Stretchable, Transparent, Ultra-Sensitive and Patchable Strain Sensor ...
Stretchable, Transparent, Ultra-Sensitive and Patchable Strain Sensor for Human-Machine Interfaces Comprising a Nanohybrid of Carbon Nanotubes and Conductive Elastomers Eun Roh,† Byeong-Ung Hwang,‡ Doil Kim,‡ Bo-Yeong Kim †and Nae-Eung Lee†,‡,§,* †
SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU),
Suwon, Kyunggi-do 440-746, Korea, ‡School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Kyunggi-do 440-746, Korea, §Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Kyunggi-do 440-746, Korea
*Email: [email protected]
1
Table S1. Stretchable strain sensors based on conductor, semiconductor, and composite materials1-18
2
Figure S1. Schematic illustration of fabrication process for transparent and stretchable strain sensors.
3
Figure S2. FE-SEM image of (a) PU-PEDOT:PSS surface, (b) SWCNT surface, and (c) SWCNT coated on a PU-PEDOT:PSS layer on a Si wafer. (d) Current-voltage (I-V) curves of SWCNT, PU-PEDOT:PSS, and SWCNT(top)/PU-PEDOT:PSS (bottom) structures.
4
Figure S3. Time-dependent normalized resistance change (∆R/R0) of (a) PU-PEDOT:PSS layer, (b) SWCNT layer, (c) SWCNT layer with PU encapsulation, (d) PU (top)/SWCNTs/PUPEDOT:PSS (bottom), and (e) PU-PEDOT:PSS (top)/SWCNTs /PU (bottom) under strains of 1.6, 2.1, 2.5, and 3.6% with repetitive bending cycles (50 cycles per strain). (f) Gauge factor (GF) of different layer structures in Figures a-e according to strain.
5
Figure
S4.
(a)
Strain-dependent
PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT/PU-PEDOT:PSS
relative
resistance
structure,
change
(∆R/R0)
PU-PEDOT:PSS
layer,
of
the and
PUPU-
PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT layer at strains ranging from 10 to 100%. Strain-dependent ∆R/R0 of (b) the PU-PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT/PU-PEDOT:PSS structure, (c) the PU-PEDOT:PSS layer and (d) the PU-PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT layer under strains of 10, 20, and 30% in repetitive stretching
6
cycles (50 cycles per strain). (e) Strain-dependent relative resistance change (∆R/R0) of PUPEDOT:PSS layer with different ratios of 80-20, 60-40, and 20-80 (wt%) under stretching mode.
7
Figure S5. Time-dependent relative resistance change (ΔR/R0) of the sensor attached to skin (a) around the temporal muscle and (b) under the eye when the subject was laughing, and the sensor attached to the skin (e) around the temporal muscle and (f) under the eye when the subject was crying.
8
Figure S6. Time-dependent normalized resistance changes (∆R/R0) of the sensor attached to the neck when the subject was (a) breathing, (b) swallowing, and (c) pronouncing ‘A’.
9
Figure S7. Strain-dependent normalized resistance changes (∆R/R0) of the sensor attached to and detached from the forehead repetitively when the subject was crying: (a) the first time, (b) the second time and (c) the third time, respectively. The sensor signals were nearly unchanged, which indicates the repeatability of the sensor detecting the same emotional expression.
10
11
Figure S8. Time-dependent normalized resistance change (ΔR/R0) of a sensor attached to the (a) forehead and (b) skin near the mouth when the subject was laughing, and (c) forehead and (d) skin near the mouth when the subject was crying after 1,000 repetitive stretching cycles up to 20% strain. Time-dependent ΔR/R0 of a sensor attached to the skin under the eye when the subject was looking (e) right, (f) left, (g) up, and (h) down after repetitive 1,000 stretching cycles up to 20% strain.
12
13
Figure S9. (a) Time-dependent normalized resistance change (∆R/R0) of a sensor under strains of 1.6, 2.1, 2.5, and 3.6% with repetitive bending cycles (50 cycles at each strain) after 1,000 repetitive stretching cycles up to 30% strain. Time-dependent ∆R/R0 of the sensor, after 1,000 repetitive stretching cycles up to 30% strain, attached to the (b) forehead and (c) skin near the mouth when the subject was laughing, and a sensor attached to the (d) forehead and (e) skin near the mouth when the subject was crying. Time-dependent ∆R/R0 of the sensor, after 1,000 repetitive stretching cycles up to 20% strain, attached to the skin under the eye when the subject was looking (f) right, (g) left, (h) up, and (i) down.
14
Reference 1.
