Statecraft and Strategy class 26
HIS103Y Lecture 25 January 11th. From Congress System to Concert of EU • • • • • •
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The common threat of social revolution that faced the Holy Alliance held them together and contained the Eastern Question and prevented Austria and Russia from fighting over the Balkans The success of Metternich in using the Holy Alliance lay in the Treaty of Munchengratz Respecting each others borders in South-Eastern Europe, have a common policy on upholding the Ottoman Empire, if the Ottomans did break up adopt a common approach and to help beleaguered monarchies The fact that this treaty could be signed at all is a testimony to the powers of stabilization of the Holy Alliance The danger of the Holy Alliance was the possibility of a East vs. West ideological split reactionary vs. liberal Castlereagh refused to join the Holy Alliance because did not want to act upon abstract and speculative principles of perception – not isolationist, Great Britain cannot do without Europe, just pick and choice when to intervene in continental Europe Caning restored balance of power Politics in Europe and out flanked the Holy Alliance In 1820’s Canning alarmed at possibility of Russia intervening in Greek uprising, so rather than confronting Russia, he worked with Russia to secure Greek independence Battle of Navarino Great Britain navel victory over Ottomans In 1830’s when Russia signed treaty with Ottomans at Unkiar Skelessi; in July 1833 Russia promised military assistance to uphold Ottoman dynasty. A couple of years before there had been serious internal rebellion, Egypt tried to break away, Russia helped put it down when Turkish empire was at war the Ottomans would close Hellespont at wish London Convention – all great powers minus France Straits Convention 1841 – all great powers – while Turkish empire was at peace, no foreign warship passes through the Hellespont Russians secure in Black Sea, Great Britain and France secure in Mediterranean Vienna, Congress system, Holy Alliance had restored balance of power and the confidence in it Would come to war Who would control the holy places – Latin church, Russian orthodox This would give an advantage of being able to exert influence in the Near East Russian territorial expansion seemed to threaten British line of communication to Central Asia The impact of the 1848 -1849 revolutions boosted Russian position within the system and alarmed British statesmen The old order was restored in all nations with the exception of Austria and Germany
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Hungry defeated Hapsburgs until June 1849, Russia under treaty of Munchengratz defeated Hungarian rebels. Great Britain saw this as Hapsburgs becoming dependent on Russia or even a satellite Prussia after declaring radical revolutionaries sponsored an Erfurt Union Austria objected to this – Russia dictated the terms of Punctation of Olmutz – restored Austria’s authority in union – Russia it now seemed dominated in Central Europe and threatened balance of power 1850 When French leader raised issues of holy places, Great Britain suspected motives of the French
Ver 2.
The Congress of Vienna and the challenges associated with it. To ensure that France would never become the arbitrator of Europe, the quadruple alliance combined together. The Holy Alliance was created –.. however, there were some problems amongst the alliance. Russia was still challenged by the idea that Poland would not be given to them. The most important great power(s) – would not allow Russia to occur to that so that the problem of arbitration would not occur. 1820-1830: 5 Revolutions challenged the Congress, the power balance. The British wished to maintain France’s power – Russia and Austria wanted to get involved within the politics of all the member states. The system managed to overcome all the challenges and maintain the territorial disposition. Within 2 decades of the 1830s – the entire system was in shambles. The whole system simply unraveled. Metternich focused that he would be upholding a liberal structure. 1848: Sweeping from one end of the continent to the others, the British and the Russians. Britain escaped the upheaval, along with Russia (due to its absolutism). First revolution in Southern Italy followed by Paris. The French overthrew Louis-Philippe. The Revolution from Paris spread all over central Europe- from Berlin, Prague and Budapest. 1849- Hungary managed to defeat the Austrians and declared full independence from the Habsburg Empire. More importantly would have challenged a lot of the neighbors of the Habsburg Empire. By the spring of 1849- Holy Alliance was revoked. Competitors to the claim of Austria being part of the Russian state. There would be a major void created should the Hungarian revolutionary army Polish soldiers continue fighting. It would have been only a matter of time should the Hungarians come to challenge the Russians. August 1849: 2000 Russian troops crossed into Hungary and defeated them in a short campaign. 1849-1850: Accepted the offer. Came to be seen as the leader of small Germany. November 1850: Nicholas wanted to announce the union. This caught Europe’s attention – particularly London – Russia replaced France as the arbitrator of Europe. This change of Russia lead to the collapse of the European Union- Britain feared that Russia gained the upper hand.
