Texas Postsecondary Education
Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board 2003-2004 Texas Public Postsecondary Education Exit Cohorts Three-year Follow-up Texas legislature mandated the development of a workforce evaluation system maintained by the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC). The Labor Code (Chapter 302, Subchapter E) specifies the structure and the use of the follow-up system. This system should be used by TWC, Texas Workforce Investment Council (TWIC), local workforce development boards, institution boards, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB), the Texas Education Agency (TEA), and other agencies “in evaluating the labor market success and effectiveness of workforce development in this state” (§302.086). The data included in the system should come from the TWC’s Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage records and the student follow-up system available from THECB (§302.081). In §302.082 the Code specifies that: “(b) Evaluation data in the system must include: (1) placement rates; (2) wages paid; (3) retention in employment statistics; (4) the number of education and training-related placements; and (5) other appropriate factors, including public welfare dependency and the pursuit of additional education.” THECB should use the evaluation system to (§302.084) “(1) evaluate the effectiveness of workforce education; (2) determine whether a public or private workforce education program is effective in placing persons who successfully complete the program in jobs related to the persons' training; and (3) determine whether to continue, expand, or terminate a program established under Section 61.051, Education Code.” TWIC and the development boards “shall use the information developed under this subchapter and other information to determine whether a specific workforce training and services program administered by or funded by the local board is effective and whether to continue the training and services program.” (§302.085) Methodology The methodology used is identical with the one used for one-year report. The 2003-2004 cohort was revisited after 3 years, for educational outcomes during Fall 2006 and employment during the 4th quarter of 2006. In addition, graduation and enrollment during the three-year period is examined. The data sources are similar as those for oneyear report: THECB‘s CBM reports, TWC UI wage records, and national databases including Office of Personnel Management, US Postal Office and military records from Department of Defense.
1
In 2004, the exit cohort was divided in graduates and leavers, with leavers being defined as former students who did not graduate and did not return at the same institution to enroll the following fall. The leavers had two subgroups: transfers – former students that did not graduate but enrolled at another institution and (true) leavers – former students that did not graduate and did not enroll in any institution of higher education in Texas. For the 2004 report the two subgroups were analyzed together under the label “leavers”. However, for 2006 report, they are analyzed separately, transfers and leavers, as their performance may be different in the long term. A. Community and Technical Colleges There are 50 community college districts in Texas, the Texas State Technical College System with four campuses, and the Texas State University System-Lamar with three (technical college) campuses. Seed Records For fiscal year (FY) 2004 a total of 749,561 former students enrolled in CTC institutions were included in the analysis. Three years later, about 66% of the cohort (490,853) individuals) was found working and 22% (162,365) individuals) were still enrolled in a postsecondary institution. About 27% were not located either in the higher education databases or in the TWC’s Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage records. Table 1a shows a breakdown of the outcomes by student 2004 exit status. Table 1a. Seed Records by Exit Status % of Cohort
Exit Status N
All Working
% of All Working
All Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Not Located
% Not Located
Graduates
49,350
6.5%
36,794
7%
12,137
7%
9,317
5%
Transfers
190,459
25.4%
131,400
27%
97,997
6%
23,231
11%
Leavers
509,752
68.0%
322,659
66%
52,231
32%
171,721
84%
Total
749,561
100%
490,853
100%
162,365
100%
204,269
100%
2
Retention in Employment The data in Table 2a shows that over 80% of the individuals employed in the 4th quarter of 2004 are still employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Tables 3a and 4a show the top ten industries by retention rate by 2-digit NAICS code and respectively, 4-digit NAICS code. The government and the education are the highest retainers, industries which, together with healthcare, are also the major employers. In Table 4a, only those industries that employed more than 10 individuals were selected.
Table 2a. Retention in employment Percent Percent
Employed
Employed 2004
2006
Percent
Retained
Retained
Group
Total
Male
413,207
65.42
275,615
66.70
221,400
81.91
Female
336,354
63.11
215,238
63.99
171,444
80.76
White
396,052
63.91
254,212
64.19
201,848
79.75
Black
94,299
66.98
66,117
70.11
53,085
84.05
198,385
67.52
138,158
69.64
113,330
84.61
31,353
53.43
17,306
55.20
12,632
75.40
Native Amer.
3,841
60.17
2,270
59.10
1,795
77.67
International
11,093
42.66
4,747
42.79
3,557
75.17
Unknown
14,538
58.98
8,043
55.32
6,597
76.94
749,561
64.38
490,853
65.49
392,844
81.40
Hispanic Asian
Total
3
Employed 2006 Employed Employed
Table 3a. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 2-digit NAICS Percent Industry
Employed Employed Retained
Name
2004
Government
2006
Employed
30938
27442
88.70
1902
1641
86.28
Finance & Insurance
20449
17280
84.50
Educational Services
52238
44084
84.39
Health Care & Social Assistance
76605
64139
83.73
Manufacturing
3521
2932
83.27
Transportation & Warehousing
3490
2888
82.75
10813
8931
82.60
577
468
81.11
48181
38818
80.57
Utilities
Information Management of Companies & Enterprises Retail Trade
4
Table 4a. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 4-digit NAICS Percent Employed Employed Retained Industry Name
2004
Other Telecommunications
2006
Employed
11
11
100.0
Urban Transit Systems
428
403
94.16
Administration of Environmental Quality Programs
383
347
90.60
10
9
90.00
109
98
89.91
79
71
89.87
387
347
89.66
Fabric Mills
38
34
89.47
Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing
56
50
89.29
Monetary Authorities - Central Bank
93
83
89.25
Support Activities for Forestry Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing Coal Mining Water, Sewage and Other Systems
Outcomes of Students by “Located/Not Located” Status About 25% of the students (183,509) were not located as either employed or enrolled in fall 2004. However, some of the students were found working or/and enrolled in fall 2006. About 2% were found graduating with a degree or certificate, 21% were enrolled during the three years without graduating, with 9% still enrolled in Fall2006, and 30% were found employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Even though 27% of the cohort were not located in fall 2006, the former students had graduated during the 3years (7%) or were enrolled without graduating (16%) (Table 5a). Figure 1a shows that 53% of the 2004 graduates were enrolled or got another award in 3 years. Ninety-five of transfers and 29% leavers were found in higher education, either graduating or enrolled in postsecondary institutions.
5
Table 5a. Follow-up Outcomes by “Located/Not Located” % % Employed Employed Group
Total
2006
2006
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
during
3 years
3years
%
Graduated
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
%
Fall06
Fall06
3 years
Graduated
2004 Not
183,509
54,716
29.82
38,575
21.02
16,874
9.20
3,643
1.99
566,052
436,137
77.05
217,717
38.46
145,491
25.70
93,906
16.59
Located in 2004 Located in 2004 2006 Not
204,269
33,399
16.35
13,830
6.77
222,433
40.84
83,582
15.34
Located in 2006 Located
554,694
490,853
90.12
in 2006
Outcomes of Former Students between 2004 and 2006 Of the original 2004 cohort 6.6% were graduates with a degree and/or certificate, 25.4% were transfers to a 4-year institution, and 68% left their institutions without transferring or graduating. During the 3-years, between 2004 and 2006 these former students were found either enrolled or graduating, as shown in Tables 6a and 7a. Table 6a. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (graduation) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 49,350 190,459 509,752 749,561
% that did Did Not graduate Graduate 19.86 39,551 40.06 114,166 2.25 498,295 13.01 652,012
Did Graduate 9,799 76,293 11,457 97,549
6
% that did not graduate 80.14 59.94 97.75 86.99
Table 7a. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (enrollment) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 49,350 190,459 509,752 749,561
Enrolled 16,533 104,459 135,300 256,292
% Enrolled 33.50 54.85 26.54 34.19
Not Enrolled 32,817 86,000 374,452 493,269
% Not Enrolled 66.50 45.15 73.46 65.81
Figure 1a. Enrollment/Graduation of 2004 Exiters during 2004-2006
Leavers
29%
Transfers
95%
Graduates
53%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
% grad/enroll
Outcomes of Former Students in Fall 2006 Figure 2a depicts the post-exit achievements by the type of degree /award earned during the three years. More than 70% of the degree earners work, with the exception of doctoral degree earners. However, a higher percentage of doctorate degrees earners (32%) are not found as they are more likely to move out of state. The highest wages in the 4th quarter of 2006 are for associate degrees (when considering undergraduate degrees only), with a quarterly median wage of $9,020 if they are “working only” and for Bachelor’s degree for “working only”, with a quarterly median wage of $$9,000. The doctoral degrees earners have the highest median wage in all categories.