Lee, J.; Kim, S.; Lee, J.; Yang, D.; Park, B. C.; Ryu, S.; Park, I., A Stretchable Strain
Sensor Based on a Metal Nanoparticle Thin Film for Human Motion Detection. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 11932-11939. 2.
Kang, D.; Pikhitsa, P. V.; Choi, Y. W.; Lee, C.; Shin, S. S.; Piao, L.; Park, B.; Suh, K.-
Y.; Kim, T.-i.; Choi, M., Ultrasensitive Mechanical Crack-Based Sensor Inspired by the Spider Sensory System. Nature 2014, 516, 222-226. 3.
Kong, J.-H.; Jang, N.-S.; Kim, S.-H.; Kim, J.-M., Simple and Rapid Micropatterning of
Conductive Carbon Composites and its Application to Elastic Strain Sensors. Carbon 2014, 77, 199-207. 4.
Cai, L.; Song, L.; Luan, P.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, N.; Gao, Q.; Zhao, D.; Zhang, X.; Tu, M.;
Yang, F.; Zhou, W.; Fan, Q.; Luo, J.; Zhou, W.; Ajayan, P. M.; Xie, S., Super-Stretchable, Transparent Carbon Nanotube-Based Capacitive Strain Sensors for Human Motion Detection. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3. 5.
Yamada, T.; Hayamizu, Y.; Yamamoto, Y.; Yomogida, Y.; Izadi-Najafabadi, A.; Futaba,
D. N.; Hata, K., A Stretchable Carbon Nanotube Strain Sensor for Human-Motion Detection. Nat. Nanotechol. 2011, 6, 296-301. 6.
Wang, Y.; Wang, L.; Yang, T.; Li, X.; Zang, X.; Zhu, M.; Wang, K.; Wu, D.; Zhu, H.,
Wearable and Highly Sensitive Graphene Strain Sensors for Human Motion Monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 4666-4670.
15
7.
Tian, H.; Shu, Y.; Cui, Y.-L.; Mi, W.-T.; Yang, Y.; Xie, D.; Ren, T.-L., Scalable
Fabrication of High-Performance and Flexible Graphene Strain Sensors. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 699705. 8.
Bae, S.-H.; Lee, Y.; Sharma, B. K.; Lee, H.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Ahn, J.-H., Graphene-Based
Transparent Strain Sensor. Carbon 2013, 51, 236-242. 9.
Wang, Y.; Yang, R.; Shi, Z.; Zhang, L.; Shi, D.; Wang, E.; Zhang, G., Super-Elastic
Graphene Ripples for Flexible Strain Sensors. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 3645-3650. 10.
Slobodian, P.; Riha, P.; Benlikaya, R.; Svoboda, P.; Petras, D., A Flexible
Multifunctional Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotube/Polyurethane Composite. IEEE Sens. J. 2013, 13, 4045-4048. 11.
Amjadi, M.; Pichitpajongkit, A.; Lee, S.; Ryu, S.; Park, I., Highly Stretchable and
Sensitive Strain Sensor Based on Silver Nanowire–Elastomer Nanocomposite. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 5154-5163. 12.
Yan, C.; Wang, J.; Kang, W.; Cui, M.; Wang, X.; Foo, C. Y.; Chee, K. J.; Lee, P. S.,
Highly Stretchable Piezoresistive Graphene–Nanocellulose Nanopaper for Strain Sensors. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2022-2027. 13.
Boland, C. S.; Khan, U.; Backes, C.; O'Neill, A.; McCauley, J.; Duane, S.; Shanker, R.;
Liu, Y.; Jurewicz, I.; Dalton, A. B; et al., Sensitive, High-Strain, High-Rate, Bodily Motion Sensors Based on Graphene-Rubber Composites. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 8819-8830.. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 8819-8830.
16
14.
Xiao, X.; Yuan, L.; Zhong, J.; Ding, T.; Liu, Y.; Cai, Z.; Rong, Y.; Han, H.; Zhou, J.;
Wang, Z. L., High-Strain Sensors Based on ZnO Nanowire/Polystyrene Hybridized Flexible Films. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 5440-5444. 15.
Mattmann, C.; Clemens, F.; Tröster, G., Sensor for Measuring Strain in Textile. Sensors
2008, 8, 3719-3732. 16.
Toprakci, H. A. K.; Kalanadhabhatla, S. K.; Spontak, R. J.; Ghosh, T. K., Polymer
Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nanofibers as Soft Printable Sensors Exhibiting StrainReversible Piezoresistivity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 5536-5542. 17.
Li, M.; Li, H.; Zhong, W.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, D., Stretchable Conductive
Polypyrrole/Polyurethane (PPy/PU) Strain Sensor with Netlike Microcracks for Human Breath Detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 1313-1319. 18.
