, its combustion in dedicated incineration units is applied. Current situation in Germany 13 dedicated combustion units (consumption 1.3 Μt) under operation Design to construct new units of 4 Μt total capacity in the following 2-3 years Technologies Grate firing: - Mostly applied due to the great experience in MSW incinerators Fluidized bed: - More efficient due to improved steam characteristics - More flexible due to the fluctuations in the quality of the input fuel CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
SRF use in dedicated combustion units Units under construction in Germany
Unit at the industrial park Hoechst, nearby Frankfurt
Capacity 700.000 t/a RDF Nominal capacity 270 MWth Electricity generation 86 MWel Combustion technology: Fluidized bed
Unit at Rostock
Capacity 170.000 t/a RDF Nominal capacity 87 MWth Electricity generation 18 MWel Combustion technology: water-cooled grate firing
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Classification of the SRF produced in the MBT plant of Athens – comparison with SBS®1 Athens SRF NCV (MJ/kg ar)
W (%)
SBS®1 (2007)
Cl (% ds)
Hg (mg/kg ds)
NCV (MJ/kg ar)
W (%)
Cl (% ds)
Hg (mg/kg ds)
Minimum
7,95
10,4
0,12
0,12
9,92
7,20
0,20
0,20
Maximum
21,72
49,9
2,34
1,30
18,6
23,10
0,80
0,80
Mean
13,62
27,1
0,65
0,36
14,15
21,50
0,44
0,31
St. dev.
2,80
5,8
0,49
0,29
1,25
4,06
0,13
0,15
Median
13,31
27,0
0,52
0,31
14,02
21,50
0,40
0,30
80% percentile
15,15
31,5
0,86
0,38
14,864
25,02
0,50
0,30
90% percentile
17,21
32,9
1,28
0,47
15,64
26,22
0,60
0,37
61
61
57
15
79
79
79
14
Nr. samples
The results for the SRF-plant in Athens are rather typical for SRF based on MSW and this is also validated by similar data available
Similar NCV, Hg content with SBS®1
Higher Cl content (difference ca. 0,2% ds)
Higher standard deviation values
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Co-firing Routes in Coal Power Plants
1. 2. 3. 4.
Co-milling of biomass coal Separate milling, injection in pf-lines, combustion in coal burners Separate milling, combustion in dedicated biomass burners Biomass gasification, syngas combusted in furnace boiler
Note: Each co-firing route has its own (unique) operational requirements and constraints and specific demands on the fuel quality. CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
19
Co-combustion trials in RWE’s Weisweiler power plant Three weeks co-combustion trials took place in the RWE-Weisweiler brown coal fired power plant SRF feeding rate per unit: 12,5 t/h equivalent corresponded to 2% thermal share two 600 MWel boilers were used in the trials investigated topics during the test campaign: - fuel handling and feeding system - mill performance - combustion behaviour - emissions - ash properties
Figures: Photo and feeding schema of the RWE Weisweiler power plant, Source: RWE - Power
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
20
Co-Firing in the Greek power sector Title of Project
Biomass co-firing with lignite in a 300 MWe unit
Scope
Demonstrate biomass co-firing with lignite in large-scale power unit and determine specifications for long term performance at the highest biomass share in the blend
Partners
PPC S.A. / Thermoelectric P.P. of Kardia & CERTH/ISFTA
Overall project Objectives
Develop a reliable biomass supply system ) Identify technical difficulties when co-firing biomass with lignite ) Implement appropriate modifications for reliable operation ) Elaborate specs for permanent operation and implementation of similar projects in other units or the enhancement of the solid biofuels matrix
Budget
approx. 1,2 Mi€, 50% EC funding (DEBCO project)
Project duration
48 months
)
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
21
Co-Firing in the Greek power sector Technical performance Indicators ¾ Availability of 117,500 tn of agricultural residues on annual basis and another 144,000 tn in the proximity ¾ Potential substitution of lignite with biomass share equals to 5% thermal input enhancing this up to 10% th.i. ¾ Estimated quantities to be co-fired approx. 100,000tn/yr for at least two biomass species
Environmental performance Indicators ¾ Conservation of brown coal resources is amounted to approx. 210,000tn/yr per unit ¾ CO2 emissions avoidance is approx. 140,000tn/yr, while SOx and NOx emissions are below the legislative limits ¾ No special permissions for the co-firing implementation
Economic performance Indicators ¾ The total investment cost for biomass co-firing in two 300MWe Units rises up to 24 Mi€ ¾ An additional income from the CO2 credits is estimated to be 3.5 Mi€/yr (price of 25€/tnCO2)
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
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Co-Firing in the Greek power sector ¾
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In 2008, the first demonstration of biomass/Greek lignite co-firing took place in the Kardia Power Plant Following a market survey and a call for suppliers, ~200 tn of olive kernels were supplied to Kardia and used in a two-day trial The fuel feeding system and the operational characteristics of the boiler were investigated through observations and measurements from the plant’s data acquisition system Overall, the co-firing was considered successful by the plant operator – no problems were detected regarding the milling system, the boiler or the emissions
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY HELLAS/INSTITUTE FOR SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS CERTH/ISFTA
Co-Firing in the Greek power sector ¾ ¾
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Cultivation: Spring – Autumn
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Harvesting: Summer (July, August)
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Cardoon (Perennial crop) Well adapted to the xerothermic conditions of the Mediterranean Takes good advantage of winter and spring rains, requiring little irrigation Moisture content during harvesting is low (
