STRANDED, INADEQUATE EQUIPMENT, LATE START, CREATING A ...
STRANDED, INADEQUATE EQUIPM ENT, LATE START, CREATING A HAZARDOUS CONDITION California, Yosemite Valley, Sentinel Falls G ene St. D enis (33) journeyed to Yosem ite by skiing from Lake Tahoe to Sonora Pass, and then hitchhiking to Yosemite Valley. He left Tahoe about one month before, and arrived in Yosemite February 10, 1987. He spent several w eeks rock clim bing, many routes solo. On the m orning o f February 18, he decided to free-solo an ice climb. A fter discuss ing routes w ith other clim bers, he announced his intention to clim b the drainage im m ediately w est o f Sentinel Creek. He was advised the area had seen very few ascents, and the only know n successful descent route w as accom plished by rappelling Lower Sentinel Creek Fall using ice screw s as anchors, reported as being extrem ely hazard ous. He borrow ed cram pons, ice axes, one rope, and ten m eters o f sling rope from various climbers. He packed his rain jacket, one pair o f wool gloves, three cans of sardines, a few packets o f honey, and a bottle o f juice. He dressed in pile pants and shirt, pile jacket, plastic double boots, and sheepskin hat. St. D enis obtained a ride to the trailhead and arrived at the base o f Low er Sentinel Creek Fall at 1200. Before starting the clim b, he scanned the area for a descent route. Since he was carrying no protection except the rope and slings, the only possible descent w as to rappel the rock ridge just right of the falls, using scattered trees as anchors. The area betw een the top o f the clim b and the ridge w as hidden from view, so he could not be sure o f a connection. He figured there w ould be a way, however, so he started up. St. Denis safely ascended the 200-m eter vertical falls, arriving at the top about 1400. As he clim bed the cascades above the falls, one o f his feet broke through the ice, revealing a two m eter space to the stream . He becam e concerned that he could fall through the ice and becom e injured. He then decided he w ould rock clim b the 70m eter w est wall o f the canyon to reach the descent ridge. He picked a route up the canyon w all that appeared to be m oderately difficult (5.7– 5.8), w ell w ithin his abilities. A s he clim bed, he discovered ledges and handholds w ere covered w ith ice and snow, and difficulty of som e m oves to be 5.9. A bout halfw ay up the cliff the route becam e more difficult. By this tim e his hands w ere very cold. A fter two hours of unsuccessfully attem pting to ascend a difficult move, his feet slipped and he near ly fell. He m anaged to dow nclim b to a ledge. He then attem pted to use a flake o f rock as an anchor from w hich to rappel, but it cracked w hile he was cleaning dirt from around it. By 1800, St. D enis realized he could neither ascend nor descend. He was stranded. A bout 2200 Clark Jacobs and other SAR site residents contacted Ranger Dan H orner to report St. D enis was overdue. H orner organized a three person search party and assigned them to hike to the base of the falls in the vicinity of Sentinel Creek. Rangers w ith PA system s and searchlight w ere positioned in the valley across from the falls. The three-person team follow ed footprints to the base o f Low er Sentinel Creek Fall, and observed nicks in the ice indicating som eone had ascended the falls. They also heard “hoots” in response to PA broadcasts. The hoots w ere not intelligible, and the tone o f voice did not indicate urgency. The cliffs w ere scanned by searchlight w ith negative results.