Lu, N.; Lu, C.; Yang, S.; Rogers, J., Highly Sensitive Skin-Mountable Strain Gauges
Based Entirely on Elastomers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 4044-4050.
17
SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU),
Suwon, Kyunggi-do 440-746, Korea, ‡School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Kyunggi-do 440-746, Korea, §Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Kyunggi-do 440-746, Korea
*Email: [email protected]
1
Table S1. Stretchable strain sensors based on conductor, semiconductor, and composite materials1-18
2
Figure S1. Schematic illustration of fabrication process for transparent and stretchable strain sensors.
3
Figure S2. FE-SEM image of (a) PU-PEDOT:PSS surface, (b) SWCNT surface, and (c) SWCNT coated on a PU-PEDOT:PSS layer on a Si wafer. (d) Current-voltage (I-V) curves of SWCNT, PU-PEDOT:PSS, and SWCNT(top)/PU-PEDOT:PSS (bottom) structures.
4
Figure S3. Time-dependent normalized resistance change (∆R/R0) of (a) PU-PEDOT:PSS layer, (b) SWCNT layer, (c) SWCNT layer with PU encapsulation, (d) PU (top)/SWCNTs/PUPEDOT:PSS (bottom), and (e) PU-PEDOT:PSS (top)/SWCNTs /PU (bottom) under strains of 1.6, 2.1, 2.5, and 3.6% with repetitive bending cycles (50 cycles per strain). (f) Gauge factor (GF) of different layer structures in Figures a-e according to strain.
5
Figure
S4.
(a)
Strain-dependent
PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT/PU-PEDOT:PSS
relative
resistance
structure,
change
(∆R/R0)
PU-PEDOT:PSS
layer,
of
the and
PUPU-
PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT layer at strains ranging from 10 to 100%. Strain-dependent ∆R/R0 of (b) the PU-PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT/PU-PEDOT:PSS structure, (c) the PU-PEDOT:PSS layer and (d) the PU-PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT layer under strains of 10, 20, and 30% in repetitive stretching
6
cycles (50 cycles per strain). (e) Strain-dependent relative resistance change (∆R/R0) of PUPEDOT:PSS layer with different ratios of 80-20, 60-40, and 20-80 (wt%) under stretching mode.
7
Figure S5. Time-dependent relative resistance change (ΔR/R0) of the sensor attached to skin (a) around the temporal muscle and (b) under the eye when the subject was laughing, and the sensor attached to the skin (e) around the temporal muscle and (f) under the eye when the subject was crying.
8
Figure S6. Time-dependent normalized resistance changes (∆R/R0) of the sensor attached to the neck when the subject was (a) breathing, (b) swallowing, and (c) pronouncing ‘A’.
9
Figure S7. Strain-dependent normalized resistance changes (∆R/R0) of the sensor attached to and detached from the forehead repetitively when the subject was crying: (a) the first time, (b) the second time and (c) the third time, respectively. The sensor signals were nearly unchanged, which indicates the repeatability of the sensor detecting the same emotional expression.
10
11
Figure S8. Time-dependent normalized resistance change (ΔR/R0) of a sensor attached to the (a) forehead and (b) skin near the mouth when the subject was laughing, and (c) forehead and (d) skin near the mouth when the subject was crying after 1,000 repetitive stretching cycles up to 20% strain. Time-dependent ΔR/R0 of a sensor attached to the skin under the eye when the subject was looking (e) right, (f) left, (g) up, and (h) down after repetitive 1,000 stretching cycles up to 20% strain.
12
13
Figure S9. (a) Time-dependent normalized resistance change (∆R/R0) of a sensor under strains of 1.6, 2.1, 2.5, and 3.6% with repetitive bending cycles (50 cycles at each strain) after 1,000 repetitive stretching cycles up to 30% strain. Time-dependent ∆R/R0 of the sensor, after 1,000 repetitive stretching cycles up to 30% strain, attached to the (b) forehead and (c) skin near the mouth when the subject was laughing, and a sensor attached to the (d) forehead and (e) skin near the mouth when the subject was crying. Time-dependent ∆R/R0 of the sensor, after 1,000 repetitive stretching cycles up to 20% strain, attached to the skin under the eye when the subject was looking (f) right, (g) left, (h) up, and (i) down.
14
Reference 1.
Lee, J.; Kim, S.; Lee, J.; Yang, D.; Park, B. C.; Ryu, S.; Park, I., A Stretchable Strain
Sensor Based on a Metal Nanoparticle Thin Film for Human Motion Detection. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 11932-11939. 2.