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Figure 2a. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by the Type of Degree/Award Earned During the Three Years
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Working Only Associate (A.A.S)
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Bachelor (B.A/B.S)
Grad/Prof
Doctoral
Not Located Certificate
Other
Figure 3a shows the outcomes by gender whereas Figure 4a shows by ethnicity. Out of all exiters working, males have a higher quarterly median wage at $8,648 versus $6,814 for females. The graduates earned more than the transfers, and there is also a difference between graduates and leavers for males (graduates: $9,396 leavers: $8,660); and there is a difference in wages for females (graduates: $7,897 leavers: $6,406). The difference in number of people in each ethnic group makes it difficult to estimate if the differences in wages are due to ethnicity or to cohort effect. Figure 3a. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Gender (All Exiters)
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Working Only
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Male
Female
8
Not Located
Figure 4a. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Ethnicity (All Exiters)
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Working Only
Working and Enrolled
9
Enrolled
Not Located
Figure 5a shows post-exit results for type of exiters as they were defined in 2004. The transfer students are more likely to be enrolled three years later; the graduates and leavers are more likely to work only or not to be located. The median income in the 4th quarter of 2006 for all those who were working was highest for graduates ($7,798) and leavers ($7,064). The transfers are more likely to work and be enrolled in school, working less hours and/or having a lesser pay ($5,451). Figure 5a. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Type of Exiter as of 2004 (All Exiters)
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Working Only
Graduate
Working and Enrolled
Transfer
10
Enrolled
Not Located
Leaver
The exiters that were still enrolled in Fall 2006 were found mainly in universities (see Table 7a). However, half of the top 10 institutions for leavers were community colleges (5 out of 10); whereas for graduates and transfers there are no community colleges in the top 10 preferred institutions. Table 7a. Top 10 Institutions for 2004 Exiters Pursing Additional Education in Fall 2006 Institution
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
3,930
7.22
U. OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
3,261
5.99
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
2,569
4.72
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
2,460
4.52
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS
2,136
3.92
TEXAS STATE UNIV - SAN MARCOS
2,059
3.78
U. OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON
1,395
2.56
U. OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO
1,303
2.39
BAYLOR UNIVERSITY
1,217
2.24
SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY
1,201
2.21
11
The majority of 2004 CTC exiters still pursuing additional education were enrolled in “Liberal Arts and Sciences”, “Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies”, or were still “undeclared” (see Table 8a). The most popular occupationally specific major was “Nursing”. Table 8a. Top 10 Majors for 2004 CTC Exiters Pursuing Additional Education in Fall 2006 By 4-digit 2000 CIP Major
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and Humanities
4,778
8.78
Undeclared
3,736
6.86
Nursing
3,246
5.96
Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, Other
3,025
5.56
Biology, General
1,827
3.36
1,582
2.91
Psychology, General
1,384
2.54
Accounting and Related Services
1,185
2.18
Business/Commerce, General
1,100
2.02
Health and Physical Education/Fitness
1,058
1.94
Business Administration, Operations
Management
and
B. Universities and Health-Related Institutions There are 35 public universities and nine health-related institutions with a statewide mission to provide undergraduate and graduate education in programs designed to address the education and training requirements of Texas residents. Seed Records For fiscal year (FY) 2004 a total of 241,441 former students enrolled in universities were included in the analysis. Three years later, about 67% of the cohort (161,947 individuals) was found working and almost 21% (50,589 individuals) were still enrolled in a postsecondary institution. About 26% were not located either in the higher education databases or in the TWC’s Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage records. Table 1b shows a breakdown of the outcomes by student 2004 exit status.
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Table 1b. Seed Records by Exit Status % of Cohort
Exit Status N
All Working
% of All Working
All Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Not Located
% Not Located
Graduates
94,035
39%
63,611
39%
11,796
23%
26,510
42%
Transfers
40,606
17%
28,030
17%
21,968
44%
4,782
8%
Leavers
106,800
44%
70,306
43%
16,825
33%
31,767
50%
Total
241,441
100%
161,947
100%
50,589
100%
63,059
100%
Retention in Employment The data in Table 2b shows that about 82% of the individuals employed in the 4th quarter of 2004 are still employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Tables 3b and 4b show the top ten industries by retention rate by 2-digit NAICS code and respectively, 4-digit NAICS code. The government and the education are the highest retainers, industries which, together with healthcare, are also the major employers. In Table 4b, only those industries that employed more than 9 individuals were selected. Table 2b. Retention in employment Percent Percent
Employed
Employed 2004
2006
Percent
Retained
Retained
Group
Total
Male
135452
71.27
94877
70.04
80547
83.43
Female
105989
64.79
67070
63.28
54533
79.41
White
133677
69.08
89104
66.66
74439
80.61
Black
27751
72.91
20528
73.97
17170
84.86
Hispanic
51733
74.31
39181
75.74
33216
86.41
Asian
13395
59.43
7648
57.10
5970
75.00
Native Amer.
1325
62.72
796
60.08
661
79.54
International
11187
35.44
3352
29.96
2540
64.06
2373
60.60
1338
56.38
1084
75.38
241441
68.43
161947
67.08
135080
81.76
Unknown Total
13
Employed 2006 Employed Employed
Table 3b. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 2-digit NAICS Percent Industry
Employed Employed Retained
Name
2004
Educational Services
2006
Employed
47168
41234
87.42
Government
5321
4642
87.24
Finance & Insurance
8035
6701
83.40
506
414
81.82
4009
3242
80.87
17002
13740
80.81
875
707
80.80
14008
11242
80.25
175
140
80.00
2517
2012
79.94
Utilities Information Health Care & Social Assistance Transportation & Warehousing Retail Trade Management of Companies & Enterprises Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation
14
Table 4b. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 4-digit NAICS Percent Employed Employed Retained Industry Name
2004
Forging and Stamping
2006
Employed
14
14
100.0
9
9
100.0
152
142
93.42
Other Animal Production
14
13
92.86
Direct Selling Establishments
28
26
92.86
Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing
41
38
92.68
Foundries
26
24
92.31
School and Employee Bus Transportation
13
12
92.31
Household Appliance Manufacturing
12
11
91.67
Inland Water Transportation
12
11
91.67
Other Support Activities for Transportation Administration of Economic Programs
Outcomes of Former students by “Located/Not Located” Status About 23% of the former students (56,512) were not located as either employed or enrolled in fall 2004. However, some of the former students were found working or/and enrolled in fall 2006. About 5% were found graduating with a degree or certificate, 17% were enrolled during the three years without graduating, with 10% still enrolled in Fall2006, and 30% were found employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Even though 30% of the cohort were not located in fall 2006, the former students had graduated during the 3years (7%) or were enrolled without graduating (12%) (Table 5b and Table 6b). Figure 1b shows that 25% of the 2004 graduates were enrolled or got another award in 3 years. Less than 40% of transfers or leavers were found in higher education, either graduating or enrolled in postsecondary institutions.