At 0800 on M arch 1, Rangers Phil Hibbs and John Dill set up a telescope in the valley across from Sentinel Falls and searched the walls. Possible footprints w ere lo cated leading up the canyon from the top o f Low er Sentinel Creek Fall, and then an gling right. The prints disappeared behind cliffs several m eters above the fall. Other possible footprints (later determ ined to be m arks caused by falling rocks) w ere ob served higher. No other clues w ere detected. A t 1100 I was assigned as investigator and incident com m ander. A fter interview ing friends and determ ining St. D enis w as inadequately equipped and clothed, I re quested a California H ighw ay Patrol helicopter to conduct an aerial search o f the canyon. CHP helicopter H 42 had arrived and began a search at 1305. They located St. D enis on the ledge at 1317. St. D enis appeared uninjured and w as w aving his arms. I then flew the area in H42 and determ ined a hoist evacuation w as the preferred rescue technique. The other available option w as rescue by ground team. T his second option w ould require placing a ground team on the G lacier Point Road (the nearest acceptable landing zone). The team w ould have to travel through deep snow for two kilom eters and descend 500 m eters o f snow and ice covered cliffs to St. D enis’ loca tion. They w ould then have to evacuate him over additional hazardous terrain. This ground operation could take 24 hours to accom plish, during w hich tim e St. Denis m ight die o f hypotherm ia. Lem oore was requested for the hoist evacuation, and Lem oore A ngel 1 landed in the valley at 1614. A fter a briefing, A ngel 1 flew to St. D enis’location and extricated him by hoist. St. D enis w as aboard the helicopter six m inutes after it w ent into a hover and initiated the operation. He w as flow n to the Valley. He denied injury and refused m edical treatm ent. He w as then driven to Valley D istrict w here he w as interview ed by Rangers Hibbs, Dill and myself. (Source: H ugh D ougher, Ranger, Yosemite N a tional Park)
Analysis In addition to inform ation provided for the above narrative, St. D enis stated that he did not carry nuts, pitons, bolts or ice screw s because he w anted to clim b pure solo, and he did not w ant to be accused o f cheating or “hangdogging.” (Some clim bers ap parently preach the extrem e ethic that sim ply carrying protection negates any claim o f solo ascent.) A lso, there is a lot o f peer pressure against placing bolts (though you w ould never know from the looks o f this place in general). He w as very aw are o f the nonexistence of an established rappel route. He stated it w ould have been suicidal for a party o f tw o to clim b the falls, as the ice w as too thin in spots to support tw o per sons, and there w ere poor protection placem ents available. He also felt it w ould have been suicidal for him to attem pt to rappel the fall, as chunks o f ice w ere regularly fall ing off it. He agreed he should have started earlier in the day, to allow for more daylight, and take advantage o f colder tem peratures (and stronger ice). He heard both the ground PA and helicopter H 42’s PA, but could only understand a few phrases from H42. The ground PA w as com pletely garbled. From his location he could not see, nor be seen from the valley. He w as ecstatic w hen he saw the helicop ter. As a past m em ber o f a m ountain rescue team , he was aw are o f the dangers in volved in helicopter operations, especially hover hoists, and was concerned for the safety o f helicopter personnel. He felt he w ould not have survived another night. He agreed he may have been irresponsible.
I cited St. Denis for 36 CFR 2.34a4, “ creating a hazardous condition,” because by his irresponsibility he placed other persons (helicopter teams) in jeopardy. He was clearly negligent in not being prepared to retreat, self-rescue, or have friends prepared to rescue him. He knew no easy descent route existed, and that in the past clim bers in the area have had to use ice screw s as rappel anchors, w hich they reported as being dangerous and insufficient. Yet he neglected to carry ice screws or any other type of protection. A s a past m em ber o f an active and respected m ountain rescue team and experienced clim ber, he w as well aw are o f the dangers both to him self and to the res cuers. He show ed further negligence by delaying the start o f his clim b to midday, a time when hazards are greatest due to m elting ice. Even though he began a m ajor climb late in the day, he neglected to carry a flashlight. (Note: He pleaded guilty and paid a fine.) (Source: H ugh D ougher and John Dill, R angers, Yosemite National Park)