Austria became the follower of Russia. British looked at the Russians with a great deal of apprehension and waited for an opportunity to restore Russia back to their original place. Russia must be defeated diplomatically as well as militarily. Paris was the center of revolutions within Europe – the republic itself was overthrown and the coup d’état continued. The nephew of Napoleon wanted to destroy the French republic system. Wanted to regain the position lost by France in 1815, the leading diplomatic role for the French. The limitations for France for the Congress: the quadruple alliance came in and threatened the French should they attempt to expand territory (Belgium) After carrying out the coup d’état in 1852, he demanded the keys to the Holy Places within the Ottoman Empire. In 1852, were currently in Catherine of Russia’s hands. The British were already concerned by the political power held by the French and the Ottoman Empire. The Russians were long since aware of French intentions, to make sure that the other states and Prussia would not gain power. 48-49: Russia had ‘taken control’ over Berlin and Vienna. The French underscored the introduction of the first steam-powered battleship with 95 guns. The Turks immediately handed over the keys to the French. Nicholas called in the British ambassador in 1853 and told him that Russia had no desire to dismantle and destroy the Ottoman Empire- however should it occur the two great powers should be able to work out a deal. The British completely misunderstood and figured that the Russians were interested in the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire. Summer of 1853; the Russians occupied two Turkish provinces. Austria decided to find a diplomatic solution to this crisis: a compromise, neither French nor Russian control. International control over the holy places. August 1953: all the sides concerned decided to accept the compromise. At the end of the Prussian recognition. In early 1853: Turks declared war on Russia. November 1853: Defeated the Turks. Early 1854: March declared war on Russia. There was no diplomatic solution to the crisis, despite the Vienna Congress. Both sides expected the Austrians to side with them. Russian expected the Austrians to side with them due to their saving during the Congress. British and French due to the trade positioning. There was no other way to deal with Russia due to the misinterpretation by the British and the French. Crimean War. There was no military solution to the Crimean war. The Austrians threatened to join the Western Alliance- which compelled Russia to join negotiations. The Black Sea Clauses – The Russians would never be able to have a navy on the Black Sea. There was no international force that would challenge France.
• • • •
• • • • • • • • • •
The common threat of social revolution that faced the Holy Alliance held them together and contained the Eastern Question and prevented Austria and Russia from fighting over the Balkans The success of Metternich in using the Holy Alliance lay in the Treaty of Munchengratz Respecting each others borders in South-Eastern Europe, have a common policy on upholding the Ottoman Empire, if the Ottomans did break up adopt a common approach and to help beleaguered monarchies The fact that this treaty could be signed at all is a testimony to the powers of stabilization of the Holy Alliance The danger of the Holy Alliance was the possibility of a East vs. West ideological split reactionary vs. liberal Castlereagh refused to join the Holy Alliance because did not want to act upon abstract and speculative principles of perception – not isolationist, Great Britain cannot do without Europe, just pick and choice when to intervene in continental Europe Caning restored balance of power Politics in Europe and out flanked the Holy Alliance In 1820’s Canning alarmed at possibility of Russia intervening in Greek uprising, so rather than confronting Russia, he worked with Russia to secure Greek independence Battle of Navarino Great Britain navel victory over Ottomans In 1830’s when Russia signed treaty with Ottomans at Unkiar Skelessi; in July 1833 Russia promised military assistance to uphold Ottoman dynasty. A couple of years before there had been serious internal rebellion, Egypt tried to break away, Russia helped put it down when Turkish empire was at war the Ottomans would close Hellespont at wish London Convention – all great powers minus France Straits Convention 1841 – all great powers – while Turkish empire was at peace, no foreign warship passes through the Hellespont Russians secure in Black Sea, Great Britain and France secure in Mediterranean Vienna, Congress system, Holy Alliance had restored balance of power and the confidence in it Would come to war Who would control the holy places – Latin church, Russian orthodox This would give an advantage of being able to exert influence in the Near East Russian territorial expansion seemed to threaten British line of communication to Central Asia The impact of the 1848 -1849 revolutions boosted Russian position within the system and alarmed British statesmen The old order was restored in all nations with the exception of Austria and Germany
• • • • •
Hungry defeated Hapsburgs until June 1849, Russia under treaty of Munchengratz defeated Hungarian rebels. Great Britain saw this as Hapsburgs becoming dependent on Russia or even a satellite Prussia after declaring radical revolutionaries sponsored an Erfurt Union Austria objected to this – Russia dictated the terms of Punctation of Olmutz – restored Austria’s authority in union – Russia it now seemed dominated in Central Europe and threatened balance of power 1850 When French leader raised issues of holy places, Great Britain suspected motives of the French
Ver 2.