15
Table 5b. Follow-up Outcomes by “Located/Not Located” % % Employed Employed Group
Total
2006
2006
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
during
3 years
3years
%
Graduated
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
%
Fall06
Fall06
3 years
Graduated
2004 Not
56,512
17,199
30.43
9,556
16.91
5,809
10.28
3,043
5.38
184,929
144,748
78.27
64,212
34.72
44,780
24.21
23,036
12.46
Located in 2004 Located in 2004 2006 Not
63,059
7,647
12.13
4,747
7.53
65,849
36.98
21,283
11.95
Located in 2006 Located
178,061
161,947
90.95
in 2006
Outcomes of Former students between 2004 and 2006 Of the original 2004 cohort 39% were graduates, 17% were transfers to another 4-year institution, and 44% left their institutions without transferring or graduating. During the 3-years, between 2004 and 2006 these former students were found either enrolled or graduating, as shown in Tables 6b and 7b. Table 6b. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (graduation) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 94,035 40,606 106,800 241,441
% that did Did Not graduate Graduate 5.81 88,576 30.49 28,225 7.71 98,561 10.80 215,362
Did Graduate 5,459 12,381 8,239 26,079
16
% that did not graduate 94.19 69.51 92.29 89.20
Table 7b. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (enrollment) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 94,035 40,606 106,800 241,441
Enrolled 18,718 25,590 29,460 73,768
% Enrolled 19.91 63.02 27.58 30.55
Not Enrolled 75,317 15,016 77,340 167,673
% Not Enrolled 80.09 36.98 72.42 69.45
Figure 1b. Enrollment/Graduation of 2004 Exiters during 2004-2006
Leavers
35%
Transfers
94%
Graduates
26%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% grad/enroll
Outcomes of Former students in Fall 2006 Figure 2b depicts the post-exit achievements by the type of degree /award earned during the three years. Almost 70% of the degree earners work, with the exception of doctoral degree earners. A higher percentage of doctorate degrees earners (43%) are not found as they are more likely to move out of state. The highest wages in the 4th quarter of 2006 are for doctoral degrees, with a quarterly median wage of $13,434. The doctoral degrees earners have the highest median wage in all categories.
17
Figure 2b. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by the Type of Degree/Award Earned During the Three Years
90% 80%
82% 75%
71%
69%
70% 60%
47%
50%
51% 43%
39%
40% 30% 20%
20%
18% 13%
15% 10%
10%
9%
10%
9% 9%
10% 0% Associate (A.A.S)
Bachelor (B.A/B.S)
Grad/Prof
All Working
Doctoral
Enrolled
Certificate
Other
Not Located
Figure 3b shows the outcomes by gender whereas Figure 4b shows by ethnicity. Out of all exiters working, males have a higher quarterly median wage at $10,219 versus $9,875 for females. The leavers earned more than the transfers and graduates. The difference in number of people in each ethnic group makes it difficult to estimate if the differences in wages are due to ethnicity or to cohort effect. Figure 3b. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Gender (All Exiters)
60%
50%
55%
50% 40%
29% 24%
30% 13%
20%
15% 7%
10%
6%
0% Working Only
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Male
Female
18
Not Located
Figure 4b. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Ethnicity (All Exiters)
80% 60%
54%
65%
58%
57%
43% 40% 20%
31%
27%
21% 18% 18% 7% 5%
17%
13% 7%
53%
48%
45%
12% 8%
14%
36%
32% 23%
26% 12% 8%
7% 5%
12%
14% 7%
0%
Working Only
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Not Located
Figure 5b shows post-exit results for type of exiters as they were defined in 2004. The transfer students are more likely to be enrolled three years later; the graduates and leavers are more likely to work only or not to be located. The median income in the 4th quarter of 2006 for all those who were working was highest for graduates ($10,500) and leavers ($9,015). The transfers are more likely to work and be enrolled in school, working less hours and/or having a lesser pay ($4,895). Figure 5b. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Type of Exiter as of 2003 (All Exiters)
59% 60%
55%
50% 40%
35%
34%
28%
30%
30%
19%
20%
8%
12%
11% 4%
10%
4%
0% Working Only
Working and Enrolled Graduate
Enrolled
Transfer
19
Leaver
Not Located
The exiters that were still enrolled in Fall 2006 were found in universities (see Table 8b), with no community colleges in the top 10 preferred institutions. Table 8b. Top 10 Institutions for 2004 Exiters Pursing Additional Education in Fall 2006 Institution
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
U. OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
2,921
5.77
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
2,648
5.23
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS
2,483
4.91
TEXAS STATE UNIV - SAN MARCOS
1,991
3.94
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
1,968
3.89
U. OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON
1,924
3.80
U. OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO
1,912
3.78
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
1,727
3.41
U. OF TEXAS-PAN AMERICAN
1,369
2.71
U. OF TEXAS AT EL PASO
1,332
2.63
The majority of 2004 exiters still pursuing additional education were enrolled in “Liberal Arts and Sciences”, “Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies”, or were still “undeclared” (see Table 9b). The most popular occupationally specific major was “Nursing”, followed by “Business Administration”.
20
Table 9b. Top 10 Majors for 2004 Exiters Pursuing Additional Education in Fall 2006 By 4-digit 2000 CIP Major
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Undeclared
3,913
7.73
Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and
3,356
6.63
Nursing
2,363
4.67
Business Administration, Management and Operations
2,308
4.56
Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, Other
1,943
3.84
Biology, General
1,441
2.85
Educational Administration and Supervision
1,244
2.46
Psychology, General
1,186
2.34
Business/Commerce, General
1,061
2.10
Accounting and Related Services
1,027
2.03
Humanities
C. Career Schools and Colleges There are 144 for-profit career schools operating under Certificate of Authority in Texas. Seed Records For fiscal year (FY) 2004 a total of 13,161 former students enrolled in career schools were included in the analysis. Three years later, about 69% of the cohort (9,115 individuals) was found working and almost 7% (876 individuals) were enrolled in a postsecondary institution. About 29% were not located either in the higher education databases or in the TWC’s Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage records. Table 1c shows a breakdown of the outcomes by student 2004 exit status.
21
Table 1c. Seed Records by Exit Status % of Cohort
Exit Status N
All Working
% of All Working
All Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Not Located
% Not Located
Graduates
4,471
34%
3,325
36%
215
25%
1,103
29%
Transfers
692
5%
525
6%
189
22%
117
3%
7,998
61%
5,265
58%
472
54%
2,593
68%
13,161
100%
9,115
100%
876
100%
3,813
100%
Leavers Total
Retention in Employment The data in Table 2c shows that about 81% of the individuals employed in the 4th quarter of 2004 are still employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Tables 3c and 4b show the top ten industries by retention rate by 2-digit NAICS code and respectively, 4-digit NAICS code. The government and the education are the highest retainers, industries which, together with healthcare, are also the major employers. In Table 4c, only those industries that employed more than 9 individuals were selected.