At 0800 on M arch 1, Rangers Phil Hibbs and John Dill set up a telescope in the valley across from Sentinel Falls and searched the walls. Possible footprints w ere lo cated leading up the canyon from the top o f Low er Sentinel Creek Fall, and then an gling right. The prints disappeared behind cliffs several m eters above the fall. Other possible footprints (later determ ined to be m arks caused by falling rocks) w ere ob served higher. No other clues w ere detected. A t 1100 I was assigned as investigator and incident com m ander. A fter interview ing friends and determ ining St. D enis w as inadequately equipped and clothed, I re quested a California H ighw ay Patrol helicopter to conduct an aerial search o f the canyon. CHP helicopter H 42 had arrived and began a search at 1305. They located St. D enis on the ledge at 1317. St. D enis appeared uninjured and w as w aving his arms. I then flew the area in H42 and determ ined a hoist evacuation w as the preferred rescue technique. The other available option w as rescue by ground team. T his second option w ould require placing a ground team on the G lacier Point Road (the nearest acceptable landing zone). The team w ould have to travel through deep snow for two kilom eters and descend 500 m eters o f snow and ice covered cliffs to St. D enis’ loca tion. They w ould then have to evacuate him over additional hazardous terrain. This ground operation could take 24 hours to accom plish, during w hich tim e St. Denis m ight die o f hypotherm ia. Lem oore was requested for the hoist evacuation, and Lem oore A ngel 1 landed in the valley at 1614. A fter a briefing, A ngel 1 flew to St. D enis’location and extricated him by hoist. St. D enis w as aboard the helicopter six m inutes after it w ent into a hover and initiated the operation. He w as flow n to the Valley. He denied injury and refused m edical treatm ent. He w as then driven to Valley D istrict w here he w as interview ed by Rangers Hibbs, Dill and myself. (Source: H ugh D ougher, Ranger, Yosemite N a tional Park)
Analysis In addition to inform ation provided for the above narrative, St. D enis stated that he did not carry nuts, pitons, bolts or ice screw s because he w anted to clim b pure solo, and he did not w ant to be accused o f cheating or “hangdogging.” (Some clim bers ap parently preach the extrem e ethic that sim ply carrying protection negates any claim o f solo ascent.) A lso, there is a lot o f peer pressure against placing bolts (though you w ould never know from the looks o f this place in general). He w as very aw are o f the nonexistence of an established rappel route. He stated it w ould have been suicidal for a party o f tw o to clim b the falls, as the ice w as too thin in spots to support tw o per sons, and there w ere poor protection placem ents available. He also felt it w ould have been suicidal for him to attem pt to rappel the fall, as chunks o f ice w ere regularly fall ing off it. He agreed he should have started earlier in the day, to allow for more daylight, and take advantage o f colder tem peratures (and stronger ice). He heard both the ground PA and helicopter H 42’s PA, but could only understand a few phrases from H42. The ground PA w as com pletely garbled. From his location he could not see, nor be seen from the valley. He w as ecstatic w hen he saw the helicop ter. As a past m em ber o f a m ountain rescue team , he was aw are o f the dangers in volved in helicopter operations, especially hover hoists, and was concerned for the safety o f helicopter personnel. He felt he w ould not have survived another night. He agreed he may have been irresponsible.
I cited St. Denis for 36 CFR 2.34a4, “ creating a hazardous condition,” because by his irresponsibility he placed other persons (helicopter teams) in jeopardy. He was clearly negligent in not being prepared to retreat, self-rescue, or have friends prepared to rescue him. He knew no easy descent route existed, and that in the past clim bers in the area have had to use ice screw s as rappel anchors, w hich they reported as being dangerous and insufficient. Yet he neglected to carry ice screws or any other type of protection. A s a past m em ber o f an active and respected m ountain rescue team and experienced clim ber, he w as well aw are o f the dangers both to him self and to the res cuers. He show ed further negligence by delaying the start o f his clim b to midday, a time when hazards are greatest due to m elting ice. Even though he began a m ajor climb late in the day, he neglected to carry a flashlight. (Note: He pleaded guilty and paid a fine.) (Source: H ugh D ougher and John Dill, R angers, Yosemite National Park)