Kang, D.; Pikhitsa, P. V.; Choi, Y. W.; Lee, C.; Shin, S. S.; Piao, L.; Park, B.; Suh, K.-
Y.; Kim, T.-i.; Choi, M., Ultrasensitive Mechanical Crack-Based Sensor Inspired by the Spider Sensory System. Nature 2014, 516, 222-226. 3.
Kong, J.-H.; Jang, N.-S.; Kim, S.-H.; Kim, J.-M., Simple and Rapid Micropatterning of
Conductive Carbon Composites and its Application to Elastic Strain Sensors. Carbon 2014, 77, 199-207. 4.
Cai, L.; Song, L.; Luan, P.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, N.; Gao, Q.; Zhao, D.; Zhang, X.; Tu, M.;
Yang, F.; Zhou, W.; Fan, Q.; Luo, J.; Zhou, W.; Ajayan, P. M.; Xie, S., Super-Stretchable, Transparent Carbon Nanotube-Based Capacitive Strain Sensors for Human Motion Detection. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3. 5.
Yamada, T.; Hayamizu, Y.; Yamamoto, Y.; Yomogida, Y.; Izadi-Najafabadi, A.; Futaba,
D. N.; Hata, K., A Stretchable Carbon Nanotube Strain Sensor for Human-Motion Detection. Nat. Nanotechol. 2011, 6, 296-301. 6.
Wang, Y.; Wang, L.; Yang, T.; Li, X.; Zang, X.; Zhu, M.; Wang, K.; Wu, D.; Zhu, H.,
Wearable and Highly Sensitive Graphene Strain Sensors for Human Motion Monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 4666-4670.
15
7.
Tian, H.; Shu, Y.; Cui, Y.-L.; Mi, W.-T.; Yang, Y.; Xie, D.; Ren, T.-L., Scalable
Fabrication of High-Performance and Flexible Graphene Strain Sensors. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 699705. 8.
Bae, S.-H.; Lee, Y.; Sharma, B. K.; Lee, H.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Ahn, J.-H., Graphene-Based
Transparent Strain Sensor. Carbon 2013, 51, 236-242. 9.
Wang, Y.; Yang, R.; Shi, Z.; Zhang, L.; Shi, D.; Wang, E.; Zhang, G., Super-Elastic
Graphene Ripples for Flexible Strain Sensors. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 3645-3650. 10.
Slobodian, P.; Riha, P.; Benlikaya, R.; Svoboda, P.; Petras, D., A Flexible
Multifunctional Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotube/Polyurethane Composite. IEEE Sens. J. 2013, 13, 4045-4048. 11.
Amjadi, M.; Pichitpajongkit, A.; Lee, S.; Ryu, S.; Park, I., Highly Stretchable and
Sensitive Strain Sensor Based on Silver Nanowire–Elastomer Nanocomposite. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 5154-5163. 12.
Yan, C.; Wang, J.; Kang, W.; Cui, M.; Wang, X.; Foo, C. Y.; Chee, K. J.; Lee, P. S.,
Highly Stretchable Piezoresistive Graphene–Nanocellulose Nanopaper for Strain Sensors. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2022-2027. 13.
Boland, C. S.; Khan, U.; Backes, C.; O'Neill, A.; McCauley, J.; Duane, S.; Shanker, R.;
Liu, Y.; Jurewicz, I.; Dalton, A. B; et al., Sensitive, High-Strain, High-Rate, Bodily Motion Sensors Based on Graphene-Rubber Composites. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 8819-8830.. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 8819-8830.
16
14.
Xiao, X.; Yuan, L.; Zhong, J.; Ding, T.; Liu, Y.; Cai, Z.; Rong, Y.; Han, H.; Zhou, J.;
Wang, Z. L., High-Strain Sensors Based on ZnO Nanowire/Polystyrene Hybridized Flexible Films. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 5440-5444. 15.
Mattmann, C.; Clemens, F.; Tröster, G., Sensor for Measuring Strain in Textile. Sensors
2008, 8, 3719-3732. 16.
Toprakci, H. A. K.; Kalanadhabhatla, S. K.; Spontak, R. J.; Ghosh, T. K., Polymer
Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nanofibers as Soft Printable Sensors Exhibiting StrainReversible Piezoresistivity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 5536-5542. 17.
Li, M.; Li, H.; Zhong, W.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, D., Stretchable Conductive
Polypyrrole/Polyurethane (PPy/PU) Strain Sensor with Netlike Microcracks for Human Breath Detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 1313-1319. 18.
Lu, N.; Lu, C.; Yang, S.; Rogers, J., Highly Sensitive Skin-Mountable Strain Gauges
Based Entirely on Elastomers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 4044-4050.
17