22
Table 2c. Retention in employment Percent Group
Total
Percent
Employed
Employed 2004
2006
Percent
Retained
Retained
Employed 2006 Employed Employed
Male
5528
67.17
3832
69.32
3027
81.52
Female
7633
70.20
5283
69.21
4356
81.30
White
4338
66.71
2814
64.87
2273
78.54
Black
3559
67.91
2493
70.05
1993
82.46
Hispanic
4324
72.57
3177
73.47
2630
83.81
Asian
262
69.85
167
63.74
135
73.77
Native
143
68.53
104
72.73
79
80.61
32
65.63
19
59.38
15
71.43
503
63.62
341
67.79
258
80.63
13161
68.92
9115
69.26
7383
81.39
American International Unknown Total
23
Table 3c. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 2-digit NAICS Percent Industry
Employed Employed Retained
Name
2004
Manufacturing
2006
Employed
65
60
92.31
9
8
88.89
Manufacturing
374
327
87.43
Information
274
239
87.23
Finance & Insurance
373
321
86.06
Wholesale Trade
352
299
84.94
Government
147
124
84.35
Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services
607
510
84.02
Health Care & Social Assistance
584
487
83.39
Retail Trade
620
511
82.42
Management of Companies & Enterprises
24
Table 4c. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 4-digit NAICS Percent Employed Employed Retained Industry Name
2004
Oil and Gas Extraction
2006
Employed
13
12
92.30
9
8
88.88
Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution
26
23
88.46
Utility System Construction
25
22
88.0
Building Finishing Contractors
41
35
85.36
Animal Slaughtering and Processing
13
11
84.61
Beverage Manufacturing
24
20
83.33
Nonresidential Building Construction
58
48
82.75
Highway, Street, and Bridge Construction
24
19
79.16
Residential Building Construction
32
24
75.0
Other Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
Outcomes of Former students by “Located/Not Located” Status About 29% of the former students (3,783) were not located as either employed or enrolled in fall 2004. However, some of the former students were found working or/and enrolled in fall 2006. About 8% were found graduating with a degree or certificate, 8% were enrolled during the three years without graduating, with 5% still enrolled in Fall2006, and 41% were found employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Even though 29% of the cohort were not located in fall 2006, the former students in this group had graduated during the 3years (7%) or were enrolled without graduating (7%) (Table 5c). Figure 1c shows that 14% of the 2004 graduates were enrolled or got another award in 3 years. Less than 20% of transfers or leavers were found in higher education, either graduating or enrolled in postsecondary institutions.
25
Table 5c. Follow-up Outcomes by “Located/Not Located” % % Employed Employed Group
Total
2006
2006
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
during
3 years
3years
%
Graduated
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
%
Fall06
Fall06
3 years
Graduated
2004 Not
3,783
1,560
41.24
313
8.27
185
4.89
288
7.61
9,378
7,555
80.56
1,498
15.97
691
7.37
946
10.96
Located Located
2006 Not
3,813
0
.
262
6.87
250
6.56
9,347
9,115
97.52
1,549
16.57
983
10.52
Located Located
Figure 1c. Enrollment/Graduation of 2004 Exiters during 2004-2006
Leavers
22%
Transfers
87%
Graduates
14%
0%
20%
40% % grad/enroll
26
60%
80%
100%
Outcomes of Former students between 2004 and 2006 Of the original 2004 cohort 33.97% were graduates, 5.27% were transfers to another institution, and 60.77% left their institutions without transferring or graduating. During the 3-years, between 2004 and 2006 these former students were found either enrolled or graduating, as shown in Tables 6c and 7c. Table 6c. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (graduation) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 4471 692 7,998 13,161
% that did Did Not graduate Graduate 4.07 4,289 23.70 528 11.10 7,110 9.38 11,927
Did Graduate 182 164 888 1,234
% that did not graduate 95.93 76.30 88.90 90.62
Table 7c. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (enrollment) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 4,471 692 7,998 13,161
Enrolled 461 441 909 1,811
% Enrolled 10.31 63.73 11.37 13.76
Not Enrolled 4,010 251 7,089 11,,350
% Not Enrolled 89.69 36.27 88.63 86.24
Outcomes of Former students in Fall 2006 Figure 2c depicts the post-exit achievements by the type of degree /award earned during the three years. About 70% of the degree earners work. The highest wages in the 4th quarter of 2006 are for graduate degrees, with a quarterly median wage of $7,201.
27
Figure 2c. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by the Type of Degree/Award Earned During the Three Years 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Associate (A.A.S)
Bachelor (B.A/B.S)
All Working
Grad/Prof
Enrolled
Certificate
Not Located
Figure 3c shows the outcomes by gender whereas Figure 4c shows by ethnicity. Out of all exiters working, males have a higher quarterly median wage at $6,497 versus $5,365 for females. The graduates earned more than the transfers and leavers. The difference in number of people in each ethnic group makes it difficult to estimate if the differences in wages are due to ethnicity or to cohort effect. Figure 3c. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Gender (All Exiters)
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Working Only
Working and Enrolled Male
Enrolled
Female
28
Not Located
Figure 4c. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Ethnicity (All Exiters)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Working Only
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Not Located
Figure 5c shows post-exit results for type of exiters as they were defined in 2004. The transfer students are more likely to be enrolled three years later; the graduates and leavers are more likely to work only or not to be located. The median income in the 4th quarter of 2006 for all those who were working was highest for graduates ($7,345) and leavers ($5,283). The transfers are more likely to work and be enrolled in school, working less hours and/or having a lesser pay ($4,801). Figure 5c. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Type of Exiter as of 2004 (All Exiters)
60 40 20 0 Working Only
Working and Enrolled Graduate
Enrolled Transfer
29
Leaver
Not Located
The exiters that were still enrolled in Fall 2006 were found in community colleges or career schools (see Table 8c), with no universities in the top 10 preferred institutions. Table 8c. Top 10 Institutions for 2004 Exiters Pursing Additional Education in Fall 2006 Institution
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
AUSTIN COMMUNITY COLLEGE
52
5.94
EL PASO COMMUNITY COLLEGE DIST
37
4.22
HOUSTON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
33
3.77
COLLIN CO COMM COLL DISTRICT
32
3.65
DCCCD RICHLAND COLLEGE
30
3.42
VIRGINIA COLLEGE AT AUSTIN
26
2.97
EVEREST COLLEGE-DALLAS
23
2.63
WESTWOOD COLL OF TECH DALLAS
22
2.51
DCCCD EL CENTRO COLLEGE
21
2.40
REMINGTON COLLEGE-FORT WORTH
21
2.40
30
The majority of 2004 exiters still pursuing additional education was enrolled in “Liberal Arts and Sciences,” or was still “undeclared” (see Table 9c). The most popular occupationally specific major was “Business/Commerce, General”, followed by “Criminal Justice and Corrections”. Table 9c. Top 10 Majors for 2004 Exiters Pursuing Additional Education in Fall 2006 By 4-digit 2000 CIP Major
Enrolled
Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and
% of All Enrolled
188
21.46
103
11.76
Business/Commerce, General
25
2.85
Criminal Justice and Corrections
19
2.17
Nursing
17
1.94
Business Administration, Management and Operations
17
1.94
Computer and Information Sciences, General
11
1.26
Biology, General
11
1.26
Allied Health Diagnostic, Intervention, and Treatment
11
1.26
10
1.14
Humanities Undeclared
Professions Engineering, General
31
References Department of Labor. (2004). U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved December, 2005, from www.dol.gov NCES. (2002). CIP taxonomy. Retrieved December, 2005, from http://nces.ed.gov/ SB281. (2003). Texas Workforce Investment Council, Senate, 78th Ses. Texas Education Code. (1971). Higher Education Coordinating Act of 1965, 67th Ses. Texas Labor Code. (2009). Texas Labor Code. Available online at http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/
32
APPENDIX A Glossary All Working
