Supplementary Material for
Supplementary Material for
The community distribution of bacteria and fungi on ancient wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes
Yantian Ma1, He Zhang1, Ye Du1, Tian Tian1, Ting Xiang1, Xiande Liu1, Fasi Wu2, Lizhe An1, Wanfu Wang2, Ji-Dong Gu3, Huyuan Feng1§
§Corresponding Author School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui RD #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P.R.China Tel and Fax: 86-931-8912537 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
This PDF file includes Figure legends Figures S1-S3 Tables S1-S3
Supplemental Materials Figure legends
Figure S1 Photographic view of Mogao Grottoes and damaged paintings. A) taken by Charles Nouette of Paul Pelliot Archaeological Expedition in 1908; B) by Zhijun Sun of Dunhuang Academy in 2009; C) and D) exhibited the darkened and microbial contaminated paintings(provide by Dunhuang Academy). Figure S2 Phylogenetic tree of bacterial 16S rDNA sequences derived from the samples of the Mogao Grottoes. Bootstrap values represent 1000 replicates, and only values greater than 50% arereported.The scale bar represents 0.05 substitutions per base position. Figure S3 Phylogenetic tree of fungal ITS sequences derived from the samples of the Mogao Grottoes. Table S1 The culturable bacteria community under different temperatures and their origins. Table S2 The culturable bacteria community under different pH values and their origins. Table S3 The culturable bacteria community under different salinities and their origins.
Figure S1 Photographic view of Mogao Grottoes and damaged paintings. A) taken by Charles Nouette of Paul Pelliot Archaeological Expedition in 1908; B) by Zhijun Sun of Dunhuang Academy in 2009; C) and D) exhibited the darkened and microbial contaminated paintings (provide by Dunhuang Academy).
Figure S2 Phylogenetic tree of bacterial 16S rDNA sequences derived from the samples of the Mogao Grottoes. Bootstrap values represent 1000 replicates, and only values greater than 50% are reported. The scale bar represents 0.05 substitutions per base position.
Figure S3 Phylogenetic tree of fungal ITS sequences derived from the samples of the Mogao Grottoes.
Table S1 The culturable bacteria community under different temperatures and their origins. Genus (Quantitative proportion, %)
Culture temperatures
Samples
37 °C
15 °C
Bacillus
51.60
61.20
All samples
Paenibacillus
12.02
14.10
RM, RN, BN, FNH, FMH, FM, FN
Pseudomonas
9.64
0
CY, RM
Microbacterium
5.78
5.68
CY, RM, FNH, FMH, FM, FN
Planomicrobium
5.14
7.21
FMH, FM, FN, RM, RM, BN
Sphingomonas
3.42
6.47
CY, RM, BN, FNH
Brevundimonas
3.20
0.39
CY, RM, FM
Arthrobacter
3.00
1.14
CY, RM, RN
Acinetobacter
2.56
0.39
CY, FNH, FM, FN
Roseateles
1.06
0
CY, FN
Kocuria
0.64
0.75
CY
Blastomonas
0.42
0
CY
Cupriavidus
0.42
1.53
FNH, FN
Deinococcus
0.22
0
CY
Psychrobacter
0.22
0
RM
Agromyces
0.22
0.75
FN, FNH
Exiguobacterium
0.22
0
FNH
Streptomyces
0.22
0
FN
Pantoea
0
0.39
FM
Table S2 The culturable bacteria community under different pH values and their origins.
Culture pH
Genus (Quantitative proportion, %)
Samples
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
Bacillus
60.20
70.64
63.75
71.38
54.80
All samples
Pseudomonas
8.44
3.33
3.89
1.48
4.80
CY, RM, RN, BN, FM, FN, FNH, FMH
Arthrobacter
9.56
10.12
11.74
6.02
9.44
CY, RM, RN, BN, FM, FN, FNH, FMH
Acinetobacter
2.20
0
0
1.48
0
CY, FM, FN, FNH, FMH, BN
Sphingomonas
11.97
0.82
3.89
0
0
CY, RM, FM, FN, FNH, FMH
Brevundimonas
4.91
9.24
12.83
13.62
11.92
CY, RM, FM, FN, FNH, FMH
Micrococcus
0.55
2.52
2.94
1.48
0
CY, RM, FN, FNH
Roseateles
0.82
0
0
0
4.80
CY, FN
Microbacterium
1.08
3.33
0.96
4.54
0
CY, RM
Kocuria
0
0
0
0
14.24
CY
Psychrobacter
0.27
0
0
0
0
RM
Table S3 The culturable bacteria community under different salinities and their origins.
