US
Comparison of International Waste Classification Schemes Carol Hornibrook C. Hornibrook & Associates Karen Kim EPRI Sr. Technical Leader, [email protected] EPRI LLW Conference June 21-23, 2016 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Project Scope, Objective, and Benefits Scope: – Analyze the waste classification and disposal schemes of Canada, France, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and United States Objective: – Compare how common waste streams are classified and disposed of by different countries – Provide insight into how classifications schema compare between different countries using the same and different classification systems (IAEA vs. Class A, B, C)
Benefits: – Develop a technical basis to compare classification schemes by different countries EPRI Report to be published 2016
2 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Project Overview Participating countries – Represent IAEA and US waste classification systems – Allow for comparison of application of IAEA standards in different countries Assumptions IAEA, GSG-1 US NRC, Part 61.55
VLLW
LLW Class A
ILW Class B
HLW Exceeds Class C
Class C
Are these assumptions correct? 3 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Project Overview Participating countries: US, Canada, Spain, France, Sweden, South Korea DIFFERENCES
Three reactor types – PWR, BWR and CANDU Waste Treatment, Conditioning and Packaging – – – –
Incineration, Compaction Cement – Conditioning & Stabilization Bitumen - Stabilization Unconditioned disposal
SIMILARITIES
Waste Types – Resins – Filters – Dry Active/Dry Solid Waste
Three Approaches to waste classification Containers Used – Many countries ~ 200 L drums ISO Containers – Specific Countries
4 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Approach BWR Identify Common Waste Streams Reference Waste Streams
reactor water clean-up media
High Activity Ion Exchange Resin
LowDevelop “Reference” condensate Waste and Streams radwaste media Activity Ion Exchange Resin Cartridge Filters
filters from submersible clean-up systems and primary process filters
PWR reactor coolant (CVCS) and spent fuel pool purification resins radwaste, deborating and delithiating resins cartridge filters
High Develop comparison approach that takes into account Activated core components and other high activity waste Activity Dry Active Waste (DAW) different waste classification compactable,systems non-compactable [metal] sometimes referred to as Low Activity Dry Active Waste (DAW)
combustible and non-combustible except that compactible wastes containing chlorides such as PVC are also not combustible
Other
N/A
5 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Evaporator Concentrates
Approach Reference Waste Stream: PWR High Activity Resin
Identify Common Waste Streams Nuclide
Class B Activity (Bq/g)
H-3
4.89E+03
Fractional Abundance
3.69E-03
Nuclide Nb-94
Class B Activity (Bq/g) 2.47E+00
Develop “Reference” Waste Streams
Fractional Abundance 1.87E-06
C-14
3.72E+03
2.81E-03
Tc-99
2.69E+02
2.03E-04
Cr-51
3.81E+02
2.88E-04
Ag-110m
3.62E+02
2.74E-04
Mn-54
3.61E+04
2.73E-02
Sb-125
9.83E+03
7.43E-03
Fe-55
2.34E+05
1.77E-01
I-129
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Fe-59
1.27E+02
9.61E-05
Cs-134
7.50E+04
5.67E-02
Co-57
4.00E+03
3.03E-03
Cs-137
1.35E+05
1.02E-01
Co-58
1.62E+05
1.22E-01
Cs-144
2.21E+03
1.67E-03
Co-60
1.46E+05
1.10E-01
Pu-238
4.70E+00
3.55E-06
Ni-59
2.30E+03
1.74E-03
Pu-239/240
1.57E+00
1.19E-06
Ni-63
5.05E+05
3.82E-01
Pu-241
2.86E+02
2.16E-04
Zn-65
1.61E+02
1.22E-04
Am-241
3.47E+00
2.62E-06
Sr-89
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Cm-242
1.11E+00
8.40E-07
Sr-90
7.27E+02
5.50E-04
Cm-243
4.80E+00
3.63E-06
Zr-95
5.17E+02
3.91E-04
Cm-244
7.08E-01
5.35E-07
Sum
1.32E+06
1.00E+00
Develop comparison approach that takes into account different waste classification systems
6 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Waste Classification by Country Waste Class Low Level Waste (LLW)
Canada OPG LLW
France
Spain
Sweden
U.S.