All participants that are found working in the TWC UI wage records and participants who are working at the same time going to school
All Enrolled
All participants that are found enrolled in a higher education institution and participants who are working at the same time going to school
Enrolled Only
Participants found enrolled in a higher education institution but not working
Graduates
Former students that graduated by the end of 2003-2004 academic year
Leavers
Non-returning former students enrolled during Summer (I or II), Fall 2003, Spring 2004, and did not enroll in Fall 2005 at the same institution
Transfers
Non-returning former students found enrolled at another institution in Fall 2004
Working only
All participants that are found working in the TWC UI wage records but not enrolled in higher education
Not Located
Participants not found in the UI wage records or in the THECB database
33
1
In 2004, the exit cohort was divided in graduates and leavers, with leavers being defined as former students who did not graduate and did not return at the same institution to enroll the following fall. The leavers had two subgroups: transfers – former students that did not graduate but enrolled at another institution and (true) leavers – former students that did not graduate and did not enroll in any institution of higher education in Texas. For the 2004 report the two subgroups were analyzed together under the label “leavers”. However, for 2006 report, they are analyzed separately, transfers and leavers, as their performance may be different in the long term. A. Community and Technical Colleges There are 50 community college districts in Texas, the Texas State Technical College System with four campuses, and the Texas State University System-Lamar with three (technical college) campuses. Seed Records For fiscal year (FY) 2004 a total of 749,561 former students enrolled in CTC institutions were included in the analysis. Three years later, about 66% of the cohort (490,853) individuals) was found working and 22% (162,365) individuals) were still enrolled in a postsecondary institution. About 27% were not located either in the higher education databases or in the TWC’s Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage records. Table 1a shows a breakdown of the outcomes by student 2004 exit status. Table 1a. Seed Records by Exit Status % of Cohort
Exit Status N
All Working
% of All Working
All Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Not Located
% Not Located
Graduates
49,350
6.5%
36,794
7%
12,137
7%
9,317
5%
Transfers
190,459
25.4%
131,400
27%
97,997
6%
23,231
11%
Leavers
509,752
68.0%
322,659
66%
52,231
32%
171,721
84%
Total
749,561
100%
490,853
100%
162,365
100%
204,269
100%
2
Retention in Employment The data in Table 2a shows that over 80% of the individuals employed in the 4th quarter of 2004 are still employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Tables 3a and 4a show the top ten industries by retention rate by 2-digit NAICS code and respectively, 4-digit NAICS code. The government and the education are the highest retainers, industries which, together with healthcare, are also the major employers. In Table 4a, only those industries that employed more than 10 individuals were selected.
Table 2a. Retention in employment Percent Percent
Employed
Employed 2004
2006
Percent
Retained
Retained
Group
Total
Male
413,207
65.42
275,615
66.70
221,400
81.91
Female
336,354
63.11
215,238
63.99
171,444
80.76
White
396,052
63.91
254,212
64.19
201,848
79.75
Black
94,299
66.98
66,117
70.11
53,085
84.05
198,385
67.52
138,158
69.64
113,330
84.61
31,353
53.43
17,306
55.20
12,632
75.40
Native Amer.
3,841
60.17
2,270
59.10
1,795
77.67
International
11,093
42.66
4,747
42.79
3,557
75.17
Unknown
14,538
58.98
8,043
55.32
6,597
76.94
749,561
64.38
490,853
65.49
392,844
81.40
Hispanic Asian
Total
3
Employed 2006 Employed Employed
Table 3a. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 2-digit NAICS Percent Industry
Employed Employed Retained
Name
2004
Government
2006
Employed
30938
27442
88.70
1902
1641
86.28
Finance & Insurance
20449
17280
84.50
Educational Services
52238
44084
84.39
Health Care & Social Assistance
76605
64139
83.73
Manufacturing
3521
2932
83.27
Transportation & Warehousing
3490
2888
82.75
10813
8931
82.60
577
468
81.11
48181
38818
80.57
Utilities
Information Management of Companies & Enterprises Retail Trade
4
Table 4a. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 4-digit NAICS Percent Employed Employed Retained Industry Name
2004
Other Telecommunications
2006
Employed
11
11
100.0
Urban Transit Systems
428
403
94.16
Administration of Environmental Quality Programs
383
347
90.60
10
9
90.00
109
98
89.91
79
71
89.87
387
347
89.66
Fabric Mills
38
34
89.47
Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing
56
50
89.29
Monetary Authorities - Central Bank
93
83
89.25
Support Activities for Forestry Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing Coal Mining Water, Sewage and Other Systems
Outcomes of Students by “Located/Not Located” Status About 25% of the students (183,509) were not located as either employed or enrolled in fall 2004. However, some of the students were found working or/and enrolled in fall 2006. About 2% were found graduating with a degree or certificate, 21% were enrolled during the three years without graduating, with 9% still enrolled in Fall2006, and 30% were found employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Even though 27% of the cohort were not located in fall 2006, the former students had graduated during the 3years (7%) or were enrolled without graduating (16%) (Table 5a). Figure 1a shows that 53% of the 2004 graduates were enrolled or got another award in 3 years. Ninety-five of transfers and 29% leavers were found in higher education, either graduating or enrolled in postsecondary institutions.
5
Table 5a. Follow-up Outcomes by “Located/Not Located” % % Employed Employed Group
Total
2006
2006
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
during
3 years
3years
%
Graduated
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
%
Fall06
Fall06
3 years
Graduated
2004 Not
183,509
54,716
29.82
38,575
21.02
16,874
9.20
3,643
1.99
566,052
436,137
77.05
217,717
38.46
145,491
25.70
93,906
16.59
Located in 2004 Located in 2004 2006 Not
204,269
33,399
16.35
13,830
6.77
222,433
40.84
83,582
15.34
Located in 2006 Located
554,694
490,853
90.12
in 2006
Outcomes of Former Students between 2004 and 2006 Of the original 2004 cohort 6.6% were graduates with a degree and/or certificate, 25.4% were transfers to a 4-year institution, and 68% left their institutions without transferring or graduating. During the 3-years, between 2004 and 2006 these former students were found either enrolled or graduating, as shown in Tables 6a and 7a. Table 6a. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (graduation) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 49,350 190,459 509,752 749,561
% that did Did Not graduate Graduate 19.86 39,551 40.06 114,166 2.25 498,295 13.01 652,012
Did Graduate 9,799 76,293 11,457 97,549
6
% that did not graduate 80.14 59.94 97.75 86.99
Table 7a. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (enrollment) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 49,350 190,459 509,752 749,561
Enrolled 16,533 104,459 135,300 256,292
% Enrolled 33.50 54.85 26.54 34.19
Not Enrolled 32,817 86,000 374,452 493,269
% Not Enrolled 66.50 45.15 73.46 65.81
Figure 1a. Enrollment/Graduation of 2004 Exiters during 2004-2006
Leavers
29%
Transfers
95%
Graduates
53%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
% grad/enroll
Outcomes of Former Students in Fall 2006 Figure 2a depicts the post-exit achievements by the type of degree /award earned during the three years. More than 70% of the degree earners work, with the exception of doctoral degree earners. However, a higher percentage of doctorate degrees earners (32%) are not found as they are more likely to move out of state. The highest wages in the 4th quarter of 2006 are for associate degrees (when considering undergraduate degrees only), with a quarterly median wage of $9,020 if they are “working only” and for Bachelor’s degree for “working only”, with a quarterly median wage of $$9,000. The doctoral degrees earners have the highest median wage in all categories.