NaCl concentration (g/L)
Genus (Quantitative proportion, %)
Caves (Samples)
5
10
15
Bacillus
40.00
76.46
25.00
FN, RN, TM
Sphingomonas
10.00
0
0
BN
Planomicrobium
10.00
0
0
FN
Microbacterium
19.99
11.77
0
CY
Micrococcus
0
11.77
75.00
CY
Paenibacillus
17.51
0
0
FNH
Pseudomonas
2.50
0
0
CY
The community distribution of bacteria and fungi on ancient wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes
Yantian Ma1, He Zhang1, Ye Du1, Tian Tian1, Ting Xiang1, Xiande Liu1, Fasi Wu2, Lizhe An1, Wanfu Wang2, Ji-Dong Gu3, Huyuan Feng1§
§Corresponding Author School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui RD #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P.R.China Tel and Fax: 86-931-8912537 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
This PDF file includes Figure legends Figures S1-S3 Tables S1-S3
Supplemental Materials Figure legends
Figure S1 Photographic view of Mogao Grottoes and damaged paintings. A) taken by Charles Nouette of Paul Pelliot Archaeological Expedition in 1908; B) by Zhijun Sun of Dunhuang Academy in 2009; C) and D) exhibited the darkened and microbial contaminated paintings(provide by Dunhuang Academy). Figure S2 Phylogenetic tree of bacterial 16S rDNA sequences derived from the samples of the Mogao Grottoes. Bootstrap values represent 1000 replicates, and only values greater than 50% arereported.The scale bar represents 0.05 substitutions per base position. Figure S3 Phylogenetic tree of fungal ITS sequences derived from the samples of the Mogao Grottoes. Table S1 The culturable bacteria community under different temperatures and their origins. Table S2 The culturable bacteria community under different pH values and their origins. Table S3 The culturable bacteria community under different salinities and their origins.
Figure S1 Photographic view of Mogao Grottoes and damaged paintings. A) taken by Charles Nouette of Paul Pelliot Archaeological Expedition in 1908; B) by Zhijun Sun of Dunhuang Academy in 2009; C) and D) exhibited the darkened and microbial contaminated paintings (provide by Dunhuang Academy).
Figure S2 Phylogenetic tree of bacterial 16S rDNA sequences derived from the samples of the Mogao Grottoes. Bootstrap values represent 1000 replicates, and only values greater than 50% are reported. The scale bar represents 0.05 substitutions per base position.
Figure S3 Phylogenetic tree of fungal ITS sequences derived from the samples of the Mogao Grottoes.
Table S1 The culturable bacteria community under different temperatures and their origins. Genus (Quantitative proportion, %)
Culture temperatures
Samples
37 °C
15 °C
Bacillus
51.60
61.20
All samples
Paenibacillus
12.02
14.10
RM, RN, BN, FNH, FMH, FM, FN
Pseudomonas
9.64
0
CY, RM
Microbacterium
5.78
5.68
CY, RM, FNH, FMH, FM, FN
Planomicrobium
5.14
7.21
FMH, FM, FN, RM, RM, BN
Sphingomonas
3.42
6.47
CY, RM, BN, FNH
Brevundimonas
3.20
0.39
CY, RM, FM
Arthrobacter
3.00
1.14
CY, RM, RN
Acinetobacter
2.56
0.39
CY, FNH, FM, FN
Roseateles
1.06
0
CY, FN
Kocuria
0.64
0.75
CY
Blastomonas
0.42
0
CY
Cupriavidus
0.42
1.53
FNH, FN
Deinococcus
0.22
0
CY
Psychrobacter
0.22
0
RM
Agromyces
0.22
0.75
FN, FNH
Exiguobacterium
0.22
0
FNH
Streptomyces
0.22
0
FN
Pantoea
0
0.39
FM
Table S2 The culturable bacteria community under different pH values and their origins.
Culture pH
Genus (Quantitative proportion, %)
Samples
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
Bacillus
60.20
70.64
63.75
71.38
54.80
All samples
Pseudomonas
8.44
3.33
3.89
1.48
4.80
CY, RM, RN, BN, FM, FN, FNH, FMH
Arthrobacter
9.56
10.12
11.74
6.02
9.44
CY, RM, RN, BN, FM, FN, FNH, FMH
Acinetobacter
2.20
0
0
1.48
0
CY, FM, FN, FNH, FMH, BN
Sphingomonas
11.97
0.82
3.89
0
0
CY, RM, FM, FN, FNH, FMH
Brevundimonas
4.91
9.24
12.83
13.62
11.92
CY, RM, FM, FN, FNH, FMH
Micrococcus
0.55
2.52
2.94
1.48
0
CY, RM, FN, FNH
Roseateles
0.82
0
0
0
4.80
CY, FN
Microbacterium
1.08
3.33
0.96
4.54
0
CY, RM
Kocuria
0
0
0
0
14.24
CY
Psychrobacter
0.27
0
0
0
0
RM
Table S3 The culturable bacteria community under different salinities and their origins.
NaCl concentration (g/L)
Genus (Quantitative proportion, %)
Caves (Samples)
5
10
15
Bacillus
40.00
76.46
25.00
FN, RN, TM
Sphingomonas
10.00
0
0
BN
Planomicrobium
10.00
0
0
FN
Microbacterium
19.99
11.77
0
CY
Micrococcus
0
11.77
75.00
CY
Paenibacillus
17.51
0
0
FNH
Pseudomonas
2.50
0
0
CY
