Urban Infrastructure Systems for Environmentally Sustainable and ...
Urban Infrastructure Systems for Environmentally Sustainable and Healthy Cities Professor Anu Ramaswami – University of Minnesota Director, Sustainable Healthy Cities Network
Diverse World Cities 30% to 40% of the urban population in many cities in Asia and Africa live in informal settlements (photo: UHRC, India)
Aging Urban Infrastructure in the US & EU Reimagining Infrastructure, with new disruptive & “smart” technologies Rapid Urbanization in China and Infrastructure Transitions
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Meta Principles for Developing Smart Sustainable and Healthy Cities
Ramaswami et al., Science, 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
A Broad Definition of Infrastructure: Seven Key Sectors Affect Global Resource Use & Environment-Related Human Health
Ramaswami et al., Science, 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Urban Infrastructure-Use Activities are beginning to dominate Impacts on Resource Use and Human Health
For example, ~70% global greenhouse gas emissions are associated with cities, when accounting for energy and electricity imports to cities
Ramaswami et al., Science, 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Cities and urban infrastructure are critical in achieving many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Five Key Dimensions of Urban Infrastructure Systems: Multiple sectors, scales & city types 1. Economic Opportunity 2. Urban Form 3. Inequities in Infrastructure & Health in the city 4. Transboundary Supply of Seven Sectors 5. Multi-Level & MultiSector Governance of Nexus outcomes Ramaswami et al., Science, 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
1. City Typology & Economic Opportunity Population-Economy-Urban Form-Infrastructure Relationships in Chinese Cities
log(GDP in 1,000 RMB)
Cities of different type may differ in terms of: • Potential for population to grow • GDP-population scaling • Per capita GDP to household income conversion • In urban form features • In infrastructure related co-location & flows
Population: 2.2 million log(migration-corrected population in 1,000) General Scaling Concepts: Bettencourt et al., Science, 2013; This work: Ramaswami et al., JIE, 2017 (In Press) Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
2. Urban Morphology (form) and City Types Urban form is defined as the physical characteristics that make up built-up areas, including the shape, size, density and configuration of settlements. It can be considered at different scales: regional, urban, neighbourhood, block and street. Urban form evolves constantly in response to social, environmental, economic and technological developments; planning, housing and urban policies; and health, transport and economic policies. (RTPI, 2015). It is the fabric on which infrastructures Source: https://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/urban-age-cities-compared/en-gb/
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
& human activities are woven.
3. Multiple & Multi-Scale Health & Well-being (H&W) Impacts with Social Vulnerability & Inequity Within Cities Infrastructure Sectors that provide: - Energy - Water - Sanitation - Solid Waste Mgmt - Transportation - Shelter/Buildings - Food Supply - Public Spaces
Inadequate Infrastructure
Health & Wellbeing
Green House Gas Emissions
Pollution: PM2.5 Emissions
Resource Use: Water/N/P/Land
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Ecosystem Services
Large inequities within the City,… As well as, opportunity and hope
Hot Spots of PM2.5 Pollution Conc. within Agra from Dung Cake Burning and MSW Burning. Nagpure et al; EST 2015; Lal et al., 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
5. Multiple Transboundary Infrastructures & Multiple Environmental Impact [E] of Cities Electricity
Fuel
Food
Water
Construction Materials Cities are served by Multiple Infrastructures that are Transboundary: Example: Delhi imports >55% electricity, 100% cement, >90% Food, 100% Petrofuels Food travels >1500 miles in the US, Freight travels ~600 miles Cities cannot be studied only within the city boundary – need a larger Sustainable Urban Systems view
Larger Road, Rail, Freight & Airline Networks
Ramaswami et al., ES&T, 2008
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Animated SEIS Framework Extraction
End-Use
Primary Resource Footprint
Natural System Industrial Ecology
Urban Metabolism
Electricity Petroleum
Urban Form & Stock Urban Ecology
Gas Etc. Global
Actors & Institutions Across Scale Ramaswami et al., SEIS Framework paper, JIE, 2012 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Home
Environmental Footprints of Seven Key Community-Wide Infrastructure Provisions Infrastructure Sectors that provide: - Energy - Water - Sanitation - Solid Waste Mgmt - Transportation - Shelter/Buildings - Food Supply - Public Spaces
Green House Gas Emissions
Pollution: PM2.5 Emissions
Different types of Footprints are defined: - Production-based (per unit product) - Consumption-based (per capita) - Provision of infrastructure for the whole city with co-located producers and consumers (urban planners’ goal of a more livable city)
Resource Use: Water/N/P/Land Mathematical relationships among these footprints are in Chavez & Ramaswami, Energy Policy, 2013
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
5. Multiple and Multi-Scale Actors Governing Urban SocialEnvironment-Infrastructure Systems (SEIS)
And the outcomes of: - Environment - Health - Wellbeing
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Eight Principles for Developing Smart Sustainable and Healthy Cities 1) Focus on providing and innovating basic infrastructure for all 2) Pursue dynamic multisector and multi-scalar urban health improvements, with attention to inequities. 3) Focus on urban form and multisector synergies for resource efficiency 4) Recognize diverse strategies for resource efficiency in different city types 5) Integrate high- and vernacular technologies 6) Apply transboundary systems analysis to inform decisions about localized versus larger-scale infrastructure, recognizing trade-offs 7) Recognize coevolution of infrastructures and institutions 8) Create capacity and transparent infrastructure governance across sectors and scales Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Cities are critical in achieving all the Sustainable Development Goals
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Thank you [email protected] www.sustainablehealthycities.org