7
Figure 2a. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by the Type of Degree/Award Earned During the Three Years
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Working Only Associate (A.A.S)
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Bachelor (B.A/B.S)
Grad/Prof
Doctoral
Not Located Certificate
Other
Figure 3a shows the outcomes by gender whereas Figure 4a shows by ethnicity. Out of all exiters working, males have a higher quarterly median wage at $8,648 versus $6,814 for females. The graduates earned more than the transfers, and there is also a difference between graduates and leavers for males (graduates: $9,396 leavers: $8,660); and there is a difference in wages for females (graduates: $7,897 leavers: $6,406). The difference in number of people in each ethnic group makes it difficult to estimate if the differences in wages are due to ethnicity or to cohort effect. Figure 3a. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Gender (All Exiters)
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Working Only
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Male
Female
8
Not Located
Figure 4a. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Ethnicity (All Exiters)
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Working Only
Working and Enrolled
9
Enrolled
Not Located
Figure 5a shows post-exit results for type of exiters as they were defined in 2004. The transfer students are more likely to be enrolled three years later; the graduates and leavers are more likely to work only or not to be located. The median income in the 4th quarter of 2006 for all those who were working was highest for graduates ($7,798) and leavers ($7,064). The transfers are more likely to work and be enrolled in school, working less hours and/or having a lesser pay ($5,451). Figure 5a. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Type of Exiter as of 2004 (All Exiters)
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Working Only
Graduate
Working and Enrolled
Transfer
10
Enrolled
Not Located
Leaver
The exiters that were still enrolled in Fall 2006 were found mainly in universities (see Table 7a). However, half of the top 10 institutions for leavers were community colleges (5 out of 10); whereas for graduates and transfers there are no community colleges in the top 10 preferred institutions. Table 7a. Top 10 Institutions for 2004 Exiters Pursing Additional Education in Fall 2006 Institution
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
3,930
7.22
U. OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
3,261
5.99
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
2,569
4.72
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
2,460
4.52
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS
2,136
3.92
TEXAS STATE UNIV - SAN MARCOS
2,059
3.78
U. OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON
1,395
2.56
U. OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO
1,303
2.39
BAYLOR UNIVERSITY
1,217
2.24
SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY
1,201
2.21
11
The majority of 2004 CTC exiters still pursuing additional education were enrolled in “Liberal Arts and Sciences”, “Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies”, or were still “undeclared” (see Table 8a). The most popular occupationally specific major was “Nursing”. Table 8a. Top 10 Majors for 2004 CTC Exiters Pursuing Additional Education in Fall 2006 By 4-digit 2000 CIP Major
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and Humanities
4,778
8.78
Undeclared
3,736
6.86
Nursing
3,246
5.96
Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, Other
3,025
5.56
Biology, General
1,827
3.36
1,582
2.91
Psychology, General
1,384
2.54
Accounting and Related Services
1,185
2.18
Business/Commerce, General
1,100
2.02
Health and Physical Education/Fitness
1,058
1.94
Business Administration, Operations
Management
and
B. Universities and Health-Related Institutions There are 35 public universities and nine health-related institutions with a statewide mission to provide undergraduate and graduate education in programs designed to address the education and training requirements of Texas residents. Seed Records For fiscal year (FY) 2004 a total of 241,441 former students enrolled in universities were included in the analysis. Three years later, about 67% of the cohort (161,947 individuals) was found working and almost 21% (50,589 individuals) were still enrolled in a postsecondary institution. About 26% were not located either in the higher education databases or in the TWC’s Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage records. Table 1b shows a breakdown of the outcomes by student 2004 exit status.
12
Table 1b. Seed Records by Exit Status % of Cohort
Exit Status N
All Working
% of All Working
All Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Not Located
% Not Located
Graduates
94,035
39%
63,611
39%
11,796
23%
26,510
42%
Transfers
40,606
17%
28,030
17%
21,968
44%
4,782
8%
Leavers
106,800
44%
70,306
43%
16,825
33%
31,767
50%
Total
241,441
100%
161,947
100%
50,589
100%
63,059
100%
Retention in Employment The data in Table 2b shows that about 82% of the individuals employed in the 4th quarter of 2004 are still employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Tables 3b and 4b show the top ten industries by retention rate by 2-digit NAICS code and respectively, 4-digit NAICS code. The government and the education are the highest retainers, industries which, together with healthcare, are also the major employers. In Table 4b, only those industries that employed more than 9 individuals were selected. Table 2b. Retention in employment Percent Percent
Employed
Employed 2004
2006
Percent
Retained
Retained
Group
Total
Male
135452
71.27
94877
70.04
80547
83.43
Female
105989
64.79
67070
63.28
54533
79.41
White
133677
69.08
89104
66.66
74439
80.61
Black
27751
72.91
20528
73.97
17170
84.86
Hispanic
51733
74.31
39181
75.74
33216
86.41
Asian
13395
59.43
7648
57.10
5970
75.00
Native Amer.
1325
62.72
796
60.08
661
79.54
International
11187
35.44
3352
29.96
2540
64.06
2373
60.60
1338
56.38
1084
75.38
241441
68.43
161947
67.08
135080
81.76
Unknown Total
13
Employed 2006 Employed Employed
Table 3b. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 2-digit NAICS Percent Industry
Employed Employed Retained
Name
2004
Educational Services
2006
Employed
47168
41234
87.42
Government
5321
4642
87.24
Finance & Insurance
8035
6701
83.40
506
414
81.82
4009
3242
80.87
17002
13740
80.81
875
707
80.80
14008
11242
80.25
175
140
80.00
2517
2012
79.94
Utilities Information Health Care & Social Assistance Transportation & Warehousing Retail Trade Management of Companies & Enterprises Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation
14
Table 4b. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 4-digit NAICS Percent Employed Employed Retained Industry Name
2004
Forging and Stamping
2006
Employed
14
14
100.0
9
9
100.0
152
142
93.42
Other Animal Production
14
13
92.86
Direct Selling Establishments
28
26
92.86
Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing
41
38
92.68
Foundries
26
24
92.31
School and Employee Bus Transportation
13
12
92.31
Household Appliance Manufacturing
12
11
91.67
Inland Water Transportation
12
11
91.67
Other Support Activities for Transportation Administration of Economic Programs
Outcomes of Former students by “Located/Not Located” Status About 23% of the former students (56,512) were not located as either employed or enrolled in fall 2004. However, some of the former students were found working or/and enrolled in fall 2006. About 5% were found graduating with a degree or certificate, 17% were enrolled during the three years without graduating, with 10% still enrolled in Fall2006, and 30% were found employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Even though 30% of the cohort were not located in fall 2006, the former students had graduated during the 3years (7%) or were enrolled without graduating (12%) (Table 5b and Table 6b). Figure 1b shows that 25% of the 2004 graduates were enrolled or got another award in 3 years. Less than 40% of transfers or leavers were found in higher education, either graduating or enrolled in postsecondary institutions.