The Congress of Vienna and the challenges associated with it. To ensure that France would never become the arbitrator of Europe, the quadruple alliance combined together. The Holy Alliance was created –.. however, there were some problems amongst the alliance. Russia was still challenged by the idea that Poland would not be given to them. The most important great power(s) – would not allow Russia to occur to that so that the problem of arbitration would not occur. 1820-1830: 5 Revolutions challenged the Congress, the power balance. The British wished to maintain France’s power – Russia and Austria wanted to get involved within the politics of all the member states. The system managed to overcome all the challenges and maintain the territorial disposition. Within 2 decades of the 1830s – the entire system was in shambles. The whole system simply unraveled. Metternich focused that he would be upholding a liberal structure. 1848: Sweeping from one end of the continent to the others, the British and the Russians. Britain escaped the upheaval, along with Russia (due to its absolutism). First revolution in Southern Italy followed by Paris. The French overthrew Louis-Philippe. The Revolution from Paris spread all over central Europe- from Berlin, Prague and Budapest. 1849- Hungary managed to defeat the Austrians and declared full independence from the Habsburg Empire. More importantly would have challenged a lot of the neighbors of the Habsburg Empire. By the spring of 1849- Holy Alliance was revoked. Competitors to the claim of Austria being part of the Russian state. There would be a major void created should the Hungarian revolutionary army Polish soldiers continue fighting. It would have been only a matter of time should the Hungarians come to challenge the Russians. August 1849: 2000 Russian troops crossed into Hungary and defeated them in a short campaign. 1849-1850: Accepted the offer. Came to be seen as the leader of small Germany. November 1850: Nicholas wanted to announce the union. This caught Europe’s attention – particularly London – Russia replaced France as the arbitrator of Europe. This change of Russia lead to the collapse of the European Union- Britain feared that Russia gained the upper hand.
Austria became the follower of Russia. British looked at the Russians with a great deal of apprehension and waited for an opportunity to restore Russia back to their original place. Russia must be defeated diplomatically as well as militarily. Paris was the center of revolutions within Europe – the republic itself was overthrown and the coup d’état continued. The nephew of Napoleon wanted to destroy the French republic system. Wanted to regain the position lost by France in 1815, the leading diplomatic role for the French. The limitations for France for the Congress: the quadruple alliance came in and threatened the French should they attempt to expand territory (Belgium) After carrying out the coup d’état in 1852, he demanded the keys to the Holy Places within the Ottoman Empire. In 1852, were currently in Catherine of Russia’s hands. The British were already concerned by the political power held by the French and the Ottoman Empire. The Russians were long since aware of French intentions, to make sure that the other states and Prussia would not gain power. 48-49: Russia had ‘taken control’ over Berlin and Vienna. The French underscored the introduction of the first steam-powered battleship with 95 guns. The Turks immediately handed over the keys to the French. Nicholas called in the British ambassador in 1853 and told him that Russia had no desire to dismantle and destroy the Ottoman Empire- however should it occur the two great powers should be able to work out a deal. The British completely misunderstood and figured that the Russians were interested in the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire. Summer of 1853; the Russians occupied two Turkish provinces. Austria decided to find a diplomatic solution to this crisis: a compromise, neither French nor Russian control. International control over the holy places. August 1953: all the sides concerned decided to accept the compromise. At the end of the Prussian recognition. In early 1853: Turks declared war on Russia. November 1853: Defeated the Turks. Early 1854: March declared war on Russia. There was no diplomatic solution to the crisis, despite the Vienna Congress. Both sides expected the Austrians to side with them. Russian expected the Austrians to side with them due to their saving during the Congress. British and French due to the trade positioning. There was no other way to deal with Russia due to the misinterpretation by the British and the French. Crimean War. There was no military solution to the Crimean war. The Austrians threatened to join the Western Alliance- which compelled Russia to join negotiations. The Black Sea Clauses – The Russians would never be able to have a navy on the Black Sea. There was no international force that would challenge France.