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Diverse World Cities 30% to 40% of the urban population in many cities in Asia and Africa live in informal settlements (photo: UHRC, India)
Aging Urban Infrastructure in the US & EU Reimagining Infrastructure, with new disruptive & “smart” technologies Rapid Urbanization in China and Infrastructure Transitions
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Meta Principles for Developing Smart Sustainable and Healthy Cities
Ramaswami et al., Science, 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
A Broad Definition of Infrastructure: Seven Key Sectors Affect Global Resource Use & Environment-Related Human Health
Ramaswami et al., Science, 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Urban Infrastructure-Use Activities are beginning to dominate Impacts on Resource Use and Human Health
For example, ~70% global greenhouse gas emissions are associated with cities, when accounting for energy and electricity imports to cities
Ramaswami et al., Science, 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Cities and urban infrastructure are critical in achieving many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Five Key Dimensions of Urban Infrastructure Systems: Multiple sectors, scales & city types 1. Economic Opportunity 2. Urban Form 3. Inequities in Infrastructure & Health in the city 4. Transboundary Supply of Seven Sectors 5. Multi-Level & MultiSector Governance of Nexus outcomes Ramaswami et al., Science, 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
1. City Typology & Economic Opportunity Population-Economy-Urban Form-Infrastructure Relationships in Chinese Cities
log(GDP in 1,000 RMB)
Cities of different type may differ in terms of: • Potential for population to grow • GDP-population scaling • Per capita GDP to household income conversion • In urban form features • In infrastructure related co-location & flows
Population: 2.2 million log(migration-corrected population in 1,000) General Scaling Concepts: Bettencourt et al., Science, 2013; This work: Ramaswami et al., JIE, 2017 (In Press) Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
2. Urban Morphology (form) and City Types Urban form is defined as the physical characteristics that make up built-up areas, including the shape, size, density and configuration of settlements. It can be considered at different scales: regional, urban, neighbourhood, block and street. Urban form evolves constantly in response to social, environmental, economic and technological developments; planning, housing and urban policies; and health, transport and economic policies. (RTPI, 2015). It is the fabric on which infrastructures Source: https://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/urban-age-cities-compared/en-gb/
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
& human activities are woven.
3. Multiple & Multi-Scale Health & Well-being (H&W) Impacts with Social Vulnerability & Inequity Within Cities Infrastructure Sectors that provide: - Energy - Water - Sanitation - Solid Waste Mgmt - Transportation - Shelter/Buildings - Food Supply - Public Spaces
Inadequate Infrastructure
Health & Wellbeing
Green House Gas Emissions
Pollution: PM2.5 Emissions
Resource Use: Water/N/P/Land
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Ecosystem Services
Large inequities within the City,… As well as, opportunity and hope
Hot Spots of PM2.5 Pollution Conc. within Agra from Dung Cake Burning and MSW Burning. Nagpure et al; EST 2015; Lal et al., 2016 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
5. Multiple Transboundary Infrastructures & Multiple Environmental Impact [E] of Cities Electricity
Fuel
Food
Water
Construction Materials Cities are served by Multiple Infrastructures that are Transboundary: Example: Delhi imports >55% electricity, 100% cement, >90% Food, 100% Petrofuels Food travels >1500 miles in the US, Freight travels ~600 miles Cities cannot be studied only within the city boundary – need a larger Sustainable Urban Systems view
Larger Road, Rail, Freight & Airline Networks
Ramaswami et al., ES&T, 2008
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Animated SEIS Framework Extraction
End-Use
Primary Resource Footprint
Natural System Industrial Ecology
Urban Metabolism
Electricity Petroleum
Urban Form & Stock Urban Ecology
Gas Etc. Global
Actors & Institutions Across Scale Ramaswami et al., SEIS Framework paper, JIE, 2012 Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Home
Environmental Footprints of Seven Key Community-Wide Infrastructure Provisions Infrastructure Sectors that provide: - Energy - Water - Sanitation - Solid Waste Mgmt - Transportation - Shelter/Buildings - Food Supply - Public Spaces
Green House Gas Emissions
Pollution: PM2.5 Emissions
Different types of Footprints are defined: - Production-based (per unit product) - Consumption-based (per capita) - Provision of infrastructure for the whole city with co-located producers and consumers (urban planners’ goal of a more livable city)
Resource Use: Water/N/P/Land Mathematical relationships among these footprints are in Chavez & Ramaswami, Energy Policy, 2013
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
5. Multiple and Multi-Scale Actors Governing Urban SocialEnvironment-Infrastructure Systems (SEIS)
And the outcomes of: - Environment - Health - Wellbeing
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Eight Principles for Developing Smart Sustainable and Healthy Cities 1) Focus on providing and innovating basic infrastructure for all 2) Pursue dynamic multisector and multi-scalar urban health improvements, with attention to inequities. 3) Focus on urban form and multisector synergies for resource efficiency 4) Recognize diverse strategies for resource efficiency in different city types 5) Integrate high- and vernacular technologies 6) Apply transboundary systems analysis to inform decisions about localized versus larger-scale infrastructure, recognizing trade-offs 7) Recognize coevolution of infrastructures and institutions 8) Create capacity and transparent infrastructure governance across sectors and scales Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Cities are critical in achieving all the Sustainable Development Goals
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
Thank you [email protected] www.sustainablehealthycities.org
Sustainable Healthy Cities A National Science Foundation-supported Sustainability Research Network (SRN)