LLW
South Korea LLW
Level 1
BLA2
Class A Class B Class C
ILW
ILW
Level 2
BTF2 BMA2 Silo Dose
ILW Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) Classification Dose Basis Clearance Yes
Activity & Activity Dose No Yes
Yes
Yes
No
VLLW
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Activity
1. OPG = Ontario Power Generation 2. BLA, BTF and BMA disposal caverns/vaults that accept specific waste classes depending on surface dose 7 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Activity
Waste Classification Using Activity Limits Waste Class LLW
ILW
France 100 – 20,000 Becquerel/gram (Bq/g)
20,000 – 1,000,000 Bq/g
South Korea Activity concentration > 100 times the IAEA clearance levels but < Low Level Waste activity levels (10 radionuclides including: < 3.70E+3 Bq/g total alpha < 1.11E+6 Bq/g tritium)
Spain Level 1: Maximum activity /unit mass < 1.85E+02 Bq/g per total alpha at 300 years < 7.40E+03 Bq/g tritium < 3.70E+04 Bq/g total beta/gamma activity; nuclides with half-life > 5 years Level 2:
Greater than LLW but less than High Level Waste: 4,000 Bq/g of alpha emitting More detailed limits and limits per nuclides with half-lives longer than package for those nuclides in the 20 years, with a heat generation Reference Inventory 3 rate of less than 2 kW/m . 60Co activity below 5.00E+07Bq/g 90Sr
activity below 9.10E+04Bq/g
137Cs
activity below 3.30E+05Bq/g
8 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
USA Class A 10 CFR Part 61 Class A Concentration limits Class B 10 CFR Part 61 Class B Concentration limits Class C 10 CFR Part 61 Class C Concentration limits Not a U.S. classification Note Class C (even though defined as LLW by U.S. regulations) and Greater than Class C (GTCC) more closely approximate ILW in the IAEA scheme
Comparison of Selected LLW Limits Bq/g or Bq/cc (US) Comparison of Selected LLW Limits (Bq/g) or Bq/cc (U.S.) Alpha
Tc-99
C-14
Spain LLW
Cs-137
S. Korea LLW US Class A Sr-90
Co-60
H-3
9 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Waste Classification Using Dose
Waste Class
Canada (Ontario Power Generation)
France
LLW
< 2 mSv/h Type 1 < 2 millisievert/hour (mSv/h)
ILW
Type 2 2 to 150 mSv/h
> 2 mSv/h
Type 3 > 150 mSv/h
10 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sweden
BLA – 2 mSv/h
BTF – 10 mSv/h BMA – 100 mSv/h Silo – 500 mSv/h
Comparison of Dose Limits
0
Project Scope, Objective, and Benefits Scope: – Analyze the waste classification and disposal schemes of Canada, France, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and United States Objective: – Compare how common waste streams are classified and disposed of by different countries – Provide insight into how classifications schema compare between different countries using the same and different classification systems (IAEA vs. Class A, B, C)
Benefits: – Develop a technical basis to compare classification schemes by different countries EPRI Report to be published 2016
2 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Project Overview Participating countries – Represent IAEA and US waste classification systems – Allow for comparison of application of IAEA standards in different countries Assumptions IAEA, GSG-1 US NRC, Part 61.55
VLLW
LLW Class A
ILW Class B
HLW Exceeds Class C
Class C
Are these assumptions correct? 3 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Project Overview Participating countries: US, Canada, Spain, France, Sweden, South Korea DIFFERENCES
Three reactor types – PWR, BWR and CANDU Waste Treatment, Conditioning and Packaging – – – –
Incineration, Compaction Cement – Conditioning & Stabilization Bitumen - Stabilization Unconditioned disposal
SIMILARITIES
Waste Types – Resins – Filters – Dry Active/Dry Solid Waste
Three Approaches to waste classification Containers Used – Many countries ~ 200 L drums ISO Containers – Specific Countries
4 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Approach BWR Identify Common Waste Streams Reference Waste Streams
reactor water clean-up media
High Activity Ion Exchange Resin
LowDevelop “Reference” condensate Waste and Streams radwaste media Activity Ion Exchange Resin Cartridge Filters
filters from submersible clean-up systems and primary process filters