15
Table 5b. Follow-up Outcomes by “Located/Not Located” % % Employed Employed Group
Total
2006
2006
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
during
3 years
3years
%
Graduated
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
%
Fall06
Fall06
3 years
Graduated
2004 Not
56,512
17,199
30.43
9,556
16.91
5,809
10.28
3,043
5.38
184,929
144,748
78.27
64,212
34.72
44,780
24.21
23,036
12.46
Located in 2004 Located in 2004 2006 Not
63,059
7,647
12.13
4,747
7.53
65,849
36.98
21,283
11.95
Located in 2006 Located
178,061
161,947
90.95
in 2006
Outcomes of Former students between 2004 and 2006 Of the original 2004 cohort 39% were graduates, 17% were transfers to another 4-year institution, and 44% left their institutions without transferring or graduating. During the 3-years, between 2004 and 2006 these former students were found either enrolled or graduating, as shown in Tables 6b and 7b. Table 6b. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (graduation) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 94,035 40,606 106,800 241,441
% that did Did Not graduate Graduate 5.81 88,576 30.49 28,225 7.71 98,561 10.80 215,362
Did Graduate 5,459 12,381 8,239 26,079
16
% that did not graduate 94.19 69.51 92.29 89.20
Table 7b. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (enrollment) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 94,035 40,606 106,800 241,441
Enrolled 18,718 25,590 29,460 73,768
% Enrolled 19.91 63.02 27.58 30.55
Not Enrolled 75,317 15,016 77,340 167,673
% Not Enrolled 80.09 36.98 72.42 69.45
Figure 1b. Enrollment/Graduation of 2004 Exiters during 2004-2006
Leavers
35%
Transfers
94%
Graduates
26%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% grad/enroll
Outcomes of Former students in Fall 2006 Figure 2b depicts the post-exit achievements by the type of degree /award earned during the three years. Almost 70% of the degree earners work, with the exception of doctoral degree earners. A higher percentage of doctorate degrees earners (43%) are not found as they are more likely to move out of state. The highest wages in the 4th quarter of 2006 are for doctoral degrees, with a quarterly median wage of $13,434. The doctoral degrees earners have the highest median wage in all categories.
17
Figure 2b. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by the Type of Degree/Award Earned During the Three Years
90% 80%
82% 75%
71%
69%
70% 60%
47%
50%
51% 43%
39%
40% 30% 20%
20%
18% 13%
15% 10%
10%
9%
10%
9% 9%
10% 0% Associate (A.A.S)
Bachelor (B.A/B.S)
Grad/Prof
All Working
Doctoral
Enrolled
Certificate
Other
Not Located
Figure 3b shows the outcomes by gender whereas Figure 4b shows by ethnicity. Out of all exiters working, males have a higher quarterly median wage at $10,219 versus $9,875 for females. The leavers earned more than the transfers and graduates. The difference in number of people in each ethnic group makes it difficult to estimate if the differences in wages are due to ethnicity or to cohort effect. Figure 3b. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Gender (All Exiters)
60%
50%
55%
50% 40%
29% 24%
30% 13%
20%
15% 7%
10%
6%
0% Working Only
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Male
Female
18
Not Located
Figure 4b. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Ethnicity (All Exiters)
80% 60%
54%
65%
58%
57%
43% 40% 20%
31%
27%
21% 18% 18% 7% 5%
17%
13% 7%
53%
48%
45%
12% 8%
14%
36%
32% 23%
26% 12% 8%
7% 5%
12%
14% 7%
0%
Working Only
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Not Located
Figure 5b shows post-exit results for type of exiters as they were defined in 2004. The transfer students are more likely to be enrolled three years later; the graduates and leavers are more likely to work only or not to be located. The median income in the 4th quarter of 2006 for all those who were working was highest for graduates ($10,500) and leavers ($9,015). The transfers are more likely to work and be enrolled in school, working less hours and/or having a lesser pay ($4,895). Figure 5b. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Type of Exiter as of 2003 (All Exiters)
59% 60%
55%
50% 40%
35%
34%
28%
30%
30%
19%
20%
8%
12%
11% 4%
10%
4%
0% Working Only
Working and Enrolled Graduate
Enrolled
Transfer
19
Leaver
Not Located
The exiters that were still enrolled in Fall 2006 were found in universities (see Table 8b), with no community colleges in the top 10 preferred institutions. Table 8b. Top 10 Institutions for 2004 Exiters Pursing Additional Education in Fall 2006 Institution
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
U. OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
2,921
5.77
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
2,648
5.23
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS
2,483
4.91
TEXAS STATE UNIV - SAN MARCOS
1,991
3.94
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
1,968
3.89
U. OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON
1,924
3.80
U. OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO
1,912
3.78
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
1,727
3.41
U. OF TEXAS-PAN AMERICAN
1,369
2.71
U. OF TEXAS AT EL PASO
1,332
2.63
The majority of 2004 exiters still pursuing additional education were enrolled in “Liberal Arts and Sciences”, “Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies”, or were still “undeclared” (see Table 9b). The most popular occupationally specific major was “Nursing”, followed by “Business Administration”.
20
Table 9b. Top 10 Majors for 2004 Exiters Pursuing Additional Education in Fall 2006 By 4-digit 2000 CIP Major
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Undeclared
3,913
7.73
Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and
3,356
6.63
Nursing
2,363
4.67
Business Administration, Management and Operations
2,308
4.56
Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, Other
1,943
3.84
Biology, General
1,441
2.85
Educational Administration and Supervision
1,244
2.46
Psychology, General
1,186
2.34
Business/Commerce, General
1,061
2.10
Accounting and Related Services
1,027
2.03
Humanities
C. Career Schools and Colleges There are 144 for-profit career schools operating under Certificate of Authority in Texas. Seed Records For fiscal year (FY) 2004 a total of 13,161 former students enrolled in career schools were included in the analysis. Three years later, about 69% of the cohort (9,115 individuals) was found working and almost 7% (876 individuals) were enrolled in a postsecondary institution. About 29% were not located either in the higher education databases or in the TWC’s Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage records. Table 1c shows a breakdown of the outcomes by student 2004 exit status.
21
Table 1c. Seed Records by Exit Status % of Cohort
Exit Status N
All Working
% of All Working
All Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
Not Located
% Not Located
Graduates
4,471
34%
3,325
36%
215
25%
1,103
29%
Transfers
692
5%
525
6%
189
22%
117
3%
7,998
61%
5,265
58%
472
54%
2,593
68%
13,161
100%
9,115
100%
876
100%
3,813
100%
Leavers Total
Retention in Employment The data in Table 2c shows that about 81% of the individuals employed in the 4th quarter of 2004 are still employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Tables 3c and 4b show the top ten industries by retention rate by 2-digit NAICS code and respectively, 4-digit NAICS code. The government and the education are the highest retainers, industries which, together with healthcare, are also the major employers. In Table 4c, only those industries that employed more than 9 individuals were selected.
22
Table 2c. Retention in employment Percent Group
Total
Percent
Employed
Employed 2004
2006
Percent
Retained
Retained
Employed 2006 Employed Employed
Male
5528
67.17
3832
69.32
3027
81.52
Female
7633
70.20
5283
69.21
4356
81.30
White
4338
66.71
2814
64.87
2273
78.54
Black
3559
67.91
2493
70.05
1993
82.46
Hispanic
4324
72.57
3177
73.47
2630
83.81
Asian
262
69.85
167
63.74
135
73.77
Native
143
68.53
104
72.73
79
80.61
32
65.63
19
59.38
15
71.43
503
63.62
341
67.79
258
80.63
13161
68.92
9115
69.26
7383
81.39
American International Unknown Total
23
Table 3c. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 2-digit NAICS Percent Industry
Employed Employed Retained
Name
2004
Manufacturing
2006
Employed
65
60
92.31
9
8
88.89
Manufacturing
374
327
87.43
Information
274
239
87.23
Finance & Insurance
373
321
86.06
Wholesale Trade
352
299
84.94
Government
147
124
84.35
Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services
607
510
84.02
Health Care & Social Assistance
584
487
83.39
Retail Trade
620
511
82.42
Management of Companies & Enterprises
24
Table 4c. Top 10 Industries with the Highest Employment Retention Rate by 4-digit NAICS Percent Employed Employed Retained Industry Name
2004
Oil and Gas Extraction
2006
Employed
13
12
92.30
9
8
88.88
Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution
26
23
88.46
Utility System Construction
25
22
88.0
Building Finishing Contractors
41
35
85.36
Animal Slaughtering and Processing
13
11
84.61
Beverage Manufacturing
24
20
83.33
Nonresidential Building Construction
58
48
82.75
Highway, Street, and Bridge Construction
24
19
79.16
Residential Building Construction
32
24
75.0
Other Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
Outcomes of Former students by “Located/Not Located” Status About 29% of the former students (3,783) were not located as either employed or enrolled in fall 2004. However, some of the former students were found working or/and enrolled in fall 2006. About 8% were found graduating with a degree or certificate, 8% were enrolled during the three years without graduating, with 5% still enrolled in Fall2006, and 41% were found employed in the 4th quarter of 2006. Even though 29% of the cohort were not located in fall 2006, the former students in this group had graduated during the 3years (7%) or were enrolled without graduating (7%) (Table 5c). Figure 1c shows that 14% of the 2004 graduates were enrolled or got another award in 3 years. Less than 20% of transfers or leavers were found in higher education, either graduating or enrolled in postsecondary institutions.