PWR reactor coolant (CVCS) and spent fuel pool purification resins radwaste, deborating and delithiating resins cartridge filters
High Develop comparison approach that takes into account Activated core components and other high activity waste Activity Dry Active Waste (DAW) different waste classification compactable,systems non-compactable [metal] sometimes referred to as Low Activity Dry Active Waste (DAW)
combustible and non-combustible except that compactible wastes containing chlorides such as PVC are also not combustible
Other
N/A
5 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Evaporator Concentrates
Approach Reference Waste Stream: PWR High Activity Resin
Identify Common Waste Streams Nuclide
Class B Activity (Bq/g)
H-3
4.89E+03
Fractional Abundance
3.69E-03
Nuclide Nb-94
Class B Activity (Bq/g) 2.47E+00
Develop “Reference” Waste Streams
Fractional Abundance 1.87E-06
C-14
3.72E+03
2.81E-03
Tc-99
2.69E+02
2.03E-04
Cr-51
3.81E+02
2.88E-04
Ag-110m
3.62E+02
2.74E-04
Mn-54
3.61E+04
2.73E-02
Sb-125
9.83E+03
7.43E-03
Fe-55
2.34E+05
1.77E-01
I-129
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Fe-59
1.27E+02
9.61E-05
Cs-134
7.50E+04
5.67E-02
Co-57
4.00E+03
3.03E-03
Cs-137
1.35E+05
1.02E-01
Co-58
1.62E+05
1.22E-01
Cs-144
2.21E+03
1.67E-03
Co-60
1.46E+05
1.10E-01
Pu-238
4.70E+00
3.55E-06
Ni-59
2.30E+03
1.74E-03
Pu-239/240
1.57E+00
1.19E-06
Ni-63
5.05E+05
3.82E-01
Pu-241
2.86E+02
2.16E-04
Zn-65
1.61E+02
1.22E-04
Am-241
3.47E+00
2.62E-06
Sr-89
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Cm-242
1.11E+00
8.40E-07
Sr-90
7.27E+02
5.50E-04
Cm-243
4.80E+00
3.63E-06
Zr-95
5.17E+02
3.91E-04
Cm-244
7.08E-01
5.35E-07
Sum
1.32E+06
1.00E+00
Develop comparison approach that takes into account different waste classification systems
6 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Waste Classification by Country Waste Class Low Level Waste (LLW)
Canada OPG LLW
France
Spain
Sweden
U.S.
LLW
South Korea LLW
Level 1
BLA2
Class A Class B Class C
ILW
ILW
Level 2
BTF2 BMA2 Silo Dose
ILW Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) Classification Dose Basis Clearance Yes
Activity & Activity Dose No Yes
Yes
Yes
No
VLLW
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Activity
1. OPG = Ontario Power Generation 2. BLA, BTF and BMA disposal caverns/vaults that accept specific waste classes depending on surface dose 7 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Activity
Waste Classification Using Activity Limits Waste Class LLW
ILW
France 100 – 20,000 Becquerel/gram (Bq/g)
20,000 – 1,000,000 Bq/g
South Korea Activity concentration > 100 times the IAEA clearance levels but < Low Level Waste activity levels (10 radionuclides including: < 3.70E+3 Bq/g total alpha < 1.11E+6 Bq/g tritium)
Spain Level 1: Maximum activity /unit mass < 1.85E+02 Bq/g per total alpha at 300 years < 7.40E+03 Bq/g tritium < 3.70E+04 Bq/g total beta/gamma activity; nuclides with half-life > 5 years Level 2:
Greater than LLW but less than High Level Waste: 4,000 Bq/g of alpha emitting More detailed limits and limits per nuclides with half-lives longer than package for those nuclides in the 20 years, with a heat generation Reference Inventory 3 rate of less than 2 kW/m . 60Co activity below 5.00E+07Bq/g 90Sr
activity below 9.10E+04Bq/g
137Cs
activity below 3.30E+05Bq/g
8 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
USA Class A 10 CFR Part 61 Class A Concentration limits Class B 10 CFR Part 61 Class B Concentration limits Class C 10 CFR Part 61 Class C Concentration limits Not a U.S. classification Note Class C (even though defined as LLW by U.S. regulations) and Greater than Class C (GTCC) more closely approximate ILW in the IAEA scheme
Comparison of Selected LLW Limits Bq/g or Bq/cc (US) Comparison of Selected LLW Limits (Bq/g) or Bq/cc (U.S.) Alpha
Tc-99
C-14
Spain LLW
Cs-137
S. Korea LLW US Class A Sr-90
Co-60
H-3
9 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Waste Classification Using Dose
Waste Class
Canada (Ontario Power Generation)
France
LLW
< 2 mSv/h Type 1 < 2 millisievert/hour (mSv/h)
ILW
Type 2 2 to 150 mSv/h
> 2 mSv/h
Type 3 > 150 mSv/h
10 © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sweden
BLA – 2 mSv/h
BTF – 10 mSv/h BMA – 100 mSv/h Silo – 500 mSv/h
Comparison of Dose Limits
0