25
Table 5c. Follow-up Outcomes by “Located/Not Located” % % Employed Employed Group
Total
2006
2006
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
during
3 years
3years
%
Graduated
Enrolled
Enrolled
during
%
Fall06
Fall06
3 years
Graduated
2004 Not
3,783
1,560
41.24
313
8.27
185
4.89
288
7.61
9,378
7,555
80.56
1,498
15.97
691
7.37
946
10.96
Located Located
2006 Not
3,813
0
.
262
6.87
250
6.56
9,347
9,115
97.52
1,549
16.57
983
10.52
Located Located
Figure 1c. Enrollment/Graduation of 2004 Exiters during 2004-2006
Leavers
22%
Transfers
87%
Graduates
14%
0%
20%
40% % grad/enroll
26
60%
80%
100%
Outcomes of Former students between 2004 and 2006 Of the original 2004 cohort 33.97% were graduates, 5.27% were transfers to another institution, and 60.77% left their institutions without transferring or graduating. During the 3-years, between 2004 and 2006 these former students were found either enrolled or graduating, as shown in Tables 6c and 7c. Table 6c. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (graduation) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 4471 692 7,998 13,161
% that did Did Not graduate Graduate 4.07 4,289 23.70 528 11.10 7,110 9.38 11,927
Did Graduate 182 164 888 1,234
% that did not graduate 95.93 76.30 88.90 90.62
Table 7c. Follow-up Outcomes between 2004 and 2006 (enrollment) Status in 2004 Graduates Transfers Leavers Total
Total 4,471 692 7,998 13,161
Enrolled 461 441 909 1,811
% Enrolled 10.31 63.73 11.37 13.76
Not Enrolled 4,010 251 7,089 11,,350
% Not Enrolled 89.69 36.27 88.63 86.24
Outcomes of Former students in Fall 2006 Figure 2c depicts the post-exit achievements by the type of degree /award earned during the three years. About 70% of the degree earners work. The highest wages in the 4th quarter of 2006 are for graduate degrees, with a quarterly median wage of $7,201.
27
Figure 2c. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by the Type of Degree/Award Earned During the Three Years 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Associate (A.A.S)
Bachelor (B.A/B.S)
All Working
Grad/Prof
Enrolled
Certificate
Not Located
Figure 3c shows the outcomes by gender whereas Figure 4c shows by ethnicity. Out of all exiters working, males have a higher quarterly median wage at $6,497 versus $5,365 for females. The graduates earned more than the transfers and leavers. The difference in number of people in each ethnic group makes it difficult to estimate if the differences in wages are due to ethnicity or to cohort effect. Figure 3c. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Gender (All Exiters)
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Working Only
Working and Enrolled Male
Enrolled
Female
28
Not Located
Figure 4c. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Ethnicity (All Exiters)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Working Only
Working and Enrolled
Enrolled
Not Located
Figure 5c shows post-exit results for type of exiters as they were defined in 2004. The transfer students are more likely to be enrolled three years later; the graduates and leavers are more likely to work only or not to be located. The median income in the 4th quarter of 2006 for all those who were working was highest for graduates ($7,345) and leavers ($5,283). The transfers are more likely to work and be enrolled in school, working less hours and/or having a lesser pay ($4,801). Figure 5c. Follow-up Activities in the 4th Quarter of 2006 by Type of Exiter as of 2004 (All Exiters)
60 40 20 0 Working Only
Working and Enrolled Graduate
Enrolled Transfer
29
Leaver
Not Located
The exiters that were still enrolled in Fall 2006 were found in community colleges or career schools (see Table 8c), with no universities in the top 10 preferred institutions. Table 8c. Top 10 Institutions for 2004 Exiters Pursing Additional Education in Fall 2006 Institution
Enrolled
% of All Enrolled
AUSTIN COMMUNITY COLLEGE
52
5.94
EL PASO COMMUNITY COLLEGE DIST
37
4.22
HOUSTON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
33
3.77
COLLIN CO COMM COLL DISTRICT
32
3.65
DCCCD RICHLAND COLLEGE
30
3.42
VIRGINIA COLLEGE AT AUSTIN
26
2.97
EVEREST COLLEGE-DALLAS
23
2.63
WESTWOOD COLL OF TECH DALLAS
22
2.51
DCCCD EL CENTRO COLLEGE
21
2.40
REMINGTON COLLEGE-FORT WORTH
21
2.40
30
The majority of 2004 exiters still pursuing additional education was enrolled in “Liberal Arts and Sciences,” or was still “undeclared” (see Table 9c). The most popular occupationally specific major was “Business/Commerce, General”, followed by “Criminal Justice and Corrections”. Table 9c. Top 10 Majors for 2004 Exiters Pursuing Additional Education in Fall 2006 By 4-digit 2000 CIP Major
Enrolled
Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and
% of All Enrolled
188
21.46
103
11.76
Business/Commerce, General
25
2.85
Criminal Justice and Corrections
19
2.17
Nursing
17
1.94
Business Administration, Management and Operations
17
1.94
Computer and Information Sciences, General
11
1.26
Biology, General
11
1.26
Allied Health Diagnostic, Intervention, and Treatment
11
1.26
10
1.14
Humanities Undeclared
Professions Engineering, General
31
References Department of Labor. (2004). U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved December, 2005, from www.dol.gov NCES. (2002). CIP taxonomy. Retrieved December, 2005, from http://nces.ed.gov/ SB281. (2003). Texas Workforce Investment Council, Senate, 78th Ses. Texas Education Code. (1971). Higher Education Coordinating Act of 1965, 67th Ses. Texas Labor Code. (2009). Texas Labor Code. Available online at http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/
32
APPENDIX A Glossary All Working
All participants that are found working in the TWC UI wage records and participants who are working at the same time going to school
All Enrolled
All participants that are found enrolled in a higher education institution and participants who are working at the same time going to school
Enrolled Only
Participants found enrolled in a higher education institution but not working
Graduates
Former students that graduated by the end of 2003-2004 academic year
Leavers
Non-returning former students enrolled during Summer (I or II), Fall 2003, Spring 2004, and did not enroll in Fall 2005 at the same institution
Transfers
Non-returning former students found enrolled at another institution in Fall 2004
Working only
All participants that are found working in the TWC UI wage records but not enrolled in higher education
Not Located
Participants not found in the UI wage records or in the THECB database
33
